Kwinkqubo yezobupolitika yaseMerika, mambalwa amaziko abumba ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi ngokungqalileyo kunamaqela ezobupolitika. Ukusuka kunyulo lomongameli ukuya kuhlanga lweqela lesikolo sasekuhlaleni, amaqela anikela ucwangciso oluguqula ukhetho lomntu ngamnye lube lusebenze ngokumanyeneyo. Ngoxa abathathi-nxaxheba besoloko beyalela ukuqwalaselwa, libutho elibafumanayo, amaphulo emali, kwaye lichaza imigangatho echaza ukujongana nabavoti. Ukuqonda indlela amaqela ezobupolitika asebenza ngayo kuyimfuneko kuye nawuphi na ummi onqwenela ukungenela idemokhrasi kwaye agcine iinkokeli ziphendule.

Nokuba uthe ulugqala njengoludlalwa ngokungqongqo, olukhululekileyo, olunobugosa, okanye olunye uhlobo, umatshini wezopolitiko weqela uphembelela yonke into ukususela ekuhlaziyweni kwezonyango ukuya kumgaqo-nkqubo werhafu ukuya kumgaqo wemeko-bume. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa inkcazelo, iindima, imbali, intlangano, imingeni, kunye nentsingiselo ecacileyo yamaqela ezobupolitika kwidemokhrasi yaseMelika, ngokugxininisa ekuncedeni abafundi babe ngabathathi-nxaxheba kwinkqubo yezopolitiki.

Iyintoni Imida Yezobupolitika?

Iqela lezobupolitika liqela elilungelelanisiweyo labantu abanobudlelane beseti yemilinganiselo, iinjongo, kunye neembono eziqhelekileyo ngendlela urhulumente amele asebenze ngayo. Amatheko afumana kunye nabanyuli besikhundla sikawonke-wonke, iphulo lokuphumelela unyulo, kwaye emva koko asebenzele ukuzalisekisa imimiselo yawo yezopolitiko yakha yasemandleni. EUnited States, amaqela amabini alawulayo abizwa ngokuba yi- i-DEmocratic Party kunye ne Republican Party , kodwa imibutho emincinane ibizwa rhoqo ukuba izintlukwano zesithathu kunye nempembelelo kawonke-omatilithi.

Imikhosi yahlukile kumaqela anomdla okanye iikomiti zezenzo zezobupolitika (PAC) kuba abathathi-nxaxheba kwi-ofisi yaye bazama ukulawula izixhaso zikarhulumente ngqo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amaqela anomdla axhasa izizathu ezithile ngaphandle kokuziphumeza eziza kuziswa kuwo. Kwakhona amatheko adlala indima ekhethekileyo ekuchazeni izikhethelo zezigidi zabemi kwiiplatfomu ezilungelelanisayo, ekwenza kube lula ukukhetha abavoti.

Indaleko Yeziganeko Zezobupolitika ZaseMerika

Abaseki be-United States babekrokrela amaqela ezobupolitika. UGeorge Washington walumkisa ngokuchasene “nemiphumo emibi yomoya weqela” kwi-Farewell Address yakhe. Kodwa kwiminyaka embalwa, inkqubo yokuqala yeqela yavela, ikhupha amaFederali (wayilwa nguAlexander Hamilton) ngokuchasene neDemocratic-Republicans (walandelwa nguThomas Jefferson). Ukususela ngoko, ummandla weqela uye wafumana utshintsho oluninzi, ngalunye olubonisa utshintsho olunzulu lwentlalo noqoqosho.

Inkqubo Yeqela Lokuqala Nelesibini

Ukususela ngo-1790 ukuya koo1820, amaFederali kunye nama-Democratic-Republica alwa nommandla wolawulo lwesizwe, ibhanki yesizwe, kunye nenkqubo yamanye amazwe. AmaFederali anikezela emva kwemfazwe yonyaka we-1812, angenisa “Indlela Ezintle” phantsi kolawulo lwedemocratic-Republican. Kodwa ekupheleni koo-1820, izahlulo ezintsha kwiicawa, inkqubela phambili yangaphakathi, kunye nobukhoboka zanyuka kwiDidemocratic Party phantsi kweAnd Jackson kunye neWhig Party phantsi koHen Henry Clay. Le nkqubo yesibini yaqhubeka de kwali-1850, xa umbuzo wobukhoboka waphelisa iWhigs.

