Yintoni Ibhalhothi? Isiseko Sokukhetha Idemokhrasi

Ibhola yovoti yesixhobo esisemthethweni esisetyenziswa ngumphathi wokushicilela ukhetho lwabo kunyulo. Luqhagamshelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi kokuthanda kommi nesiphumo sokugqibela. Ngelixesha ingqiqo engundoqo ilula-$$$$$$inkhetho, ithatha ukhetho(iintlobo zezibane ezihlukeneyo kunye nokusebenza kwazo zineziphumo ezinzulu kunikezelo lomvoti, ingqibelelo yonyulo, nesantya seziphumo. Ukuqonda iintlobo zebhola zonyulo ezisetyenziswayo kunyulo kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi okanye uphando lwedemokhrasi.

Iibhola zingaba maphepha, ezombane, okanye kwanamazwi athethwayo kwiimeko ezilinganiselweyo, kodwa injongo yazo ihlala ifana: ukuguqulela ngokuchanekileyo nangokufihlakeleyo injongo yomvoti kwivoti enokubalwayo. Iplani, i-memo, kunye nemithetho ejikeleze uhlobo ngalunye lodidi lwebhola lodidi lungaphembelela yonke into ukusuka ekunyukeni ukuya kumathuba empazamo. Eli nqaku linika utyumbo olunenkcukacha zeentlobo zale mihla, imbali, intlalo, iinguqu, iibacks, kunye nendima yazo ezijikelezayo kukhetho lobugcisa-drivel.

Iindidi ze Core ze Balots: Imboniselo enenkcukacha

Ngoxa amagosa onyulo esenokukhetha iifomati ezahlukeneyo, phantse zonke iibhola ziwela kwenye yeendidi ezintandathu. Ngeli ngezantsi sihlolisisa uhlobo ngalunye, ngomongo owandisiweyo ngendlela esebenza ngayo nakuphi na apho zisetyenziswa khona.

1. Iphepha Ibhola: Umgangatho ongaphelelwanga

Iibhola zephepha yeyona ndlela endala neqhelekileyo. Iivoter zamkela iphepha elishicilelwe kwangaphambili elidwelisweyo labadwelisi nabaqwalaseli, phawula ukhetho lwabo (ngokufuthi ngokugcwalisa ingxolo okanye ngokukhangela ibhokisi), kwaye faka ibhola yokubhala kwibhokisi evaliweyo okanye uyifake kwisixhobo sokuhlola. Umzimba wephepha lomatshini wokubala unika umzila ocacileyo wokuphicotha onokuthi uchazwe ukuba uyafuneka.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo:

  • Ubuntsonkothile bobugcisa obuphantsi +_ukungaxhomekeki kwi-elektroniki ngexesha lokuvota.
  • Kulula nje kubantu abakhetha bonke ubudala nabangabafundi.
  • Isoloko idityaniswe nokubala izandla okanye izikeni zokubona ukwenzela ukuba kugqunywe umbane.
  • Inokwenzeka ekuphathweni kakubi komzimba, ukulahlekelwa okanye umonakalo (umz., amanzi, umlilo).

Imizekelo: Unyulo oluninzi lwasekuhlaleni kwisithili esincinane, amabala amaninzi eUnited States, kunye nonyulo kumazwe anjengeJapan neFransi kumazwe asekuhlaleni afana neJapani lusaxhomekeke kakhulu kwiivoloti zamaphepha. Umzekelo, iKhomishoni ye-Ecommental Implation Implation inikela ingxelo yokuba ngo-2022, ngaphezu kwama-70% abavoti kunyulo oluphoswe kwimibango yephepha okanye olushwankanywe.

Izixhobo zokukhangela: ivumela ukungakwazi ukuqwalasela kwezandla. Akukho mngcipheko wokuchwetheza kude. Ixabiso eliphantsi kwibhokisi nganye xa ishicilelwe kwisambuku. Ugcino lwamaxabiso kwaye luthenjiwe ngabavoti.

