IiRiphabliki zimela enye yezona ndlela zolawulo lwedemokhrasi ezihlala zihleli nezisasazekileyo, ngokusisiseko ezibumba izigidi zabantu ehlabathini jikelele zikhetha iinkokeli zazo kwaye zibe nenxaxheba kubomi babantu. Embilinini yazo, iriphabliki yinkqubo apho urhulumente uthathwa njenge "imeko kawonke-wonke" (] ithelekisa uwonke[), kwaye onke amagosa amele aphendule ngemimi ngokweenkqubo emiselwe ngokusemthethweni nangendlela yokukhetha uluntu. Oku kwahlukana nemithetho-oodolathi, apho abemi bezimi bavota ngokwabo ngokwabo, kunye nenkqubo ye-othothoba apho amandla athe ngqo. Ukuqonda iindlela ezikhethwa zii-Riphabliki zabo kwi-Riphabliki zabo eziqala ukuvota okungaphaya kolawulo kunye nokubalulekileyo kuye kobugqeqe. Eli nqaku lihlola ingcupheliso lolawulo lolawulo, i-Riphabliki, kunye nolawulo lwangoku, kunye nolawulo olubalulekileyo.

Yintoni IRiphabliki? Ukuchaza isiseko

Irepublic idla ngokuchazwa ngokuzibophelela kwayo kumthetho, ukumelo, nokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ngokungafaniyo nedemokhrasi ethe ngqo apho ummi ngamnye evota kwimbambano nganye, iriphabliki inika abameli abanyuliweyo ukuba benze izigqibo kubantu. Esi sakhiwo somelo sicetyelwe ukuthoba ubundlobongela obunokwenzeka kubantu abaninzi, ukukhusela amalungelo amancinane, nokuvumela ukuba afumaneke ngakumbi awenziwe ngomthetho owe-okdwa. Eli gama ngokwalo lisuka kwibinzana lesiLatini . ], elithetha "into ebhaliweyo" okanye "imicimbi kawonke," ligxininisa ukuba urhulumente ushishino lwabemi bonke, hayi ukwenziwa kwempahla yomlawuli.

Iziseko zentanda-bulumko zerepublic zale mihla zabunjwa ziingcali ezifana neNicolā Machiavelli, owabhala malunga nolawulo lweriphabliki kwi- yakhe [FLT] uDiscoes kuLivy, kwaye kamva nguMontesquieu, onamava angokwahlulwa ngamandla amagunya aphembelele abalawuli boMgaqo-siseko weUnited States. UJames Madison, [ku-FLT:2] Federalist No., waphikisa ukuba iriphabliki ingalawula iingozi ezingcono zenyaniso kunedemokhrasi esulu, ngenxa yokuba abameli abanyuliweyo banokuconga kwaye banwela. Ezi mvelaphi zihlala zibalulekile namhlanje njengeebhusayithi zehlabathi ezi meko.

Iimpawu eziyintloko zeriphabliki ziquka ezi:

  • Imithetho yoMthetho isebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abantu, kuquka nabo banegunya. Akukho mntu ungaphezulu komthetho, kwaye iinkqubo zomthetho zicace gca kwaye ziyaxelwa.
  • Ucalulo: Amagosa akhethiweyo ukuze enze okuthile kuwo kwimithetho, isebe elilawulayo, namanye amaxesha kwiindima zokugweba. Aba bameli baphenduliswa ngonyulo olungamaxesha athile.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amalungelo azimeleyo: Iriphabliki iquka irejista yamalungelo okanye ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko olukhusela abantu ekunqandeni ukunqanda uninzi. La malungelo anyanzeliswa yijaji ezimeleyo.
  • Ukwahlula-hlula kwamandla: urhulumente wahlulwe phakathi kwamasebe amaninzi .efana nomphathi ophetheyo, wemithetho, kunye newonga-mthetho,(ukuthintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ukuba ibe namandla kakhulu. Le nkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelanisa iluphawu lolawulo lweriphabliki.

Ukutshona okunzulu kwindaleko yembali yeengcamango zeriphabliki, bhekisa ku- U.S. uVimba lweSizwe , olungenisa amaxwebhu asunguliweyo alo mgaqo.

Imbali Yendaleko Yolawulo LwamaRiphabliki

Ngoxa iiriphabliki ziqheleke kakhulu ngexesha langoku, le ngcamango inemvelaphi yakudala. IRiphabliki yeRoma, eyahlala ukususela kuma-509 BCE ukuya kuma-7 BCE, ingomnye wemizekelo yokuqala nenempembelelo. AmaRoma anyulwa, abalawuli, kunye nee-tribune, kwaye avelisa inkqubo entsonkothileyo yokuhlola kunye nokulinganisa, kuquka namandla e-veto e-tribunes. Nangona elinganiselwe ngemilinganiselo yanamhlanje, amaRoma (abafazi kunye nabakhonzi) ayengenakuvota, kwaye i-3% i-Riphabliki yeRoma yamisa isiseko solawulo lwabameli.

Ukuwa kweRiphabliki yamaRoma kwathathelwa indawo ulawulo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo, kodwa imbono yeriphabliki yavuselelwa ngexesha leNguquko kwimimandla yesixeko esinjengeFlorence neVenice. Kamva, iinkcuba-lwazi zokukhanyiselwa zenkulungwane ye-17 kunye neye-18 zaphucula ingcamango yeRiphabliki, igxininisa amalungelo emvelo kunye nezivumelwano zentlalo. IMvukelo yaseMerika (1775-171783) kunye nokuyilwa komGaqo-siseko we-U.S. ngonyaka we-1787 wasungula i-libhetriki karhulumente omkhulu okwiqondo lengingqi eyaba inokuba ngumzekelo wezizwe ezininzi. Imvukelo yaseFransi nayo yafuna ukuseka iRiphabliki, nangona imfazwe yayo yayidume kakhulu.

Namhlanje, ii-riphabliki zithatha iindlela ezininzi: iinkqubo zomongameli (umz., iUnited States), iinkqubo zepalamente (umz., iJamani, iIndiya), kunye neenkqubo ezingephi ezikhoyo (umz., iFransi). Nganye ivumelanisa imigaqo engundoqo yomelo nomthetho kunye nobume benkcubeko kunye nobume bembali. Ukuqonda le ndaleko kunceda abafundi kunye nabafundisi ukuba baqonde amandla kunye neenkcubeko zikarhulumente we-riphabliki.

Indlela Abemi Abazikhetha Ngayo Iinkokeli Zabo: Inkqubo Entle

Ukukhethwa kweenkokeli kwiriphabliki yinkqubo ekwiqonga elininzi eyenzelwe ukuguqulela ukuthanda kwabantu kulawulo olusemthethweni. Ngeli xesha iinkalo zahluka-hlukeneyo ngokwelizwe, iiriphabliki ezininzi zabelana ngesiseko esinye esiquka unyulo, unyulo, inkqubo yokukhetha olufanelekileyo, kunye neenkqubo ezisesikweni zokutyumla.

1. Indima esemgangathweni yonyulo

Unyulo luyindawo ephantsi kwerepublic. Zinika abemi inkqubo eqhelekileyo, enoxolo yokukhetha ukuba ngubani oya kuzimela kwimigangatho yengingqi, yengingqi, neyesizwe. Unyulo lungaqhutywa ngexesha elisisigxina ngezantsi. Umzekelo, iminyaka emibini, emine, okanye emithandathu. Ubuninzi bonyulo buqinisekisa ukuba abameli bahlala benoxanduva lonyulo.

Unyulo lwangoku lulawulwa yimithetho entsonkothileyo nemithetho ukuqinisekisa ukuba kulungile. Iikhomishini zovota, iinkqubo zokuvota, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo zixhaphakile. Noko ke, ukuthembeka konyulo kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekuthembeni koluntu. Xa abemi bekholelwa kwimicimbi yabo yokuvota kwaye inkqubo ikhululekile ekuxhaphazeni, banokuba nenxaxheba. Ngokuchasene noko, ukutyholwa kokuqhatha okanye ukuphazamisa kwenkqubo esetyenziswayo kungaphelisa ukuthemba kwinkqubo yonke yeRiphabliki.

2. Unyulo oluphambili noKhetho lweCandida

Phambi konyulo jikelele, amaqela ezobupolitika adla ngokuba nonyulo oluphambili okanye ii-kaucres ukukhetha abo baza kubhalisa. Izaphuli-mthetho zingahlulwa ngokweendidi eziliqela:

  • OpenPRIP: Nabani na obhalisiweyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ulungu weqela, angathatha inxaxheba kwisiseko seqela. Oku kukhuthaza igalelo elibanzi kodwa kusenokusetyenziswa kakubi ngovoto oluququzelelweyo (umz., abavoti abavela kwiqela eliphikisanayo elinqumla ngaphaya ukuxhasa umvotisi ongomelelanga).
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Primerives ezivaliweyo: Kuphela amalungu abhalisiweyo angavota kwintloko yeqela lawo. Oku kuqinisa umanyano lweqela kodwa kunokungafaki bavoti abazimeleyo ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kumanqanaba okuqala okukhetha umvoteli.
  • [[NTLA:0] Semi-Valed Primeries: Amalungu eqela abhalisweyo kunye nabavoti abangabhaliswanga bangathatha inxaxheba, kodwa amalungu amanye amaqela angadityaniswanga. Oku kukulalanisa okunwebisa inxaxheba ngeli xesha kugcina impembelelo engundoqo yeqela.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ziintlanganiso ezithe tye apho amalungu eqela axubusha ngabatshati-nxaxheba aze avote, ngokufuthi ngesandla okanye ngokuboniswa kwenkxaso. Zimbalwa eziqhelekileyo namhlanje kodwa zisasetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe ase-U.S. Inkqubo yokukhetha inentsingiselo ebalulekileyo: ukhetho lwabathathi-nxaxheba lumisela ukhetho olufumanekayo ukuba bavote kunyulo jikelele.

3. Iinkqubo zokukhetha jikelele kunye nokukhupha

Unyulo ngokubanzi lukwinqanaba lokugqibela apho abavoti bakhetha khona phakathi kwabavoti abatyunjwe ngokutsha. Indlela abavotelwa ngayo baguqulwa babe zizihlalo okanye amandla alawulayo ayahluka-hluka kakhulu phakathi kwerepublic. Esona sixokelelwano siqhelekileyo sikwindawo yokuqala yophawu (FTPP), esisetyenziswa kumazwe anjengeUnited States, i-United Kingdom, ne Canada. EFPTPP, umvoti onenkoliso kwi-lofi, nokuba abaxhasi abakhuseleki abaninzi. Abagxeki be-FPTP banokukhokelela ekulawulweni nokulahlwa kwevoti.

Iinkqubo zolunye uhlobo ziquka:

  • Ipropati yomelo (PR): iiSeats kwindlu yowiso-mthetho zabelwa ngokwepesenti yevoti ngalinye elamkelweyo. Le nkqubo isetyenziswa kwii-riphabliki ezininzi zaseYurophu, njengeJamani neNetherlands, kwaye ithanda ukuvelisa iminqophiso emininzi.
  • Abavoti abathathi-nxaxheba- Abavocileyi (RCV): Abathathi-nxaxheba ngokwendlela yokukhetha. Ukuba akukho mvotelwa ufikelela uninzi lwevoti yokuqala ye-ice, abatshati abaphantsi batshaciwe kwaye abavoti babo abasasazwayo. RCV basetyenziswa kwiindawo ezinjenge Maine (U.S.) kunye novoti ye-Australian Catherine. Inganciphisa imfuneko yokhetho lokuqala kunye nentsebenziswano.
  • Inkqubo ezimbini ezingqukuva: Eziqhelekileyo kwiirepublic zomongameli njengeFransi neBrazil, apho ukuba akukho mvo ufumana uninzi olupheleleyo kwisangqa sokuqala, ukubaleka kubanjwe phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba ababini abaphezulu.

Inkqubo nganye inorhwebo-lurhwebo ngokwezomelo, uzinzo, kunye nolwaneliseko lomvoti. Kwinkoliso ebanzi yenkqubo yonyulo, i eCetal Reformation Society [[[FLT: 1] inika iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha.

4. IiNdibano Ezinemicu Neziphendu Zeqela

Emva konyulo oluphambili, amaqela asoloko eqhuba iintlanganiso zesizwe okanye ezigunyazisiweyo zokukhetha ngokusemthethweni umvo oza kuthabatha iqonga leqela. Ezi ziganeko zisebenza njengolwandiso lokugqibela lweziphumo eziphambili kunye nentlanganiso kawonke-wonke yokwakha uqhubeko. Izivumelwano ezivela kumanani aphambili eqela, amaqela enzala, okanye abalawuli bangaphambili babaphathi-ofisi bangaphembelela ngokuphawulekayo unyulo ngokubala ngokusemthethweni nangenkxaso ebanzi.

Ukuncoma: Amalungelo, Iindlela Zokunikela Inxaxheba

Ukuvota yeyona ndlela ingqalileyo yokuthembisana ngommi kwiriphabliki. Kodwa ukuvota kujikelezwe yimibandela engokwasemthethweni, engokwasemgaqweni, nengokwentlalo egqiba ukuba ngubani ovotayo, njani, nokuba lukhulu kangakanani na umba.

Ukubonelela Ngamalungelo Nofikelelo

Ilizwe lonke linelungelo lokuvotela bonke abantu abadala kungakhathaliseki ukuba baluphi uhlanga, ubufanasini, ubutyebi, okanye imeko yentlalo, ngokubhekiselele kwi-Riphabliki ezininzi. Ngokomzekelo, eUnited States, uMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965 walwalela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni, kunye noMmiselo we-1920) wanika amabhinqa ilungelo lokuvota. Noko ke, iingxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga nemithetho ye-ID, ifelon irhoxisile, kunye neenkqubo zokuvota zibala ibalase umngeni wokufumana imvume ephambili yokuba ufikelelo lusoloko lukho umngeni.

Ii-Riphabliki zanamhlanje zizabalazela ukwenza ukuvota kufikeleleke ngokunika uvotelo lwangaphambili, ii-posi ezingaphakathi, kunye nezitishi zokuvota ezihambayo. Kodwa imiqobo enjengemigca emide, imiqathango yokudida izicwangciso, okanye imiqathango ekuvotelweni komntu ongekhoyo ingathintela ukubhaqwa, ingakumbi phakathi kwamaqela ancinane nafumana imali ephantsi. Ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela okuthe ngqo ngumthwalo obalulekileyo walo naliphi na iriphabliki elimele amaxabiso amaxabiso.

Iindlela zokuBonisa

Ukuvota ngokoqobo kuye kwasuka kwivoti yelizwi nesixhobo sokuvota samaphepha ukuya kwiimatshini zokuvota ze-elektroniki kunye neenkqubo ze-intanethi. Indlela nganye inokuba nengozi kwaye iyingenelo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Iphepha Lophawu lwephepha: Ivoters ziphawula ukhetho lwazo ephepheni, ezithi zibale ngesandla okanye nge-scan yokubona. Iphepha lombathiso linikezela ngerekhodi yokuvavanya kwaye alulanga ukuqhekeza, kodwa ukubala incwadi kungenza isantya kwaye kutyekele kwimpazamo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imachiza asetyenziswa kumazwe anjenge India ne Brazil, ii-EVM zivumela ukunwenwa ngokukhawuleza. Noko ke, inkxalabo yokhuseleko ngokuguqula nokunqongophala kwephepha ikhokelela kwamanye amazwe (umz., iNetherlands) ukuwashiya.
  • Iposi- In nencwadi yebhasethi: exhaphakileyo ngokuqhubekayo, ingakumbi emva kwesifo seCOVID-19. Ukuvota kunyusa uloyiko ngokuqhatha, nangona uphando lubonisa ukuba iqhekekile.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Internet Voting: isetyenziswa kwiindawo ezimbalwa kunyulo olulinganiselweyo (umz., Estonia ukwenzela unyulo lwepalamente). Ngelixesha kulungileyo, ukuvota kwi Internet kuzisa umngcipheko wezokhuseleko lweziphene zekhompyutha ongaphezulu kweenzuzo zemali-mali ezininzi.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Nokubuya

IVoter voter votionout sisibonisi esingundoqo sempilo-ntle. Imiqondiso ephezulu yokuba abemi baluva uvoti lwabo kwaye babandakanyeke kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. Ukurhoxa kwenqanawa, kwelinye icala, kungabonisa ukungakhathali, ukudimazeka, okanye imiqobo yesakhiwo. Ngokwenkcazelo evela ku- ISiko Lezizwe Ngeendawo Zolawulo-ludemokrasi ne-Electoral helpation (IDA), umvoti-mali-wonke emhlabeni wonke urhoxile kancinci kunyulo lwesizwe, nangona itshintsha kakhulu ngelizwe. Izinto eziphembelela ukukhuphisana konyuswano, ukurhoxiswa komkelo, ukurhoxiswa kovoteko, ukurhola kovolo, nokusebenza koluvolo olucacileyo koomatisi, [FLT.1]

Imfundo ye-CUBIC inendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuliseni inxaxheba. Xa abafundi nabemi beyiqonda indlela ivoti yabo eguqulela ngayo kwindlela yokuziphatha neyolawulo, badla ngokusebenzisa elo lungelo. Ngoko ke izikolo nemibutho yoluntu ibalulekile ekukhuthazeni isithethe sokuvota.

Iingqiniphonelwano Nolungelelwano: Ukukhusela IRiphabliki

Umthetho weriphabliki uxhomekeke kungekuphela nje kunyulo olukhululekileyo kodwa nakukhuseleko lwesakhiwo oluthintela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya. Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe elinye (ukubulawa, uwiso-mthetho, okanye ukugwetywa kwetyala) elilawulayo. EUnited States, umzekelo, umongameli ungayigunyazisa umthetho, iBhunga lingawulawula unyuko kunye namagosa angenagunya, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo iyakuvakalisa imithetho engathathi cala. Ubuchule obufanayo bukho kwezinye ii-Riphabliki, nangona umlinganiselo okhethekileyo ungafani.

Amaziko azimeleyo afana neekhomishini zovolo, alwa nokunganyaniseki, kunye nomatshini wokushicilela okhululekileyo nawo abalulekile. Anika ukubonakala, aphengulula, aqinisekise ukuba iinkokeli ziyayiphendula imbono embi ebantwini. Ngaphandle kwezi zihlolo, kwanenkqubo zokhetho ezimiselwe kakuhle zinokuthotywa phantsi kokunganyaniseki, ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango, okanye ukuphembelela ulawulo olungqongqo.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Nazo KwiRiphabliki

Nangona izama ukumelana nezo ngxaki, iiriphabliki ehlabathini lonke zijamelana nocelomngeni olunzulu olusongela idemokhrasi.

Ukwenziwa Kwenkcazelo Yezobupolitika Nokuxinana

Kumaziko amaninzi ee-riphabliki, amaqela ezobupolitika aye ahluka kakhulu, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuphelisekeni okugqithisileyo. Oku kungaphumela ekudibaneni kwemithetho, apho kuphantse kungabi nakwenzeka, kwaye imisebenzi karhulumente efana noqingqo-mali okanye ukumiswa kwemibutho iye yakhawuleziswa. Ukwenziwa kwerhafu kubangela ukungathembani kwii-projekthi kwaye kunokwenza abavoti bangabi nakuchaphazeleka kakhulu kwintetho egqithisileyo. Iziphumo ziquka ukwahlulwa-a, ukukhusela imimandla ekhuselekileyo, kunye nempembelelo yabaxhasi abaphambili abakhuthazi be-Rhuluquzeli kwi-Primpmation.

Imali Kwezobupolitika Nakwezemali

Ixabiso elinyukayo lamaphulo kunye nempembelelo yabanikeli abaninzi, izityebi, nabantu abanezilangazelelo-mali, kunye namaqela enzala . baye baphakamisa inkxalabo yokuba amagosa anyuliweyo anyulwe afune ukuqokelela imali kunokuba ajolise kwimisebenzi yawo. EUnited States, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iCitaisens United[ isigqibo [2010] esivumelekileyo ngokungenamda, nto leyo ekhokelela ekudubuleni kwe-"mali emnyama" kunye ne-PACS. Ezinye ii-Riphabliki ezininzi zinemida yehlabathi elinqikelelo enzima, kodwa intsingiselo yomhlaba wonke kwimirhumo yorhwebo-mendo idala i-styhavices. Iinguquko ezinjalo njengephulo kawonke, imiqathango yemali, imiqathango yemali, kunye nokubonakala kwemingeni eninzi iyaphikisana rhoqo.

Inkcazelo Ephosakeleyo Nenkcazelo Engachananga

Isizukulwana samanani siye sazisa ucelomngeni olutsha: ulwazi oluphosakeleyo okanye olulahlekisayo lungasasazeka ngokukhawuleza ngolwazi lwezentlalo, lusehlisa ukusetyenziswa kwesigqibo solwazi nokuphelisa ukuthembana kwiinkqubo zonyulo. Abadlali bangaphandle bangazama ukuphazamisa kunyulo ngokukhuthaza amacandelo okanye ukusasaza amarhe. Ukulwa iimpazamo kufuna imfundo yolwazi oluthe ngqo kumaziko eendaba, imigaqo-siseko yeqonga, kunye nemibutho ezimeleyo yokuhlola intelekelelo. Abahlali abanokuyijonga ngokunzulu inkcazelo baxhotyiswe ngcono ukukhusela ingqibelelo yeriphabliki yabo.

Ucinezelo lombane nolawulo

Ngeli xesha iiriphabliki zifuna ukuhlasela jikelele, ngokwesiko amanye amaqela ajongene nemiqobo elungiselelwe ukunciphisa amandla awo okuvota. Iindlela zokucinezela ziquka imithetho ye-ID engqongqo, ukukhutshwa kweerolla, ukucutha iiyure zokuvota kwangethuba, nokuvala iindawo zokuvota kwimimandla emincinane. UGerrymering/ordal ukquze imida yesithiliti ekhethayo ukuze axhase iqela elinye. Uphakamiso lwasemthethweni kunye namaqela asebenza ngokuchasene nale misebenzi, kodwa ahlala eyimfazwe engapheliyo kwirepublic. Umzekelo, [[FLT.[FLT:] Brenan] Iziko lomthetho [[FLT] unikela uphando oluphangaleleyo kumalungelo okuvotayo kunye nokulungisa i-german eUnited States.

Isiphelo: Ikamva Lolawulo LweRiphabliki

IiRiphabliki azimi nje; ziyaguquka ziphendule ucelomngeni olutsha, utshintsho lobugcisa, kunye nokutshintshatshintsha kwezinto ezilindelwe nguwonke-wonke. Inkqubo yokukhetha iinkokeli `kusuka kwii-primmist kunye nonyulo ukuya kwiindlela zokuvota nokukhusela okusemthethweni (ukusuka kwimpilo-ntle yayo nayiphi na iriphabliki. Ulwazi, ubumi obuthenjiswe buyeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni amandla, kwaye imfundo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusekeleni iimfuno zeriphabliki.

Kubafundi nabafundisi-mfundo, beqonda indlela iiriphabliki ezisebenza ngayo linyathelo lokuqala lokuba ngabathathi-nxaxheba abakhutheleyo kunokuba ababukeli abangenzi nto. Ngokuqonda indlela yokukhetha inkokeli, ukubaluleka kwamalungelo okuvota, kunye nezisongelo ezinokudodobanisa iinkqubo zedemokhrasi, abantu banokufak ’ isandla ekwenzeni iriphabliki yabo ibe yeyodwa, enetyala neyomeleleyo. Ikamva lolawulo lweRiphabliki lixhomekeke kolu manyano.