Unyulo lokuqala lungamasango apho amaqela ezobupolitika akhetha khona abathwali bawo abasezantsi bonyulo jikelele. Ngelixesha unyulo ngokubanzi lugqiba ukuba ngubani obani obamba isikhundla, iPrimests igqiba leyo abavoti abavoti abafumana ukhetho kuyo. Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo iPrimeticers, umahluko phakathi kwamazwe, kunye neziphumo zabo zexesha elide kwimimandla yehlabathi jikelele zinika abemi bani ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwisigaba ngasinye senkqubo yokhetho. Eli nqaku linika unyulo olubanzi, olungelulo khetho oluphambili — imbali, iindidi, iindidi, iindidi, iindidi, iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ezizijikelezileyo.

Luluphi Ukhetho Oluphambili?

Unyulo oluphambili lunyulo olubanjelwe kwiqela lezobupolitika olubandakanyekileyo kunyulo olulandelayo. Ngokungafaniyo nonyulo oluqhelekileyo, oluthi lunyule abathathi-nxaxheba kumaqela ahlukeneyo, amabanga aphakathi lukhuphiswano lwangaphakathi. Banokuba ngabangathathi-nxaxheba kunyulo oluthile lwasekuhlaleni okanye lwezomthetho, apho abaphumezi-nxaxheba abaphezulu aqhubela phambili kungakhathaliseki ukuba bangenele iqela elithile.

Iintlawulo zisebenza imisebenzi emininzi:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukhetho lwecandida: Baxinanisa ibala labaxhuphi kwiqela elinye (okanye, kwimixokelelwano emibini ephezulu, abatshayeleli ababini jikelele).
  • Isakhiwo seParty: Badibanisa amalungu eqela kwaye bancede ukuchaza iqonga lombutho ngokuvumela abavoti ukuba banike umqondiso woluhlu olukhethwayo lwenkqubo.
  • Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi: Banika abemi abaqhelekileyo ilizwi elingqalileyo ekukhetheni iinkokeli, kunokushiya uthotho kwimibutho engaphakathi.

Imithetho elawula amaziko aphezulu yahluka kakhulu ngokwemeko-bume, kuquka ukuba ngubani onokuvota, indlela abathunywa ababelwa ngayo, nokuba ukhuphiswano lubophelelekile okanye luyintsonkotha. Oku kwenza ukuba kubaluleke ukuba abavoti baqonde inkqubo yelizwe labo.

Imbali Efutshane Yeennyulo Eziphambili

Unyulo lokuqala luyinkqubo yexeshana ehambelana nedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Kwinkoliso yenkulungwane ye-19, abaququzeleli babekhethwa ngamaqela amancinane eqela eliphezulu kwimimandla ephezulu nakwindibano — inkqubo edla ngokonakala kulwahlulo lwegumbi lokulala nokunganyaniseki. Inkqubela-phambili yeminyaka yee- 1900 yatyhalwa phambili ukuze kubonakale ngakumbi iindlela zokuvota-ubudoda.

UWisconsin wenza uwiso-mthetho wokuqala owenziwe ngqo kwiphondo ngokubanzi ngowe-1903 phantsi kweRhuluneli uRobert La Follette. Amanye amaphondo alandela kungekudala, yaye ngoo1920 uninzi lwabalwamkela uhlobo oluthile lonyulo oluphambili. Noko ke, la magumbi angaphambili ayesoloko engadibanisi “iimfazwe ye-oauty projective” eyayingalawuli ulwabeko. I-Democratic National Convention yangqinela iqondo lojikelezo: ukuqhankcaza phakathi kweqela eliphezulu nelo linemisonto. Ngokuphendula, i-McGovern-Fraser Comm yaguqula imithetho yeDdemocratic Par, ifuna ukuba abathunywa bakhethwe ngokuvula, iinkqubo zokukhupha iinxenye. Oku kwakhuthaza ukunyuka kwemiqathalo yonyulo-volo-o% s-osevracrase.

Namhlanje, rhulumente ngamnye usebenzisa unyulo oluyintloko okanye icaucus ukunikela abathunywa abaza kulawula umongameli, yaye inkoliso isebenzisa amagumbi aphezulu ukuze ichaze urhulumente kunye noonobumba basekuhlaleni.

Iintlobo Zokhetho Oluphambili

Izaphuli-mthetho ziwela kwiqela elininzi elisekelwe kubuchule bokuvota. Imithetho ingachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo ukuba ngabaphi abathathi-nxaxheba abaqhubekele phambili nendlela abavakalelwa ngayo kwinkqubo.