Izikhuseli ezicothayo: Ukubala okucothayo, ingakumbi kubemi abaninzi. Ifuna isithuthi esiphathekayo kunye nogcino olukhuselekileyo.

2. Iibhola zombane (Oomatshini abasetyenziswa ngombane)

Imatshini yokushicilela i-Electronic (DRE) ibonakalisa iibhola zomsonto kwikhusi, ngokufuthi ngojongano okanye ngolawulo lweqhosha lokutyhala. Izixhobo zenza ukhetho ngokwemivo, kwaye umatshini ugcina iivoti kwinkumbulo yangaphakathi okanye kwisixhobo sokugcina ulwazi esiphumayo. Ezinye ii DREEs zivelisa indlela yophicotho-zincwadi oluvotiweyo (VPAT), ngelixesha imodeli engenaphepha inyusa inkxalabo yokhuseleko.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo:

  • Ukuthatha irefilithi ngokukhawuleza/i-result ingadalwa ngemizuzu nje yokuvala.
  • Imisebenzi yofikelelo: iibholats ezinesandi, ukuskena- kunye ne-puff izixhobo, kunye nobungakanani befonti obulungisekayo.
  • Inokubonisa lula iilwimi ezininzi.
  • Kufuneka uphicotho-zincwadi lwe-software olukhuselekileyo kunye novavanyo lophando oluphathekayo.

Imizekelo: Ielectronic Voting Machines yaseIndiya isetyenziswa kulo lonke ilizwe, nto leyo eyenza ukuba abavoti abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama - 900 bakhuphe ibhola encinane ngokunempumelelo.

Izixhobo zokukhetha: Ubalo oluhlobo lunye. Ukunciphisa ibhola ephangaleleyo (umz., iintsimbi ezingaphezulu zinokulumkiswa ngexesha lokwenene). Ukulula kwabavoti abaneziphene ukuvota ngokwabo.

Izikali ezizimeleyo: ezinokusetyenziswa kwi-software bugs, i-ware, okanye ukuqhekeza ukuba ayikhuselekanga. Ii-DRE ezingenamaphepha zishiya yindlela ezimeleyo yophicotho-zincwadi. Ixabiso eliphezulu logcino lwezixhobo nogcino.

3. Iposi- Kwi Balots (I- Abcee kunye ne- Universal Vote-by- Mail)

Iivoti zeposi ezikwiposi zisasazwa kubavoti ngeposi, zigqitywe ekhaya, kwaye zibuyiselwe ngeposi okanye zibekwe kumanxuwa akhuselekileyo. Iibhola zombutho zigcinelwe abo bangakwaziyo ukuvota ngokobuqu, kodwa amazwe aliqela (umz., iWashington, i Oregon, Colorado) ngoku aqhuba lonke unyulo ngeposi. Abachongi bafumana iiveki zebhola phambi koSuku loNkqulu, evumela ixesha lophando nolugqitywe ngononophelo.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo:

  • Abantu abakhulileyo, abakhubazekileyo, amajoni aphesheya kwelwandle nabavoti abakude banokufumaneka.
  • Ukunciphisa uxinzelelo kwindawo yokuvota kunye nezixhobo.
  • Kufuna utyikityo oluqinileyo, ibharikode kunye nemiqathango yokhuseleko.
  • Ukubuya kufuneka kuphawulwe okanye kufumaneke ngexesha elifanelekileyo; ukubala kudla ngokuqala phambi koSuku lokhetho.

Imizekelo: Kunyulo jikelele lwase-U.S. olungu-2020, amaMelika angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-65 ovotelwa ngeposi/a ingxelo eqhutywa yimiba yokhuseleko egqugqisileyo. Utah, Hawaii, kunye noMaryland nazo ziye zamkela iinkqubo zeposi kwindalo yonke.