Imfazwe Yamakhaya Neqela Lanamhlanje LeRiphabliki

Kuphulwa kweRoti yeWhig, iRiphabliki yasekwa ngo1854 njengombutho ochasene nobukhoboka. Ngaphantsi kuka-Abraham Lincoln, yaphumelela kumongameli ngowe-1860, ixhokonxa inkxwaleko yokuzinza nemfazwe yamakhaya. Emva kwemfazwe, amaRiphabliki alawula ezobupolitika zesizwe kangangamashumi eminyaka, ngoxa iDemocrat yaba liqela “lomzantsi oqinileyo” kwaye, kamva, i-New Decurementment phantsi komnqophiso phantsi komphambili we-Franklin D. Roosevelt. Ulungelelwaniso lwangoku (ngoDemocrates) njengeqela eliqhubela phambili neRiphabliki njengeqela elidla isithethe, elithe kratya phakathi kwenkulungwane yekhulu le-19520, likhuthulwa ngamandla ngamaLungelo ka-Ovilinite ka-19665656 kunye namaLungment Amalungelo e-1966666.

Ulungelelwaniso Lwakutshanje

Ukususela kwii-1970, amaqela akhetheke ngokuhambelana ngokweengcamango kunye nojikelezo lwelizwe. AmaDemocrates aye ahamba asekhohlo kwimicimbi yentlalo nezoqoqosho; amaRiphabliki aye ahamba ekunene. Lo mgaqo, udla ngokubizwa ukwenziwa kwe-partiation[, uphinde waguquka uNgqungquthela, i-judiary, kwane-deciary. Ngokutsho Uphando lwe-palment [, umsantsa phakathi komndilili woDemocrat nomlinganiselo we-Riphabliki ngemibuzo yemibango ngoku ubanzi kunayo nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na incam yembali yovavanyo yale mihla.

Imisebenzi Yemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika

Ukuqonda ezi ndima kusinceda sibone isizathu sokuba amaqela aqhubeka nangona abantu benxunguphaliswa kukungathobeli ulawulo - melo.

Ukuphinda-phinda nokuthatha izithuba

Ngaphandle kwamaqela, unyulo luza kuba lungquzulwano. Amaphulo akhuphisana ngamandla abantu ukuba babalekele isikhundla ngezantsi. Ukusuka kwibhunga lesixeko sasekuhlaleni ukuya kumongameli(* kwaye anikela uqeqesho, ukuxhasa ii-international kunye nenkxaso ekhoyo. Kwakhona alawula inkqubo yokutyunjwa nge-primmies kunye nee-cauzues, enika abavoti ukhetho olunentsingiselo phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba.

2. Ukukhetha Ijelo Elilula

Abavoti abaninzi abanalo ixesha okanye ubuchule bokwenza uphando ngemeko yabo bonke abacela ukubhaliswa. Iilebhile zeqela zisebenza njengezinqumlisi zolwazi. Xa abavoti bebaleka phantsi kwebhanile yeqela, abavoti banokuluchaza ngokusengqiqweni intanda-bulumko nenkqubo ephambili yomntu oza kubhatalwa. Oku kunciphisa umthwalo wokwazi ukuvota kunye nokwandisa ukuvota.

3. Ukulungelelanisa Urhulumente

Kwinkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo, amaqela anceda ekulungelelaniseni isenzo ngaphaya kwamasebe alawulayo nawasemthethweni. UMongameli namalungu eBhunga elinolwahlulelwano olunegama elithe lasebenzisana ukudlulisa umthetho, ukuqinisekisa abanyuliweyo, nokumisela ucwangciso lwesizwe. Uninzi lweqela kwigumbi ngalinye leBhunga-siseko lukhetha izihlalo zekomiti, lulawula ucwangciso lomgangatho, kunye nokumila kwemali efumana ivoti.

4. Iinkqubo zomgaqo-nkqubo eziphuhlisayo

Kwiminyaka emine, amaDemocrates namaRepublicans adwelise iinjongo zawo zomgaqo-nkqubo kwiqonga ngalinye ukusuka kwinkcitho yempilo ukuya kuguqulo lwemozulu ukuya kukhuseleko lwesizwe. La maqonga awanyanzelisi mithetho, kodwa aphawula izinto eziphambili kwiqela kunye nabenzi bomthetho abakhokelayo. Kwakhona anika isiseko sokugcina amagosa anyuliweyo ebekelwe ityala: ukuba iqela lithembisa into ethile kwaye lenza enye, abavoti-voti bangayohlwaya kwibhokisi yebholoti.

