Yintoni IRiphabliki?

Irepublic luhlobo oluthile lukarhulumente apho urhulumente ejongwa njenge "imeko kawonke-wonke" — ithathwe kwibinzana lesiLatin i-translata, ithetha "imicimbi yasekuhlaleni" okanye "into yabantu". Ngokungafaniyo nomlawuli omnye, apho umlawuli omnye unegunya lokulawula ngokwemfuza, ifashoni yolawulo lolawulo lwabantu. Abo bantu bandule ukuphathisa igunya lokunyusela abalawuli abalawula ngokwesiseko somgaqo-siseko. Le siseko simisela igunya likarhulumente kwaye siqinisekisa ukuba amagosa ahlala ekwityala kubemi. IiRiphabliki zenziwe ngomgaqo wokuba akukho mntu unegunya lolawulo olungaphezulu, hayi abo benza okanye abaluthobelayo.

Umzekelo werepublic uchasene nolawulo-lawulo lobuthixo, apho abemi bemi bevota kuyo yonke imibandela yezomgaqo-nkqubo ngokwabo. Endaweni yoko, ii-riphabliki zixhomekeke kwimiqathango esebenzayo — isicombululo esisebenzisekayo kwibutho elikhulu, elintsonkothileyo apho ummi ngamnye ebeya kuba nenxaxheba ngqo kuzo zonke izigqibo ebezingasayi kusebenza.

Iimpawu ZeRiphabliki

Ngoxa iiriphabliki zahluka kakhulu kwizinto nezithethe zazo ezikhethekileyo, zineempawu eziliqela ezahlulayo kwezinye iintlobo zikarhulumente.

  • I-Riphabliki yoMthetho: kwiriphabliki, imithetho isebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abantu — abemi, amagosa karhulumente, kwanabona baphathi abaphezulu. Akukho mntu okhululekileyo ekuphenduleni ngokusemthethweni. Lo mgaqo uthintela ulawulo olungenangqiqo kwaye ubangela imekobume elungeleleneyo yobomi bentlalo noqoqosho.
  • Ukwahlula-hlula kwamandla: Amandla ahlulwe phakathi kwamasebe ahlukeneyo — aqhelekileyo anegunya, agunyazi, kunye nemithetho egweba — ngalinye elinemisebenzi yalo nejongo kwezinye. Oku kwahlula kuthintela nayiphi na into ekufumaneni ulawulo olugqithisileyo kwaye kunika amathuba amaninzi okuvelela nokuphendula.
  • URhulumente wokwalatha: Amagosa anyuliweyo ukuze enze izigqibo ngenxa yabo. Olu melo yi-injini eluncedo yeriphabliki, evumela ulawulo lulinganise ngexesha ugcino-lwazi oluqhelekileyo. Unyulo, imida yegama, kunye nojikelezo oluthe rhoqo eofisini luqinisekisa ukuba abameli bahlala besabela kukuthanda kukawonke-wonke.
  • Imida ekwi-Constialion: Umgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo okanye ongabhalwanga uchaza amandla karhulumente kwaye ubala amalungelo abemi. Le mida yenzelwe ukukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kulawulo olungenayo nokuqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho kwisakhiwo esisisiseko sikarhulumente lufuna uvumelwano olubanzi.
  • Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo amancinane: amaRiphabliki akhusela u "ukhuselo loninzi" ngokukhusela ngokuzinzileyo amaqela amancinane kunye neembono eziphikisayo. Ezi zikhuseli — ezifana nenkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yonqulo, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo — ziqinisekisa ukuba iimvakalelo ezithandwayo azinakuwathoba amalungelo asisiseko.

Ezi mpawu zisebenza kunye ukwenza inkqubo esabelayo kubantu kwaye enyamezelayo ukunyanzeleka kolawulo lweriphabliki kwaye iye yangqineka iqinile ukutyhubela iinkulungwane zeenguqu zezobupolitika.

Imeko Engokwembali: Imvelaphi Nendaleko YamaRiphabliki

Ukuqonda le mbali kusinceda sicace isizathu sokuba iiriphabliki zilungelelaniswe ngendlela ezilungelelaniswe ngayo nesizathu sokuba ziqhubeke zisebenza namhlanje.