Izitafile: I-'I-conence' ikhokelela kwinxaxheba ephezulu yomvoti (uququzelelo lubonisa unyuko oluzi 4-8% lokujika kuwo onke amazwe e-imeyili). Lunciphisa kusasazo lwe-person lwezifo. Ixabiso elisezantsi xa lithelekiswa nendawo zokuvota abasebenzi.

Izikhuseli eziphezulu: zinokwenzeka ngenxa yolibaziseko lweposi, ukulahleka kwevoti, okanye utyikityo olungahambelaniyo nokungavumelaniyo nokukhetha okufanelekileyo. Kufuna iinyanga zokucwangcisa. Umngcipheko omkhulu wokunyanzeliswa ukuba abavoti banyanzelwa ngamalungu entsapho (izikhuseli ezikhoyo).

4. Iibhola ezinika inkxaso: Inethi yokhuseleko yokufumana

Iivoti ezilungiselelweyo ziyasetyenziswa xa ivoti isebenza ngokusemthethweni ayinakuqinisekiswa ngoko nangoko kwivoti. Izizathu eziqhelekileyo ziquka igama lomvoti elingaveli kuluhlu lokubhalisa, ukunqongophala kwe-ID efunekayo, okanye sele ecelile ukuba i-odoli isetyenziswe. La mavoloti atywinwe kwimvulophu ekhethekileyo aze abekwe ecaleni de amagosa onyulo aqinisekise ubume bovoti emva kokugqiba kokhetho.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo:

  • Iqinisekisa ukuba akukho mvoti ufanelekileyo ojikwayo ngenxa yeempazamo zolawulo.
  • Ibala kuphela ukuba umvoti uqinisekisiwe ukuba abhalise kwaye afanelekele olohlanga.
  • Idla ngokufuna umvoti ukuba atyikitye i-affidavit okanye anikeze uxwebhu olongezelelekileyo kwintsuku ezimbalwa.
  • Ulibazisa ukuqinisekisa imiphumo yemiba esondeleyo.

Imizekelo: Kunyulo oluphambili lwama-2020 e-U.S., amavote angenayo angaphezulu kwama-40 000 kumaphondo anjengeKhalifoniya neNew York. Badlala indima kwimibutho emininzi edityanisiweyo egqitywe yimida engaphantsi kwe-1%.

Izikali ezikhuselekileyo: zikhusela ilungelo lokuvota ngaphandle kokulalanisa kukhuseleko. Inikeza ubuchule obungaphumelelanga bokwenza ubhaliso oluchaseneyo.

Izikhuseli eziphezulu: Kufuneka uvo olupheleleyo luqonde ukuba ibhola yabo ayinakubalwa. Inkqubo yoqinisekiso ingaba ngumthwalo kwii-ofisi zonyulo. Iqondo eliphezulu lokwaliwa kwemithetho ye-operation lingakuphelisa ukuthembana. Ngokutsho kwe Komiti yoKhuselo loLungisa, malunga nama-20% eebloti angomgunyathi ngo-2018 alahlwa.

5. Iibhola Zokhetho Ezikhatshiweyo (Imibutho Ephambili)

Iivoti ezikhethiweyo ezinyulweyo zivumela abavoti ukuba babe ngamanani abathathi-nxaxheba ngokomyalelo wokhetho (1, 2, 3, njalo-njalo). Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwevoti yokuqala, umvoti onezona zimbalwa ukhetho zitshayelweyo zicinywa, kwaye iibhola zabo zisasazwa kwinketho yesibini. Le nkqubo iphinda de umvoti afike kuma-50% + 1.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo:

  • Kupheliswa imfuneko yonyulo olukhethekileyo, ukonga imali nokuzimela ekufumaneni imali.
  • Ikhuthaza iphulo elifanelekileyo kuba abo baza kubhaptizwa kufuneka bavotelwe okwesibini ngabaxhasi bentshaba yabo.
  • Inokusetyenziswa ephepheni (ecacisiweyo ize ibelwe yisoftware) okanye kwiimatshini zekhusi lokuchukumisa.
  • Imfundo yevoter ibalulekile---aporyiwe ngokusemthethweni i-colot ekwimo ephezulu yandisa amavoti angasetyenziswayo.