Ukuphanga imikhosi yelizwe

Imisebenzi ininzi kakhulu ekusebenzeni imigudu yokukhupha i-vote (GOTV) equka ukulayishwa kwelaphu leseyile elisemnyango, ukugcinwa kweminxeba, iposi engqalileyo, kunye nezibhengezo zamanani. Ifundisa abemi malunga nommiselo wokubhalisa, iindawo zokuqokelela, nemiba ebalulekileyo. Oku kulungiselela kubaluleke ngakumbi kumaqela akwimbali esezantsi, njengabantu abaselula kunye nabantu abambalwa.

Ukuchasa nokuphendula

Kwidemokhrasi esempilweni, iqela eliphuma kwigunya lisebenza njengenkcaso enyanisekileyo, lihlolisisa izenzo zoninzi, linikela ezinye iinkqubo. Le ndima iphambili iqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zenkqubo zixoxwa ekuhleni nokuba uninzi alunako ukuthatha inyathelo ngaphandle kokugxekwa. Kwakhona linika abavoti enye indlela ecacileyo kunyulo olulandelayo.

IQumrhu leQela: Ukusuka kwiProfente ukuya kwiKomiti yesiZwe

Ukuqonda esi sakhiwo kusinceda siqonde isizathu sokuba amaqela athetha ngendlela eyahlukileyo kuxhomekeke kummandla nakwimibandela yalapho.

IMithetho yasekuhlaleni neyamaphondo

Owona mgangatho weqela elilungelelanisiweyo yikomiti yengingqi okanye yephondo. La maqela asekuhlaleni afuna abantu abaza kuba ngoomasipala nee-ofisi zephondo, abamkelweyo badibana neziganeko, kwaye bahlanganisa amatsha - ntliziyo ngexesha lonyulo. Ngokufuthi yindawo yokuqala yokunxibelelana nabemi abafuna ukubandakanyeka kwezobupolitika.

Imisitho Yesizwe

Urhulumente ngamnye unekomiti esembindini elungelelanisa amaphulo ee-ofisi zikarhulumente (i-arhente, indlu yowiso-mthetho, igqwetha jikelele) kwaye ulawula abathunywa beli phondo ukuya kwindibano yesizwe. Amaqela karhulumente akwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhlaziyeni ubalo emva kokubalwa kwabantu, ukuzoba iimaphu zowiso-mthetho ezinokubumba ulungelelwano lwamandla kangangeminyaka elishumi.

Imikhosi yesizwe

IKomiti yeSizwe yeDemocratic (DNC) kunye neKomiti yesiZwe yeRepublican National Committee (RNC) yongamela amaphulo omongameli, ukuqokelela intsebenziswano yeentlanga zobuzwe, nokumisela imithetho yeendibano zesizwe. Zikwasebenzisa ugcino-lwazi oluninzi kunye nemisebenzi enxulumene neenkqubo zomvoti ontlukwano. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amaqela esizwe aye aba namandla ngakumbi anxulumene norhulumente kunye namaqela asekuhlaleni, ngenxa yeenkokeli zemali kunye neenkqubo zezixhobo zokuvota.

Indima Yeendibano

Kwiminyaka emine, iqela ngalinye eliphambili liqhuba indibano yesizwe ecwangcisiweyo yokutyumba umbutho womongameli walo, lamkela iqonga leqela, lize lihlanganise abathembekileyo. Ngoxa iziphumo zokutyunjwa zidla ngokusaziwa kwangaphambili ngenxa yeziphumo eziphambili, iindibano zisabalulekile ukuze kumanyaniswe elo qela nokuze kuqhutyelwe phambili kunyulo jikelele.

Iintsebenziswano Zesithathu Neziko Elizimeleyo

Nangona iUnited States inenkqubo emibini edida ngamandla impumelelo yesithathu, amaqela amancinane aye adlala indima ebalulekileyo embalini ekuveliseni imibandela etyeshelwa ngamaqela amakhulu. Imizekelo iquka iPopulist Partium kwi-1890 (eyeyixhase abalimi nomgaqo kaloliwe), iQela leNguquko ngo1912 (elikhuthaza intlalo-ntle kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho-ntle yasekuhlaleni), kunye neGreen Party and Libetarian Party kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje.