Vula Iindawo

Ngokuyintloko, nabani na obhalisiweyo angathabatha inxaxheba nakweliphi na iqela eliphambili, kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi iqela lovoti. Abavoteli bakhetha ukuba yeliphi iqela eliza kulithatha xa befika kuphando. Le nkqubo ikhuthaza ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba kwizikhululo ezizimeleyo kwaye ivumela abavoti ukuba banqamleze baze baphembelele igamfa leqela elichasayo.

Iprojekthi: Ukhetho olukhulu lwevoti, i-injini ephezulu, kunye ne-injini eqinileyo. Imabunzi:[ Ubungozi “bokuvota,” apho amalungu elinye iqela avota kumntu ongoyena uphambili ukuze arhoxileyo kumntu ongoyena unamandla.

Ii-Primetric eziValiweyo

Isalathisi esiphambili esivaliweyo sivala imiqathango yokuvota kuphela kwabo bavoti bangamalungu abhalisiweyo elo qela. Abavoti abangenayo inxaxheba okanye abazimeleyo abakwaziyo ukuthabatha inxaxheba.

Izandi: ikhusela inkqubo yokukhupha umtya kwisiphazamiso sangaphandle; iqinisekisa ukuba ii-mineine zibonakalisa iinketho zamalungu eqela elibekiweyo. I-Choons:[ Iquka iqela elikhulu nelikhulayo leenkokeli — ezizimeleyo — kwaye zingavelisa abanyuli abagqithisileyo.

Ii-Primes eziValekileyo

Kwakhona zaziwa ngokuba ziinguqu, iinkqubo ezivaliweyo zivumela abavoti abangafakwanga kwimifuno ukuba bakhethe ukuba yeliphi icandelo eliphambili ukuba livote kulo, kodwa amalungu eqela abhalisiweyo kufuneka avote kwintloko yeqela lawo.

Iprojekthi: Ulungelelwaniso lweqela lobuhlanga nento ezimeleyo. IKonte: nangoku ayifaki ivoti ebhalisiweyo neqela elahlukileyo ngaphandle kokuba zitshintshe udibaniso phambi kwexesha.

Semi- Ivula Ii-Pribiers

Ngokufana nokuvalwa kancinane, kodwa nabani na ovota angakhetha ukuba yeyiphi eyona iphambili anokuthatha inxaxheba kuyo, nokuba babhalise ngeqela elahlukileyo — nangona kusenokufuneka ukuba bavakalise ekuhleni olokhetho kwindawo yokuvota. Umahluko ukusuka kweyona ivulekileyo uqwalaselweyo kwaye maxa wambi usetyenziswa ngokutyibilikayo.

Engenapartistan Izambuku (Phezulu- 2)

Le nkqubo isetyenziswa eKhalifoniya, eWashington, naseNebraska, ibeka bonke abo baza kubhaptizwa — kungakhathaliseki ukuba baneqela elinjani — kwivoti enye ephambili. Abachongi ababini abaphezulu, kwanokuba bobabini bavela kwiqela elinye, baqhubela phambili kunyulo jikelele.

Izandi: zikhuthaza ubungcathu; zinganciphisa iqhina le-grid elijikelezayo. Ikhonte: ingavala amaqela esithathu kwaye maxa wambi ivelise abathathi-nxaxheba ababini kwiqela elinye, inika ivoti ingakhethi jijoli kwi jikelele.

IiMpahla eziPhezulu-

Alaska isebenzisa intloko-4 ephezulu, apho abaphezulu abane abathathi-nxaxheba baqhubela phambili kunyulo lweqonga jikelele. Le nkqubo idibanisa ububanzi benxaxheba kwimiphezulu-2 nenzuzo yovoti-ivoti ephantsi.

Ulawulo lwezibonelelo zelifa lemveli

Amaziko angoomongameli asebenzisa ixesha elahlukileyo — ngokufuthi ukususela ngoFebruwari ukusa ngoJuni wonyulo — aze anike abathunywa kwiindibano zelizwe. Urhulumente nezindlu zasekuhlaleni zenzeka ngosuku olunye, ngokuqhelekileyo entwasahlobo okanye ehlotyeni, aze akhethe ngokuthe ngqo ukuba lingene kwiofisi nganye.

Indlela Okusebenza Ngayo Ukukhetha Ngokuphambili

Ukuqonda ukubala abanye, ukubhalisa ixesha eliseleyo, nendima yeendibano kunikela inkcazelo epheleleyo.