Imizekelo: IMaine neAlaska zisebenzisa uvotelo olukhethelweyo kuzo zonke iindidi zonyulo. Izixeko ezinjengeSan Francisco, iMinneapolis neNew York zisebenzisa lona njengezindlu zikamasipala. IOstreliya ibisebenzisa ukuvota okuqhelekileyo kangangamashumi eminyaka kumgangatho wesizwe.

Izixhobo ezikhoyo: abaphumeleleyo banenkxaso enkulu. Ukuncitshiswa kweziphumo ze- “silpoler” kubathathi-nxaxheba besithathu. Ukukhuthaza iinguqu ezibanzi, njengokuba abavoti benokuxhasa abathandwayo ngaphandle kokoyika ukudlala ngevoti.

Izikali ezikhoyo: Ubucukubhede bungadida abanye abavoti. Ukubala kuthatha ixesha elide, ingakumbi ngomjikelo ophezulu. i-Software kunye nofakelo lwemiqathango kufuneka zivavanywe ngokungqongqo ukuze zifumane ucoselelo (njengoko kujongwe kwi 201 yesiXeko saseNew York sisodolophu esiphambili, apho impazamo ye-software ilibazisa iziphumo).

6. Iintlobo zebhola ezidityanisiweyo nezidityanisiweyo

Ezinye iindawo zokuhlanganisa iimpawu zezi zindidi zingasentla. Umzekelo:

  • Izixhobo zokuphawula (BMDs): Izixhobo zombane zisebenzisa ikhusi lokuchukumisa ukwenza ukhetho, emva koko umatshini ushicilela iphepha ibholaot ngenketho zazo (kuquka ibharicode). Iphepha lomqulu livavanywa kwaye libalwe. I BMD idibanisa ufikelelo lwe elektroniki kunye nophicotho lwamaphepha.
  • I-Internet Voting: Isetyenziswa kumongo omfutshane, njengendlela yokusebenza ye-Estonia, apho abemi bangavota nakwesiphi isixhobo esidityaniswe kwi-intanethi. Ukhuseleko luxhalabisa (inkxalabo, i-asire, ukukhanyela-i-sovice) luthintele ukuthathwa ngokundiswa.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukuvota Ngemfono-mfono (ifowuni yeTelefoni): Ezinye ingingqi ezikude kunye nabavoti basemkhosini basebenzisa iinkqubo zemfonomfono ezisekelwe kwifono-mfono, nangona oku kunqabile ngenxa yemibandela yabucala.

Uyilo lwebhola: Ubuchule obungagqibekanga Bokusebenza

Ngaphandle kohlobo, uyilo lwebhola yokuvota ngokwayo luphembelela kakhulu ucoselelo lomvoti. Uyilo oludidayo lungakhokelela kulawulo olungaphantsi, olungaphezulu, okanye umvoti ashiye. Uphando olusuka kwi-IAGA (Melika Institute of Graphics) kunye neKhomishini yoNkquselo lumisele ezona zenzo zilungileyo:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Imiyalelo ecacileyo:[[FLT: 1] Zibeke phezulu, kwifonti engaguquguqukiyo.
  • Ukubekwa kweqela: Amanqaku e-ofisi nganye kufuneka abe kunye, kunye nee-ofisi eziyalelwe ngokubaluleka (umz., urhulumente, ummandla, wobulali).
  • [[FLT: 0] Sebenzisa isithuba esingqindilili nesimhlophe: Kuphephe umqulu. Sebenzisa ubugqeba kumagama afunekayo, kodwa hayi kuyo yonke imihlathi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ulungelelwaniso lweCunsistent: Zonke iiqamza okanye ii-PROUT-PURC kufuneka zibe nobungakanani obufanayo kwaye zilungelelaniswe ekhohlo.
  • UlwimiLanguage [[FLT: 0] Ufikelelo:

Uhlolisiso lwangowango-2012 lweBrennan Center yeJaji lufumanise ukuba ukwenziwa kwebhola engalunganga kungabangela ukuba i-2% yabavoti ivotele abangeniswanga okanye batsibele ugqatso ngokupheleleyo (*.'Akugqibelela ukujikela unyulo olusondeleyo. Umzekelo, “umfama odumileyo owenziweyo" kwiPalm Beach County, Florida ngexesha lonyulo lomongameli wase-U.S. unyulo lungabangela amawaka evoti ukuba aphoxeke. Oku kugxininisa ukubaluleka kokuvavanywa komsebenzisi kunye noyilo olunolwazi olunobuchule kwinkqubela-bolo.

Ikrele lobuxhakaxhaka elibekwe kabini: Ukhuseleko lwesantya

Ukutshintshela kumaphepha kumaphepha kunyuswa ukubala nokuphuculwa kokufumaneka, kodwa kwakhona kuye kwavelisa uhlaseleko olutsha kwizinto zonyulo luyinto exhalabisayo. ICyberhecurity ne-Infrablicture Security Agency (CISISA) iphawula ukuba nangona kungekho zimo zingqinelanayo zoomatshini bokuvota abatshintsha ivoti, umngcipheko uyinto ekhoyo ukunyanzelisa imithetho yokhuseleko engqongqo.

Iingqwalasela ezingundoqo zenkqubo yokuvota yanamhlanje:

  • Uzimeleyo lwesambuku: ngokufanelekileyo, inkqubo yokuvota kufuneka ixhomekeke kwiphepha njenge rekhodi esemthethweni, ngoko ukuba i-software ivavanyiwe, ubalo lwencwadi lungabuyisela isiphumo sokwenyaniso.
  • Uphicotho-zincwadi lokhetho lweposi: Umlinganiselo womngcipheko wophicotho-zincwadi (RLS) uthelekisa isampuli engakhethiyo yephepha nobuninzi be-elektroniki. Amazwe afana ne-Colorado ne-California amkele i-RL xa eqinisekisa iziphumo.
  • Ukukhowuda kunye netsheyina lokugcina inzala: udluliselo lweziphumo ukusuka kwindawo ephakathi kumele kubhalwe ikhowudi. Iibhola zephepha mazigcinwe ngokukhuselekileyo ukukhusela uphazamiso.
  • Unikezelo ngaphandle kwedini: BMDs ne VVPAT zithathwa njengolwaphuko olulungileyo, nangona abagxeki bephikisa ngelithi ibhacode kwi BMD-printed bolots ingaqondwa ngokuphosakeleyo ngabavoti.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwimigangatho yokhuseleko lonyulo, bona U.S. IKhomishini yoNkqulu yaBalawuli bovoti kunye neVerified Voting Foundation[, elandela indlela yokhuseleko lomatshini wokuvota.

Udidi lwebhola Nesivulo Sendlela: Oko Kuthethwa YiData

Ingaba uhlobo lwevoti luchaphazela ukuvota kwabantu? Uphando lucebisa ukuba ewe. Uphando oluye lwenziwa liZiko loPwew loPhicondo neNational Bureau of Economic Research lufumanise oku:

  • Iposi- kwi blockot: Unyuso oluvelayo ngo 2-5 amanqaku epesenti kunyulo jikelele, neziphumo eziphezulu phakathi kwabavoti abancinane nabangenayo abancinane.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Oomatshini be-Electronic: Akukho mpembelelo ibalulekileyo ekuchopheni, kodwa kuphucula ulwaneliseko phakathi kwabavoti abaneziphene.
  • Iibhola ezikhethiweyo ezikruqulweyo: iziphumo ezixutyiweyo/ezinye izifundo zibonisa unyuko oluncinci kunyuko kukhetho lukamasipala, ngelixesha ezinye zifumananga siphumo kwimijaho yengingqi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izahlulo zeprojekthi:[[FT:1] ezisetyenziswa rhoqo njengendawo yokugqibela yokucela uncedo; azinyusi ujiko kodwa zinokunciphisa ukonakalisa xa uluhlu lokubhalisa lungachananga.

Ngoko, ukunceda kokuvota ngeposi kufuneka kulinganiswe ngokuchasene nexesha elifunekayo lokubala nokuqinisekisa. Umzekelo, iKhalifoniya, ithatha iiveki ukugqiba iziphumo ngenxa yomthamo weposi kunye nevoliti ezilungiselelweyo. Oku kungachaphazela ukuthemba ukuba iziphumo zitshintsha ngokuphawulekayo.

Ikamva Leebhola Ezincinane: Utyekelo Lokulinda

Njengoko unyulo luguquka, kukho izinto eziliqela ezintsha eziselundini:

  • Uvoto olusekelwe kwi-statchain: Ezinye iprojekthi zomqhubi (umzkl., uvavanyo lweNtshona Virginia lwamashumi amabini asibhozo lomkhosi waphesheya) lusebenzisa izithintelo ukushicilela amavoti. Ngoxa uthembisa ukunqanda, ukufumaneka kunye nokuvota kuhlala kungalungiswanga.
  • Iphawu lwe projekti ye-Smartphone: Izicelo ezivelisa ibhola eshicilelweyo okanye ifayile efihliweyo yamanani inganciphisa iimpazamo. Ukhuseleko lungamisela ulwamkelo lokufumana, kodwa iinkqubo zesikhokelo ziphantsi kwendlela kwimimandla yeWashington.
  • ivoti engahambelaniyo 76byÍmail ngokulandelelana okunentsingiselo: Ukuhlola ibarcode enwebekayo ukuze abavoti bafumane ivoti yabo ukusuka kushicilelo ukuya kubalo (esele isetyenzisiwe kumazwe amaninzi).
  • I-aunice milinganiselo yokufumaneka: iibhola zizakwenziwa ngokuqhubekayo ngemigaqo yoyilo lwendalo yonke, iqinisekisa ukuba akukho mvoti ukhutshiweyo ngenxa yesiphene okanye umqobo wolwimi.

Ngokungakumbi ekuvezeni ubugcisa bokuvota, AC iphepha lophando kunye neNgqungquthela yeSizwe yoMthetho weSizwe (NCSL) inikeza ucatshulwa olubanzi lwenkqubo yokwamkelwa ngurhulumente.

Isiphelo: Abasebenzi abanolwazi bakhuthaza ukuthemba iziphumo

Uhlobo lwevoti esetyenziswa kunyulo asilogama nje elisebenzayo elinolwazi olukhoyo, --it liphembelela ukhuseleko, ufikelelo, ucoselelo, kunye nokuthembeka kwabantu. Ukusuka kubuchule bephepha ukuya kubuchule bomatshini be-elektroniki kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweposi okanye iinkqubo ezimiselwe phantsi, indlela nganye isebenza iimfuno ezahlukeneyo kwaye ithwale urhwebo. Njengokuba ubugcisa kunye nolindelo lovoti luvela, abaphathi bonyulo kufuneka balinganisele isantya, ukhuseleko, kunye nokulingana.

Kuvoti, ukuqonda uhlobo lwebhola ekhatywayo olukhoyo kulawulo lwabo kubanika amandla okusebenzisa inkqubo ngokuzithemba nokuxhasa uphuculo apho kuyimfuneko khona. Enoba uvota ngomntu okanye ngeposi, kwiphepha okanye kwikhusi, ingqibelelo yebhola nganye ixhomekeke kwindlela ecacisiweyo, uqinisekiso, kunye nokhetho olunobuchule. Hlala uthenjiswe, yazi ukhetho lwakho, kwaye wenze ukubala kwakho.