Izithintelo Ezibangela Impumelelo Yesithathu 76

Amaqela esithathu ajongene nemiqobo yokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, kuquka iwinner-all convert, ezi zinto zidityaniswe ukwenza imithetho yokufikelela engqongqo, ikhutshwa kwiingxoxo zomongameli, kunye nenkqubo yemali yephulo evumela amaqela asekwayo. Ngokutsho kwe Libary of Congress, ezi zinto zidityanisana ukwenza isithathu se-paractracticess zemoto kunendlela yenyani ehambayo ukuya kumandla. Kodwa ke, amaqela amathathu angaphembelela unyulo ngokutsala ivote ukusuka kwizikhulu ze-62000 okanye u-Jill Steins ngo-2016.

Izixhobo zokudlala ezizimeleyo kunye nezingafihlwanga

Ukongeza kumaqela esithathu, inani elikhulayo labavoti elizichaza njengee Independent. Ngokutsho kukaGallup, malunga nama-40% amaMelika ngoku azigqala ezimele ngokwezobupolitika, nangona ngokufuthi exhomekeke kwiqela elinye elikhulu. Abavoteli abazimeleyo, njengoAngus King of Maine okanye Bernie Sanders (oye wafumana i-ofisi ngaphandle kwegama leqela elisemthethweni, kodwa abakhankanyiswayo ngokubalaseliswa kwenkqubo yeqela elibini.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Nemida Yezobupolitika Namhlanje

Phezu kwako nje ukukwazi ukumelana nazo, amaqela ezobupolitika aseMerika ajamelana nocelomngeni oluninzi olunzulu olusongela ukusebenza nokufaneleka kwawo.

Ukwenza ukukhanya kunye nokuvala i-Grid

Njengoko kukhankanywe ngaphambilana, ulwahlulo lwezimvo phakathi kwamaqela luye lwanda ngokuphawulekayo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho utshintsho lwemithetho, ingakumbi kwiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, apho i-moniarbuster inika iqela elincinane amandla okuvala amatyala amaninzi. Ukuyekelela kudla ngokujongwa njengokungcatsha kwabaxhasi beqela, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukucombulula iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo ezifana nokuguquka kwemeko yokufuduka, ukuguquka kwemozulu, kunye namatyala esizwe.

Ukuthembana Okunganyanisekiyo Nobungqina Bomsebenzi

Ukuthembana kukawonke-wonke kwamaqela ezobupolitika kuye kwawohloka ngokuphawulekayo. Uphando lwama-2022 Uphando lwe-PEW lufumanise ukuba malunga ne 17% yamaMelika athi akholose ngorhulumente wesizwe ukwenza okulungileyo ixesha elininzi. Abemi abaninzi bavakalelwa kukuba amaqela abonwa ngabanikeli abatyebileyo nezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo kunokuba bavote nje.

Impembelelo Yemali Neepari Ezibalaseleyo

Emva kwesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowama-2010 i-CIIINKUP [i-FEC v. FEC, amaqela angaphandle anganyusa aze achithe imali engasikelwe ekubhengezeni kwezobupolitika. Ii-PAC ezikhulu zisoloko zidityaniswa neenkokeli zeqela, kodwa ziyakwazi ukunyanzela abathathi-nxaxheba kwizikhundla eziphezulu. Oku kukhulisele imbono yokuba inkqubo yeqela yonakele kwaye ayisabeleli kumazwe aqhelekileyo ase-Merika.

Ukhetho Oluphambili Nezindululo Ezigabadeleyo

Unyulo oluphantsi lwenkangeleko lusoloko lulawulwa ngabaxhasi abaphambili abazinikele ngokweengcamango, abanokutsala abathathi-nxaxheba bemke esizikithini. Oku kuvelise inani labathathi-nxaxheba abazamayo ukuphumelela kunyulo jikelele, ngokubhekele phaya ukuncedisa ekubopheleleni nasekuvuseleleni.

Ukuguqula Inkqubo Yeqela

Abaphengululi nabahlaziyi belizwe baye bacebisa iinguqu eziliqela zokucombulula iingxaki zokunganyaniseki, imali nokungathembani okuncinane. Ngoxa kungekho nasinye kwezi zicelo ekulula ukumisela, zimela imigudu enzulu yokomeleza indima yamaqela kwidemokhrasi esempilweni.