Thumela Okukhethileyo

Kumongameli olawulayo, abavoti bakhetha abavoti abafumana isabelo sabathunywa. Abameli banikwa ipesenti yevoti elungeleleneyo (ipesenti yomvoti imisela ubalo lwabo abathunywa) okanye ngokufumana bonke (ovotiweyo abafumana bonke abathunywa). Uninzi lwee-projekthi zeDemocratic lulungelelaniswa; imithetho yeRiphabliki iyahluka-hluka ngurhulumente. Urhulumente kunye noluntu oluhlala kulo lonke lufumana imvume elungileyo: umvoti ngoninzi lweevoti.

Imisebenzi

Ukuvota kwi-offrate yokuqala, abemi kufuneka babhaliswe ngokwexesha elimiselweyo ngurhulumente wabo. Kumaphondo azimeleyo, abavoti kufuneka bavakalise ukuba bangene kwiqela elithile kusengaphambili. Amazwe amaninzi avumela ukubhaliswa kosuku olunye kwi-primmiries, kodwa amanye afuna ukubhaliswa kweeveki okanye iinyanga ezingaphambili. Ukukhangela i-webhsayithi yonyulo yelizwe lakho kuyagxekwa.

Ukuthunyelwa kweposi kunye nokuthunyelwa kweposi

Phantse lonke elo lizwe linikela uhlobo oluthile lokuvota iposi engekhoyo okanye kwiposi kwi-primmicary. Imithetho iyahlukahluka: eminye ifuna ingxengxezo, eminye ivumela nawuphi na umvoti ukuba acele iposi. Kumaphondo anjenge Oregon, Colorado, neWashington, zonke izinyuko — kuquka iPrimerimes — ziqhutywa ngeposi ngokupheleleyo.

Iikacusus

Kusekho amaphondo ambalwa asasebenzisa iicaucus endaweni yamaplanga kwezinye ii-ofisi (ingakumbi i-Iowa yezobumongameli de kube kutshanje). Amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni azindibano apho abathathi-nxaxheba baxubusha khona kwaye bavote ngokubonisa izandla okanye ngokufaka i-operathi. Afuna ixesha elininzi lokuzibophelela (ngokufuthi iiyure) kwaye atyekele ekutsaleni abavoti abaninzi abathenjiweyo ngokwezobupolitika. Amazwe amaninzi aye atshintsha ukusuka kumacaucmus ukuya kwingeniso yokwandisa ukuthatyathalela nokunciphisa ubuntlola bezinto.

Isizathu Sokuba Unyulo Lubaluleke Ngokuyintloko

Izaphuli-mthetho zibumba abavoti abajongene nobuso babo ngoNovemba. Intloko ebaleka kakuhle ingaphakamisa abameli abanamandla; umntu ongenziwanga kakuhle angavelisa abasebenzi abangakhange babhenele kakhulu okanye bangakwazi ukubonakalisa iinguqu zeqela.

Impembelelo kwingqiqo yeCandida

I-primmics evaliweyo idla ngokuvelisa abathathi-nxaxheba abagqithisileyo ngenxa yokuba kuphela abona bantu baphambili beqela abazinikeleyo — yaye abasoloko bebophula umthetho kakhulu — banenxaxheba. Ukuvula kunye nama-primerime amabini aphezulu kuthanda ukuba abantu abanokubhenela kwimida yeqela abanokubhenela kwimiqathango yeqela. Uphando kwizazinzulu zezobupolitika njengo-Thad Kousser kunye neYunivesithi yaseKhalifoniya ibonisa ukuba amagosa aphezulu aphezulu aphezulu aphezulu akwizikhuseli ezinyuliweyo.

Isiphumo kwi Voter Turtout

Unyulo lokuqala luza kufumana unyulo olusezantsi kukhetho oluqhelekileyo. Kwiminyaka yobupolisa, lujika umlinganiselo omalunga nama-30% abavoti abafanelekileyo; phakathi kwiminyaka, lungahla ngaphantsi kwama-20%. Ukurhoxa kuthetha ukuba ingingqi encinane, eshukunyiselweyo inokuba nempembelelo kwiziphumo zokungaqhami. IiNguqu ezenza ukuba iindawo zokuvelela zifikeleleke ngakumbi — njengendawo evulekileyo okanye ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo — zinganyusa inxaxheba.

Impembelelo Kwizinto Ezithile Zeqela

Ngokuqhelekileyo, abo baphumelelayo kwiinguqu bayakwazi ukutshintsha imibandela yeqela. Umkhuphiswano unokunyanzela abo batshatelwayo ukuba bathathe izigqibo ezicacileyo kwimibandela eyahlulayo, ekwathi emva koko ibe yinxalenye yemiyalezo yeqela elithumela unyulo ngokubanzi. Ngokuchasene noko, abo bangenamdla bajamelana nengcinezelo encinane yokucacisa iqonga.

Iziphumo zeMali neNkxaso

Izaphuli-mthetho zivelisa ingxelo yamajelo eendaba enokwenza okanye ekwaphuleni ubunyani. Ukhuphiswano lwangaphambili olufana neNew Hampshire noMzantsi Carolina lufumana ingqalelo, lunika abo baza kubhaptizwa amandla okanye ubuthathaka. Ukurhweba kukwabalulekile: abanyusela imali kwangoko banokusinda kumboniso ongafanelekanga, ngoxa abo bangahlangabezanga imiqobo ngokufuthi behla ngaphambi kweSuper Condur.

Indlela Abasebenzi Bemisebenzi Abanokuba Nenxaxheba Ngayo Kwimicimbi Yolwaphulo - mthetho

Ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwizindlu zabaphathi yenye yezona ndlela zingqalileyo zokuphembelela unyulo. Ngezantsi ngamanyathelo onke afanelekileyo afanele ukuthathwa.

Bhalisa Uze Uhlole Imo Yombutho Wakho

Visit your state’s election office website to register or confirm your registration. Note any party affiliation requirements and the deadline to change affiliation before the primary. Some states allow unaffiliated voters to participate in a party’s primary by requesting a ballot on Election Day; others require a change weeks in advance.

Yazi Indlela Ephambili Yoburhulumente Bakho

Ukuqonda ukuba imeko yakho ivulekile, ivalwe, ivalwe kancinci, okanye i-primpoints eziphezulu ezimbini zimisela amandla akho okuvota. Ii-nopartarian primm ezikhoyo zixhaphakile kunomasipala kunye nonyulo lwezahlulelo.

Iimbambano Nophando

Unyulo oluphambili ludla ngokubandakanyeka abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi abanemigangatho efanayo ephepheni. Abathathi-nxaxheba bafunda iindaba zasekuhlaleni, baze bahlole izikhokelo ezingezozo iklasta. Nikela ingqalelo ekuxhaseni okuvela kwimibutho ethembekileyo nakumaqela angqalileyo.

Ukuveliswa Kwangaphambili okanye Ngeposi

Lungela ekuvotelweni kwasekuqaleni okanye ekuvotisweni kweposi ukuze uphephe imigca emide okanye iingxabano ngoSuku lokhetho. Amazwe amaninzi ayakuvumela ukuba ucele iposi yokuvota iiveki phambi kweyokuqala. Yibuyise ngokukhawuleza ukuqinisekisa ukuba ibaliwe.

Ukwenza Ngokuzithandela Okanye Ukunikela

Abo bafuna ukudlula ngaphaya kokuvota, ukuvuma ngokuzithandela kwiphulo lokuqala kusenokunikela amava obuqu.

Ukugxekwa Notshintsho Oluphambili

Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi le nkqubo ikhoyo ineengxaki ezininzi ezibangela ukuba abantu bangayithandi idemokhrasi.

Igophe elisezantsi nelingangqinelanga

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, ujiko-phambili lusezantsi kwaye lutsalelwe kumntu omdala, otyebileyo, nonokhetho oluninzi. Oku kungavelisa abachongi abangabonisi unyulo olubanzi. Abaguquli baxhasa ukwenza usuku lokuqala lweholide, ukwandisa iholide yevoti ngeposi, kwaye babhalisa abavoti ngokuzenzekelayo ukuze banyuse ukuvota.

Ukubekwa kweliso kwimimandla

Kunyulo oluqhelekileyo, ukuqhuba iphondo kudla ngokudala iziqithi ezikhuselekileyo apho kukuphela kokhuphiswano olungundoqo. Kwizithili ezinjalo, eyona iphambili igqiba ngokunempumelelo ukuphumelela, inika amandla agqithisiweyo kwiqaqobana labavoti abathabatha inxaxheba. Utshintsho oluhlengahlengisiweyo kunye nolawulo oluzimeleyo lunganceda, kodwa ingxaki iyaqhubeka.

Ukudimazeka kweevoter ezizimeleyo

Malunga nama-40% abantu baseMerika bazichaza njengabazimeleyo. Kumazwe azimeleyo, bakhutshwe kwinkqubo yokukhupha ityala, nangona iirhafu zabo zixhasa unyulo. Abaxhasi abavulekileyo baphikisa ngelithi bonke abavoti bafanele bathethe ngokukhetha abangeneleli, ngeli lixa abaxhasi betheth'eba baphikisa ukuba amaprimpasi zimicimbi yabucala.

Isiphumo se-"Spoiler" kwiinkqubo ezimbini eziphezulu

Amaphepha aphezulu amabini anokuvelisa unyulo ngokubanzi kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba ababini abasuka kwiqela elinye, beshiya abaxhasi bomnye umbutho ngaphandle kokumela. Amanye amazwe, njengo-Alaska, amkele ukuvota okusemthethweni ukuthomalalisa lo mba.

Imali Kwizinto Eziphathekayo

Amaphulo aphambili aye abiza imali eninzi, ngokusetyenziswa kwemali ephezulu namaqela emali emnyama adlala indima enkulu. Oku kungadinisa abemi abaqhelekileyo ekubalekeni kwaye kungaphazamisa inkqubo ukuya kubaqhubi abalungele ukuqhutyelwa phambili. Izicelo zemali zezemali zezemali — njengenkqubo ezincinane ezilinganayo — zijolise ekunciphiseni impembelelo yemali enkulu.

Izindululo Zokutshintsha

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ivula amacandelwana: Vumela bonke abavoti ukuba babe nenxaxheba kungakhathaliseki ukuba badityaniswe na.
  • ukuvota okunendawo eqinileyo: Okusetyenziswayo eMaine, eAlaska, kunye namagumbi aphezulu amaninzi kamasipala; kuqinisekisa ukuba uninzi lwawo lwaphumelela kwaye kunciphisa ukuvota okuqukiweyo.
  • [[UMTHLO: 0] IJungle primeries: Elinye igama elisetyenziswa xa kusetyenziswa i-paristan permiries.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iquka isiqalo ngokuvota iposi: Amanye amazwe (umz. Oregon) aqhuba amagumbi aphezulu ngokupheleleyo ngeposi, anyusa ukuvota.
  • guqula isiseko sesizwe: Isindululo sokugcina zonke iiprimeries zomongameli ngosuku olunye ukunciphisa ukulayishwa phambili nolunochaphazeleko lwesixhobo sokugcina ulwazi.

Ukhetho Oluyintloko Ehlabathini Lonke

Ngoxa amagumbi aphambili ebalasele kakhulu eUnited States, amanye amazwe asebenzisa iinkqubo zokutyunjwa ngqo. Umzekelo, amaqela amakhulu aseKhanada akhetha iinkokeli kwiindibano zokhokelo ezithi maxa wambi ziquke ngeposi yevoti phakathi kwamalungu. Amazwe amaninzi ase-Latin America (njengeChile neUruguay) ahlala evulekile okanye avalwa okanye amava eqela elingenazinyuko. EYurophu, unyulo lwangaphakathi luqhelekile kwamanye amazwe (umz., amafulentshi aseFrance “oomasi” amaqela asekhohlo atsalayo. U.S. — ingakumbi amava ezibalo kunye nodidi lwezwe lamazwe azimele kunye nolwahluko-S. — ahlala eqhelekile.

Imithombo yevota

Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo enegunya ngemithetho eyintloko yonyulo, iziganeko ezithe rhoqo, nenkcazelo yembali, khangela imithombo engeyoya apartistiki elandelayo:

Ulwazi olucacileyo lwemeko lufumaneka ngcono ku-' i-ofisi yonyulo yendawo [[FLT: 1].

Isiphelo

Unyulo lokuqala yi-injini yokutyunjwa kwezobupolitika eUnited States. Bagqiba kungekuphela nje ukuba ngubani ovela kwibhola ngoNovemba kodwa kwakhona ukuba ziziphi iinkalo zenkqubo eziphikiswayo kwaye yiyiphi imithetho enikwa ilizwi. Imithetho — evuliweyo, ivaliweyo, isibini, okanye i-caucus — ilungisa iziphumo kanye njengabo ngokwabo abatshayeli. Ngokuqonda abakhankanyi kunye nokuba nenxaxheba, abavoti banganceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ii-printo ezivelisa iinkokeli ezinyani zimele uluntu.

Enoba ulilungu leqela elihlala ubomi bakho bonke okanye umvoti ozimeleyo, ukubandakanyeka kwakho kwimicimbi yokuqala. Khangela ukubhalisa kwakho, funda imithetho yelizwe lakho, uze wenze icebo lokuvota. Elandelayo ingoyena uphambili usondeleyo kunokuba ucinga.