IRiphabliki YaseRoma: Ulingelo Lokuqala Olukhulu

IRome Republic (5092-27 BC) ngumzekelo onempembelelo kakhulu kudala wokulawula kweriphabliki. Emva kokubhukuqa ulawulo lwayo lobukumkani, iRoma yaseka inkqubo entsonkothileyo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano eyayiquka iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, iinkosana ezinyuliweyo (ezifana nee-constals, ii-preterers, kunye neencwadi zokuhlola), kunye neendibano ezidumileyo apho abemi babevota kwimithetho namagosa anyuliweyo. Imodeli yamaRoma yayingeyodemokhrasi ngokwemilinganiselo yalethu — yayingawamkeli abafazi, abakhonzi, nabangengomashishini abatshayo — kodwa yazisa ingcamango yokuba igunya elisemthethweni lifumane kubantu (okanye ngokuncinane kwiquluvo oluchaziweyo lommi) kwaye igunya limele lisasazwe kwimimandla emininzi ukuze lithintele ubuzwi.

IRiphabliki yamaRoma yavelisa ingcamango yomgaqo-siseko oxutyiweyo, owadibanisa i-monarchy (ii-odoli), iziko elikwizikhundla zolawulo-mpambano (iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso) kunye nedemokhrasi (iindibano). Olu xube lwalucetyelwe ukulungelelanisa izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo nokuthintela naliphi na iqela ekulawuleni. Uzinzo nolwandiso lweRome phantsi kwale nkqubo yenza imodeli yenkqele yamva neyolawulo-rhulumente.

Noko ke, ekugqibeleni iRiphabliki yamaRoma yanikezela kukonakala kwangaphakathi, ukungalingani kwentlalo nomkhosi, nto leyo eyaphumela ekuqhambukeni kuka - Augustus noBukhosi.

Abacinga Ngokukhanyiselwa Nokuvuselelwa KweRiphabliki

Kangangeenkulungwane emva kokuwa kweRoma, iingcamango zerepublic zaphelelwa kakhulu kwezopolitiko ezisebenzayo, zihlala kakhulu kwiincwadi zabaphengululi nakwimimandla embalwa yase-Italinal enjenge Florence neVenice. Kwakude kube yiNcwebeko apho uriphablikian yafumana uvuselelo olunamandla. Iintanda-lwazi ezifana [ uJohn Locke[[FLT]], [intesquieucroit[, kunye [[FLT:] Jacques Rous Roussius,[[FLT]]]

Locke waphikisa ngelithi urhulumente osemthethweni uxhomekeke kwisivumelwano soluntu norhulumente osisithintelo eMelika. Montesquie, kumsebenzi wakhe olawulwayo kwaye abantu banamalungelo emvelo ebomini, inkululeko, kunye nempahla engekho rhulumente onokuthi ngokusemthethweni ahlule. Iingcamango zakhe zesivumelwano soluntu norhulumente obekek'isikekileyo zaphembelela ngokungqalileyo amagunya aseMelika. Montesquie, kumsebenzi wakhe owesibini uMoya woMthetho , umele ukunyanzelelwa kwenkululeko nokhuseleko oluthe ngqo lwe-Roki, nangona unikele ingqalelo kwimbono ye-Dishopolgravistion njengendlela eqinisekileyo yokuzikhusela ubuzwilaljini. [5], uthelela ukuba igunya elingumthetho wolawulo-mthetho-mthetho, i-ogromaniki ye-Roglasburg], i-ognezelele imbono e-ogne yolawulo oluqhelekileyo, i-ethe yoluright provi

Le migaqo yokukhanyiselwa yasetyenziswa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18, eyona nto iphawulekayo kwienguqu zaseMerika naseFransi. UmGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, owagunyaziswa ngo-1788, waba ngumzekelo ochazayo weriphabliki yelifa lesizwe yanamhlanje, wadibanisa urhulumente ongummeli, ukwahlukana kwamagunya, kunye nencwadi ebhaliweyo yamalungelo. IMvukelo yamaFrentshi, nangona yayinesiphithiphithi, kwakhona iimfuno zenkululeko, ukulingana, kunye nomanyano — iingcamango ezaziza kunwela kulo lonke elaseYurophu nakulo lonke ihlabathi kwiinkulungwane ezalandelayo.

Iintlobo Ezikhulu ZeeRiphabliki

IiRiphabliki ziza ngeendlela eziliqela ezahlukeneyo, nganye inelungiselelo layo lemibutho kunye neenkqubo zezobupolitika. Ezona ntlobo ziqhelekileyo ziquka iirepublic zomongameli, iiriphabliki zepalamente, kunye neeriphabliki zorhulumente.

IiRiphabliki zoMangameli

Kwirepublic engumongameli, umongameli usebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye nentloko karhulumente, enyulwe ngokwayo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Umongameli usoloko enamagunya abalulekileyo olawulo oluphezulu, kuquka ulawulo lomkhosi, amandla okumisela umthetho, negunya lokumisela amalungu ekhabhathi-bhusayithi kunye nabagwebi (abathobela imvume yemithetho). I-United States, iBrazil, iMexico, kunye noMzantsi Korea bayimizekelo ecacileyo. irepublictiverics inikela imigca ecacileyo yokuphendula ngokuziphendulela ngokolawulo lolawulo oluphezulu, kuquka nolawulo lomkhosi, uyakwazi ukuba ngubani ofanele anconywe okanye abeke ityala — kodwa kwakhona zinokukhokelela kwi-gridroo xa i-Pucestern kunye nendlu yemithetho-siseko sowiso sowiso-mthetho ilawulwa ngabaculi.

IiRiphabliki zePalamente

Kwipalamente yepalamente, urhulumente uthathwa kwindlu yolawulo aphinde aphendulelwe kwipalamente. Intloko yephondo idla ngokuba ngumongameli wesithethe onamagunya alinganiselweyo, ngoxa intloko karhulumente ingumphathiswa okhokela iqela elininzi okanye umbutho kwipalamente. Umphathiswa kunye nequbhuli-mapala uhlala eofisini lodwa xa besagcina intembelo yendlu yowiso-mthetho. Ukuba baphulukana nevoti yokungathemba, oonobumba abatsha okanye urhulumente omtsha kufuneka umiswe. Imizekelo iquka iIndiya, i-Jamani, ne-Singapore. Ii-Riphabliki zepalamente zithambeka ngakumbi ukuba zikwazi ukutshintsha kwaye zinokuwudlulisa umthetho ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi umgangatho wokuhlola nolungelelaniso.

IiRepublics Ezimanyeneyo

Irepublic karhulumente yahlula-hlula amandla phakathi korhulumente we- wenkulungwane kunye norhulumente wengingqi ozimeleyo (amaphondo, amaphondo, okanye ii-cantons). Esi sakhiwo sivumela imimandla ukuba igcine ulawulo olubalulekileyo kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni — imfundo, ezothutho, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke — ngelixa urhulumente ophakathi esingatha ukhuseleko lwesizwe, inkqubo yamazwe asemzini, kunye nemali. Irepublic Republics yamazwe aqhelekileyo kumazwe amakhulu, ahlukeneyo apho inkqubo yeyunithi ingabangeyo engasebenzi okanye icineze. IUnited States, i-Switzerland, neIndiya zi-Riphabliki zorhulumente zongezelele umaleko othelekelelo lwemali nolwano lwesizwe.

Umahluko Obalulekileyo

Abantu abaninzi basebenzisa amagama "republic" kunye "democracy" ngokungafaniyo, kodwa azifani. ulawulo-democracy [ ugxininisa ulawulo oluninzi — ingcamango yokuba ukuthanda koninzi kufuneka kumisele umgaqo kawonke-wonke. uququzelelo lwequmrhu , ngokuphikisana, igxininisa imida yesiseko kunye namalungelo amancinane kumntu ngamnye nxamnye noninzi lwabakhohlakeleyo. Umzekelo, iUnited States, isoloko ichazwa njenge "isigqeba soburhulumente obuqhelekileyo" kunokuba ibe "ulawulo-demokhrasi" ukugxininisa ukuba amandla amaninzi adityaniswe ngumgaqo-siseko omgaqo-siseko omthetho-siseko ongenakuba lula.

Abaqulunqi bomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. babekugatya oko bakubiza ngokuba "ngunogadari," — ingozi yokuba uninzi olunamandla lungasebenzisa amandla alo ukucinezela iqela elincinane, ukuqokelela impahla, okanye ukuphelisa inkululeko esisiseko. Ngoko ke bayila inkqubo yokuba imijelo ephambili exhaphakileyo iza kusetyenziswa ngamaziko ameleyo, unyulo olushukumayo, i-bibraralism, kunye nommeli ozimeleyo we-justicaricary. Le migaqo itho ithoba ithoba isantya sotshintsho lwezobupolitika kwaye ifuna ukuvumelana okubanzi kwemithetho engundoqo. Njengoko uJames Madison waphikisa kwi- Fadalist No.[[10 FLT:1], ummeli we-Riphabliki, ummeli we-Riphabliki i-Riphabliki i-okthelela nge-oktheromo-onke" ngokunyuswa kwamagosa esinyuliweyo.

Kwakhona, inkoliso yeeriphabliki zale mihla iquka iinkqubo zedemokhrasi — unyulo oluthe rhoqo, ukungxolisa nokukhusela imicimbi yezobupolitika nentlangano. Ezi ngcamango zimbini ziyadibana zize ziqinisane, kodwa ukugxininisa kweriphabliki kwimiGaqo-siseko namalungelo amancinane kunikela ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo ekuzikhuseleni ekutyhaleleni ulawulo oluninzi olungathintelwanga.

Isizathu Sokuba IiRiphabliki Zibaluleke Kwihlabathi Lanamhlanje

Kumaxesha okunyuka kolawulo olungqongqo, ukuphelelwa kokuthemba amaziko, nokuguquka okukhawulezileyo kobugcisa, imigaqo yolawulo lweriphabliki ibaluleke kakhulu kunanini na ngaphambili. IiRiphabliki zinika isiseko esiqinisekisiweyo sokulungelelanisa inkululeko nocwangco, zisenza ukuba kubekho inyathelo elimanyeneyo ngoxa zikhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba umbandela weerabhuliki unokubanceda abemi babe ngamagosa athenjiswe ulawulo lwabo.

Ingxwabangxwaba Echasene Nochuku

Iinkalo eziphambili zerepublics — ukwahlukana kwamagunya, ulawulo lomthetho, iinkundla ezizimeleyo — zidala imiqobo emininzi echasene nokuququzelelwa kwegunya lolawulo lobundlobongela. Iinkokeli ezizama ukulwa ngaphaya kwegunya lazo kufuneka zibambene nendlu yowiso-mthetho enokuthi ingalivumeli nkxaso, ijenalitha inyathelo elinokuphelisa izenzo zazo, undaba-ndaba okhululekileyo onokuthi ubhebhedeze ukuxhatshazwa kwempatho, kunye nabemi abanokuvota ngaphandle kwesikhundla. Akukho qumrhu elinye linokuthintelwa okanye ukungonwa kwale, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwezi zixhobo kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba umlawuli onegunya athabathe igunya. IiRiphabliki ezigcina amaziko anamandla kunye nabemi abakhaliphileyo ziye zangqinwa ngokuqatha ngokuchasene nolawulo lobuzwila.

Ukukhuthaza Imbopheleleko yelungu nobungqina

IiRiphabliki ziphumelela xa abemi bewuthatha nzulu umsebenzi wabo. Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo zolawulo olungqongqo ezifuna ukuthotyelwa, ii-republic zifuna ulwazi, zithatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo. Ukunika inxaxheba kulolona hlobo lusisiseko lokuzibophelela kwezentlalo-ntle. Izakhamizi kufuneka zihlale zinolwazi ngemicimbi kawonke-wonke, zisebenza kwiijaji, ziphumele kwiinkundla zolawulo zasekuhlaleni, kwaye zigcine abameli bazo benokuphendula phakathi konyulo. Imfundo yempilo yeRiphabliki ixhomekeke kumgangatho wenkcubeko yazo — izithethe, imikhwa, imikhwa, neempawu ezixhasa ukuzilawula ngokwesondo. Xa abemi benika abameli bonke iimbopheleleko zobomi obude, inkqubo iba buthathaka ekufumaneni kwabo, ukunganyaniseki, ukuhlonela iimbono ezingqubanayo, ukulalanisa nokuzibophelela kwimicimbi yoorhulumente abahlala-ntlanganiso.

Ukuqhelana Neengxaki Zangexesha Elidluleyo

IiRiphabliki namhlanje zijongene neengcinezelo ezibalulekileyo abasunguli berepublic zangaphambili abangenakuzilindela. Missiconformation kunye nodiso-lwazi lwasasazwa ngokukhawuleza kumaqonga amanani, lususa isiseko esibunyani esifunekayo sokuqiqa. [[[FLT:]] uxinzelelo lwendawo-lubanzi [[[FLT:]] lunyusa inkxalabo yokwahlula-mali [[[FLT:]] ukunyuka kwemeko-yokungalinganiyo kunye nolwakhiwo-mxhelo, nto leyo ebangela ukuphelelwa kwemithetho kunye nokungathemba kurhulumente. [[FT] [FLT] ukt-etho lomthetho wokhetho oluqhelekileyo nolulungelelwano oluqhelekileyo. [[FLT]]

Ukulungisa ezi ngxaki kufuneka zombini utshintsho lokwakha kunye nenkcubeko. Ukuqinisa ulungiso lwezemfundo ezizimeleyo kunye nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zekhompyutha kunganceda ekulweni neenguqulelo ezingekho mthethweni. Izichasi-lwazi ze-Electoral — ezifana nokuvota okuzizii-choota, iikhomishini ezizimeleyo zokuzihlaziya, kunye nokufikelela kombutho ozimeleyo — kungenza unyulo lube nokhuphiswano olungakumbi kwaye lumele. Ukubonakala kwemali nokuxhaswa kwemali yemali yoluntu kunganciphisa impembelelo yabasebenzi abazizityebi nokubuyiselwa ukuthembanabek ’ abameli. Kwangaxesha linye, ukukhuthaza inkcubeko yemfundo, imfundo yezezentlalo, kunye nokuzibotshelelwa koluntu kungenza unyuso lwemali oluxhomekeke kwiRiphabliki.

Ukuvuselelwa KweRiphabliki Emhlabeni Wonke

UbuRiphabliki abuphelelanga kulo naliphi na ilizwe okanye ummandla. Imodeli ye-riphabliki iye yatshintshelwa kwimeko ehlukeneyo yenkcubeko kulo lonke ihlabathi, ukusuka [iriphabliki enkulu yehlabathi] (iriphabliki enkulu) ukuya yaseMzantsi Afrika] [[FLT]] [i-Riphabliki-Riphabliki ye-Riphabliki ezalwa yimfulam-mzi, ezalwa ngokuchasene nocalucalucalulo-calucalulo] [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [5] [iriphabliki yorhulumente yephondo eyakhiwe kwakhona emva kweenkqubo zobuNazi). Ngamnye kula mazwe urhulumente umimiselo lwentlalo lwentlalo, kunye nezithethe lwezobupolitika lwe-Riphablikikhstan. Oku kufumaneka kweyona i-Riphabliki-ebugno-enturencestiki ingu-enza ilungele ukuhla lwemeko lwemeko lwemeko-ebugrabhubhu

Amaziko ehlabathi jikelele anjenge Zizwe ezimanyeneyo kunye neInternational Institute for Democracy and Electoral helpation (IDEA) asebenza ukuxhasa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi noriphabliki ehlabathini lonke, enika ubuncwane boyilo lwesiseko somGaqo-siseko, ulawulo lwezinyulo, kunye nemfundo yezentlalo. Ukusasazwa kwehlabathi lonke kwemilinganiselo ye-riphabliki kubonisa isibheno sorhulumente obekelwe lityala, olinganiselwe, nowamkelekileyo kubantu abawukhonzayo.

Isiphelo: Ixabiso Elihlala Lihleli LikaRhulumente WeRiphabliki

IiRiphabliki azifezekanga. Zisenokucotha, zithanda ingxabano, zidimazeke. Zifuna umgudu oqhubekayo, ukuphaphazela, nokulalanisa kubemi nakwiinkokeli. Zinokusilela — njengoko iRiphabliki yeRoma, iWeimar Republic, nezinye ezininzi zibonisa. Kodwa iiriphabliki zikwamela owona mgudu uphumelelayo woluntu wokuxolelanisa inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nolawulo olumanyeneyo, ukuseka iinkqubo ezinamandla nezithintelweyo, ukwakha oorhulumente abakhonza abantu kunokuba bazilawule.

Imbali yoburiphabliki libali lokuzingcamla nokuzihlaziya. Isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka siphinde sifumane kwaye siqinisekise imigaqo yolawulo lweriphabliki — umthetho wokwahlukana kwamagunya, ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo, nokuthathi-nxaxheba ngenkuthalo kwabemi abanolwazi. Le migaqo ayikukuzibulala ngokwaso; ixhomekeke kwisibopho sabantu abaqonda ixabiso labo nabakulungeleyo ukubakhusela. Kwihlabathi apho iindlela ezisetyenziswa ngoorhulumente abangqongqo ziqhubeka zitsala inkxaso, umsebenzi wokulondoloza nokuqinisa amaziko eriphabliki uhlala ungxamisekile njengoko bekunjalo.

Ngokuqonda oko ziyiyo iiriphabliki, indlela ezisebenza ngayo, nesizathu sokuba zibe nento yokwenza, abemi bangaba ngabathathi-nxaxheba abanempumelelo ngakumbi ekulawuleni kwabo — kunye nabakhuseli abanokukwazi ukumelana nenkqubo ebuthathaka, exabisekileyo yolawulo oluthambileyo lobuRiphabliki ebangela ukuba kubekho ukwenzeka. Ukuqhubeka kufundo lwentanda-bulumko ye-riphabliki, i-Ectford Encyclopedia of Philosophy inikeza ushwankathelo olubalaseleyo, ngelixa Encyclopædia Britannica inika imbali ebanzi ye-Riphabliki.