Uvula iiPrinary kunye neZiko leNkcubeko

I-primea ezivulekileyo zivumela bonke abavoti − ngaphandle kokwamkelwa kweqela — ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ekukhetheni ii-nomeinees. Uvotelo lwe-Ranked ąchoice (RCV) luvumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe amacandelo ngokwendlela yokukhetha, okunokuthi kunciphise iphulo elingalunganga kwaye kuqinisekise ukuba abaphumeleleyo banenkxaso enkulu. Amanye amazwe, njengo-Alaska kunye noMaine, sele efumene i-RCV kunyulo lwezwelo, ngeziphumo ezithembisayo.

Ukukhuthuzwa kwephulo

Ukunciphisa impembelelo yabanikeli abakhulu, ezinye izixeko namaphondo ziye zayila iinkqubo ezincinane ezifanayo. Umzekelo, ingxowa-mali engqinelanayo yesiXeko saseNew York inika i-621to 16) intelekelelo yeminikelo phantsi ko-R250. Kumgangatho wengingqi karhulumente, iNgxowa-mali ye-Mongameli ye-Ecompution Ithe bhungane kakhulu, kodwa abanye abathathi-nxaxheba (njengoBack Obama ngo- 2008) baye bakhetha ukukhetha. Ukunyusa inkxaso kawonke-wonke kunganceda amaqela ahlala phantsi kwe-R350.

Ukuqinisa Imicimbi Yasekuhlaleni

Amandla eqela elihlaziyiweyo abuyela kwizindlu zengca anganceda ukwandisa ukuthembana. Iikomiti zamaqela asekuhlaleni zilula ngakumbi kubavoti abaqhelekileyo kwaye zingasebenza njengamabala okuqeqesha abo kamva basebenzela isikhundla esiphezulu. Ukukhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba kwiikomiti zephondo nakwindibano zephondo kungavuselela isakhiwo seqela ukusuka ezantsi.

Indima Yemibutho Yezobupolitika Ekuphazamiseni Ukuziphatha

Imidlalo ayithathi nxaxheba nje kuphela kwizinto ezikhethwa ngabavoti-----iyibumba. Ngokuthumela imiyalezo, izibhengezo, kunye ne-media, amaqela achaza ukuba zeziphi iimbambano ezibalulekileyo kwaye zineziqu ezivumelanayo ngendlela ezixhasa icala lawo. Ngokomzekelo, iqela lingagxininisa inkxalabo yezoqoqosho kunyaka omnye nakweminye imilinganiselo yesithethe kwenye, kuxhomekeka ekubeni yiyiphi isiseko sesigidimi.

Uphando lubonisa ukuba uchazo lweqela lomnye wezona zixelo zomeleleyo zokukhetha kwevoti ```enamandla'' kunoko kusigxina kwento ethile. Lento, ebizwa ngokuba “yiparatis,” ithetha ukuba abavoti badla ngokwamkela iimbono zenkqubo yeqela labo elikhethiweyo kunokuba enye indlela ejikelezayo. Ngelixa oku kunokwenza lula ukwenza izigqibo, kwakhona kunegalelo ekuvinyweni kwamagumbi kunye nokusasazwa kwenkcazelo engeyo.

Isiphelo: Isizathu Sokuba Amatheko Asebalulekile

Amaqela ezobupolitika afezeke kakhulu. Angohlulahlula, abe ngqiqweni, acothe ukutshintsha. Kodwa ahlala eyizithuthi eziphambili abemi abalungelelanisa ngazo bonke abantu ukuphembelela urhulumente. i-'amaqela ezobupolitika kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika'[ akwintsebenziswano edibeneyo, iinkokeli eziqeshiweyo, unyulo, kwaye anikezele ukuphendula. Ngaphandle kwabo, le nkqubo ibiya kuba nesiphithiphithiphithi-phithi kwaye ibe sengozini yokuchachana kwemilo yabantu abafumileyo okanye abathathiweyo.

Ngokuqonda indlela imbali yabo, imisebenzi, ukulungelelaniswa, kunye neziphako ezikhoyo ezinokuthelekisa nazo ngokunempumelelo. Enoba ngokuya kwintlanganiso yeqela lasekuhlaleni, ngokuvota, okanye ngokufuna iinguqu, abemi banamandla okubumba inkqubo yeqela ngokwalo. Ngexesha lokungathembani nokuhlala kwethafa, oko kusenokuba baluleke ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili.