Ukucela amagosa karhulumente kuyinxalenye esisiseko yokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi, eyenza abemi bakwazi ukuvakalisa inkxalabo, iinguqu zenkqubo yokucela, kwaye bagcine iinkokeli zinokuphendula. Noko ke, eli lungelo aligqibekanga; lisebenza kwimida esemthethweni elungelelaniswe ukulinganisa intetho nganye nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye nolungelelwano. Ukuqonda le mida kubalulekile ukuze basebenzise ngokunempumelelo nangokusemthethweni. Ngoxa ingqiqo yokucela ilula kwingcamango `````````iiisicelo sikwisicelo esilula''' kwinkcazelo-ngoonobangela nokulindela ukuqwalaselwa komntu omele ukusetyenziswa kwelungelo lomgaqo-omthetho, imimiselo yemithetho, imiqatha, imiqathango yezo engundoqo, kunye nemizekelo eluncedo ekunikeleni inkcukucotha ebanzi ukwenzela ukuba abeminziswayo amalungelo abo basebenze.

Isiseko Sembali Samalungelo Okucela

Ilungelo lokucela linemvelaphi enzulu kwisithethe somthetho sase-Anglo - America. IMagna Carta yowe-1215 yaseka imigaqo yangaphambili yokukhalaza nokulungisa, kodwa ilungelo elisesikweni laqiniswa kwiBhili yamaNgesi yamalungelo onyaka ka-1689, eyathi izihloko zinelungelo lokucela kukumkani ngaphandle koloyiko lomohlwayo. Le ngcamango yasiwa kumathangala eMelika kwaye yasiwa kuMphetho-mva-mva-zwelo wokuqala kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, okhusela ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo nokucela urhulumente ukuba aphinde asohlwayelwe izikhalazo.

EUnited States, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iyavuma ilungelo lokucela njengelelona lixabisekileyo inkululeko, isoloko ilinxulumanisa kwinkululeko yokuthetha kunye nendibano. Ityala lephawu United States v. Cruikshank [1876]) liqinisekisa ukuba ilungelo lokucela liluphawu lokuba ngumfo wobumi besizwe, lo gama [NAACP v. Iqhosha [1963] ikhuselwa ngomthetho ukuze kuqukwe ingcelele kwaye kuqukwe iintshukumo ngokwezenzo zokucela. La matyala agxininisa ukuba ukucela akupheleli kwizicelo ezibhaliweyo kodwa kubandakanya iintlobo ezithile zemisebenzi ebhaliweyo kodwa ebhaliweyo, ezomfolam, kwaneenkonzo, kwaneengktelezo zombutho, kwanezo zombutho, kunye nezo zikarhulumente.

Ilungelo lokucela liqashelwe kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo. ISindululo soMhlaba Samalungelo Abantu (Artle 19) siqinisekisa inkululeko yoluvo nentetho, equka ilungelo elipheleleyo lokufuna umsebenzi karhulumente. Iidemokhrasi ezininzi zinenkqubo zokucela ezithile, ezifana ne-European Banitives's in European Union okanye iqonga lokuqulunqa ikhutshwa lisetyenziswa yiUK Palamente norhulumente wase-Australia. Ezi nkqubo zivumela abemi ukuba baphakamise imiba engqalileyo, ngokufuthi zifuna inani elithile lotyikityo ukuze banyanzele imigaqo-mthetho.

Umlinganiselo Wesicelo Esikhuselweyo

Isicelo esikhusela intlukwano yemisebenzi. Embindini wayo, iquka izicelo ezibhaliweyo, iileta, ii-imeyili, kunye nokuzithoba okusesikweni kumaqumrhu owiso-mthetho okanye kumaqumrhu aphetheyo. Umzekelo, ummi usenokufaka isicelo kwibhunga lesixeko sokutshintsha umthetho onika izivumelwano okanye anikele impendulo ngexesha lokumiselwa kolawulo lukawonke-wonke. Ngaphandle kwamaxwebhu abhaliweyo, iinkundla ziye zakhusela imisebenzi enjengokuqokelela imityikityo yezothotho, ukulungiselela iintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke ukuxubusha izikhalo, nokuthatha inxaxheba ekuchotshelweni kwezolawulo.

Ngokucacileyo, ilungelo lokucela likwabela kwizenzo zombini ezidibeneyo nezidibeneyo. Amaqela angadibanisa oovimba abaqeshi bomkhosi, ababandakanyeka kumaphulo okwazisa uwonke-wonke, okanye ifayile ye-amicus curiae mifutshane kwiimeko ezisemthethweni. INkundla ePhakamileyo kwi iMpuma Afrika-Railroad Yooderpolances Conference v. Noerr Frectight, Inc.[FLT] [1961] [1961]) yamisela ukuba imigudu yokuphembelela izicelo zikarhulumente ngezicelo, ukurhwala, nokubhengezwa ikhuselwa phantsi koMphetho wokuqala, nokokuba isetyenziswe ngenjongo echasene nentellitive, lomthetho wokwenyaniso lomthetho wobulungisa. Lomgaqo waziwa njengomgaqo osaziwa njenge [FLD:[F]

Iintlobo Zokubhenela Ekwakubhencwa Ngazo Ngomthetho

  • Izibheno ezingqalileyo: Zibhalwe okanye zicelwe ngomlomo amagosa anyuliweyo, abameli okanye iinkundla.
  • Ukumangalelwa: Imithetho icela ucelomngeni kwizenzo zikarhulumente okanye ifuna iinguqulelo kwimigaqo.
  • Uququzelelo: iqonga lamanani elinceda ukubhenela, njengewebhsayithi yezicelo zeWhite House.
  • Amanyathelo okulwa: izindululo zabemi ukwenzela imithetho emitsha okanye ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko.
  • Amagqabaza kawonke-wonke: Ukuthobela ngexesha lolawulo.

Noko ke, asizizo zonke iingxoxo namagosa karhulumente ezifanele ukukhuselwa ekuceleni. Ngokomzekelo, ukucela urhwebo okanye iingxabano zobuqu nabasebenzi baseburhulumenteni kusenokungangqinelani. Into engundoqo kukuba lo msebenzi uphembelela inkxalabo kawonke-wonke okanye izenzo zikarhulumente.

Imida Esemthethweni Ngexesha, Indawo Nendoda

Ngoxa urhulumente engenakukuvala ukucela ngokungqalileyo, ungazimisela imiqathango esengqiqweni kwixesha, kwindawo, kunye nendlela yokubonisa. Le miqathango kufuneka idityaniswe, ilungiselelwe ngokucuthayo ukulungiselela umdla obalulekileyo karhulumente, kwaye ishiye eminye imijelo yonxibelelwano evulekileyo. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo iquka ukufuna imvume yeendibano ezinkulu, ukubeka imithetho yengxolo ngexesha leeyure ezithile, kunye nokuyila iindawo ezithile zokuqhayisa kufutshane nezakhiwo zikarhulumente.

Iimfuno Zemvume

Ulawulo oluninzi lufuna imvume yokuqhankqalaza, ukuququzelela, okanye ukuqokelelwa kwezicelo ezinkulu kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke. Imvume ivumela abasemagunyeni ukuba balungelelanise iziganeko ezininzi, balawule izithuthi, baqinisekise ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, iqela elifuna ukuqokelela utyikityo kwibala elixakekileyo kwidolophu ekwindawo ebanzi lingafuna imvume evela kumasipala wasekuhlaleni ukunqanda ukuhamba kwabantu abahamba ngezinyawo. Iinkundla zisoloko zixhasa iinkqubo zemvume logama nje zingasetyenziswa ekucinezeleni ukuthetha okusekelwe kuko. [[FLTL:0] Thomas v. Udidi lweSithilini saseChicagod Park [2002], iNkundla Ephakamileyo yawisa umthetho wokuba kuvunyelwe isicwangciso sokusetyenziswa kwepaki kusetyenziswa komthetho lomthetho-gqwenga.

Imiqathango Ekufuphi Norhulumente

Imimandla ethile isoloko inemiqathango engaphezulu. Izikhululo zenkundla, iinqwelo-moya, kunye neziseko zomkhosi zisenokuba nezigcini-mgangatho apho isicelo silinganiselwe khona ukukhusela ukhuseleko nesidima. INkundla ePhakamileyo kwi. AmaMadlen v. Amabhinqa azezempilo, Inc. [1994] [1994]) axhasa isigcini somgcini-sango kwikliniki yempilo ukunqanda ukuhlaselwa kodwa kamva kwabethwa phantsi kwemimandla ebanzi [[FLT:] Mclen v. [[[FLT] [12] i-CULT].[12] ikholen nj] [[12] inkundla eziqhelekileyo ezithenjiweyo] (iiinkulu kakhulu.[FLT] [iiiindawo ezimele ukuvinjwa.imeko ezifanelekileyo.

Ingxolo Nomahluko

Isandi esiphezulu, ukubetha isandi esinyusiweyo, nokucula okuzingisileyo kungalawulwa ukuthintela ukuphazamiseka koshishino lukarhulumente okanye uxolo oluhlala abantu. ulwando oludityanisiweyo v. Rock Against Radian (1999) isekelwe ukuba izixeko zingabeka imida yekonsathi kwiipaki zikawonke-wonke, ukuba imigaqo ilungiselelwe ukuba ingangeni ndawo-ngangeni ndawo kwaye ivumele ukusetyenziswa okunentsingiselo. Ngokufanayo, ukubongoza okubandakanya ukuvala iindlela zokungena, ukuphazamisa iitrafiki, okanye ukuphazamisana neenkonzo zongxamiseko kuxhomekeke kungenelo olukhawulezileyo.

Imiqathango Esekelwe Kulwamkelo

Ngokungafaniyo nexesha, indawo, kunye nendlela yokumisela, imiqathango esekelwe kumxholo ixhomekeke ekuhlolweni ngokungqongqo kwaye inqabile. Urhulumente angalinganisela kuphela ukucela okuqulethweyo ukuba kukwindidi ezithile ezimxinwa zentetho engakhuselekanga. Ezi ntlobo ziquka ukuphembelela ugonyamelo, ukunyeliswa, ukungcoliswa, kunye nezisongelo zokwenyaniso. Noko ke, nakwezi ntenawa zichaza ngocoselelo ukunqanda intetho egudileyo.

Ukuvuseleleka Kugonyamelo

Izibongozo okanye intetho engqalileyo, ekhuthaza, okanye evelisa isenzo esisondeleyo sokuchasa umthetho ayikhuselwanga. Uvavanyo oluvela ku Brandenburg v.Ohio [1969] lufuna ukuba intetho yenzelwe ukuvuselela nokuvelisa ihambo engekho mthethweni ekhawulezileyo. Umzekelo, isicelo sokuwiswa kobundlobongela bobundlobongela okanye ukukhuthaza ihlolo ukuba igosa elithile lihlasele ngaphandle kokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukuphengululwa kwemvukelo okanye ukugxekwa kwemiqondiso kusoloko kukhuselwa.

Ukuchasa kunye neentetho zobuxoki

Ngokwazi iingxelo zobuxoki ezingeyamagosa karhulumente okanye amanani kawonke-wonke zingakhokelela kwiziphumo ezisemthethweni. INkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- iNew York Times Co. v. Sullivan [1964]) (1964) yamisela isiqobo sokukhusela uluntu ukuba lufumane izibhaxo, ifuna ubungqina obuyiyo [ obuqhelekileyo ulwazi lokuba le nkcazelo yayiyinkohliso okanye ingayihoya. Noko ke, ukubongoza ukuba ngabomgunyazisa ubuxoki ukuze baguqule umgaqo kawonke wonke, njengoluvoti oluqhathayo okanye ubungqina obuqhathayo kwiphulo, lungabhenca ityala phantsi kwemithetho yemithetho okanye imiqathango yemithetho yobuxoki.

Ukruthakruthwano Nentetho

Izixhobo ezikhuselweyo, ezichazwe ku imiller v. California (1973]), azikhuselwa yiSihlaziyo sokuqala kwaye azinakuba yinxalenye yesicelo ukuba zibhenela kwizinto ezinqwenelekayo, zibonisa ihambo yesondo ngendlela echaseneyo, kwaye ziswele ixabiso elinzulu. Intiyo, ngelinye ixesha elibi, ikhuselekile ngaphandle kokuba inqumla kwizisongelo okanye ukukhathazwa. Umzekelo, isicelo esiquka ukuqhushumbisa kobuhlanga kodwa senza isicelo somgaqo osemthethweni sikhuseleke, kanti eso siso siso siso siso sisoyikisayo ngokusemthethweni ngogonyamelo asisayi kukwenza.

Ukukhathazwa Nokusoyikiswa

Unxibelelwano olungapheliyo, olungafunwayo olungenanjongo ifanelekileyo lungathintelwa. Imithetho yomanyano norhulumente iyalela ukusongela, ukuhlukumeza, kunye nosoyikisa amagosa karhulumente. Virginia v. Black [2003] [2003], iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele ekubeni ivuthe ngolu hlobo ingenanjongo yokusoyikisa ayikhuselwanga. Ngokufanayo, ukubongoza okubandakanya ukunxibelelana ngokuphindaphindiweyo negosa-ofisi ekhayeni labo emva kokuba bexelelwe ukuba bayeke, okanye ukusebenzisa ulwimi olutshayo ukunyanzela ukunyanzela isenzo, kungagqalwa ngokwasemthethweni. Imithetho emininzi inomthetho engqalileyo ethetha ngokuchasene nezisongelo ezijolise kubakhonzi.

Iinkqubo Ezisebenzisekayo: Imvume, iLobbing, Nezicelo Zamanani

Kubalulekile ukuqonda le mida xa uceba ukwenza izicelo.

Ukufumana Imvume Yosayino

Ukuba uceba ukuqokelela intsalela yesicelo okanye ukukhumbula isibongozo kwisikhululo seevenkile okanye kwipaki, khangela imithetho yasekuhlaleni ekucelweni isicelo. Ezinye izixeko zifuna imvume yomsebenzi obandakanya iitafile okanye amaqela amakhulu. Ukungafumani imvume ingaphumela kwintengiso okanye ukuthatha izinto, njengoko kubonwa kwiimeko ezifana I-Watchtower Bible and Tract Society v. Ilali yase-Stratton, apho iNkufumana khona imfuneko yemvume yokufaka iminyango ukuya kwindlu yomnyango. Noko ke, xa kutyikitywa kudlalwa umthetho kufunwa ukuba imimiselo i-Watchtower kunye ne-Watchtower Society i-v. Ilali ye-Stratton[2002]

Ukuzingca Nokufuna Ukuzicelela Nempembelelo

Ukurhoxisa kuyindlela ekhethekileyo yokucela ejolise ekuphembeleleni uwiso-mthetho okanye kwinyathelo lolawulo oluphezulu. Ilawulwa kakhulu kumanqanaba orhulumente nakumgangatho karhulumente. Phantsi koMthetho weLobbing Displarence ka-1995, abantu okanye imibutho echitha imali ethile ekufuneni izicelo kufuneka ibhalise kurhulumente kwaye inike ingxelo yomsebenzi wayo. Oku akulomda wokucela ukucenga nge-se-sekugqibelele kodwa kuyimfuneko yokubonakala. Noko ke, ukukhuthaza okubandakanya ukunyoba okanye ukuququzelela izivumelwano ezithenjiweyo akuvumelekanga phantsi kwemithetho nemithetho ecacileyo yezomthetho nemithetho elawulayo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo Donnell v. [20]

Umlinganiselo wokucela nokuqulathiweyo kwamanani

Iiplatfomu ze-intanethi ezilungiselelwe iziganeko, ezifana noTshintshiso.org okanye ii-ofisi zikarhulumente ezisemthethweni, zizisa imingeni ekhethekileyo yomthetho. Ngoxa urhulumente engenakuzivala izibongozo ezisekelwe kumbono owezolwazi lwaseYurophu kwimimandla yakhe, amaqonga azimeleyo awabotshelelwanga yiSindululo Sokuqala. Iinkampani ezifana neFacebook okanye iTwitter zingasusa izicelo ezidityanisiweyo ezingqubana neemeko zenkonzo, ezifana nokuthiya kwentiya okanye ukukhathazwa yintiyo. Umzekelo, ulwazi olungeyobuxoki lwe-European Union Gene Divial Data Devity Reglation (GPR), kunye neeNkonzo zezemali zifuna amaqonga amaqonga angekho mthethweni, eziquka ukungcoliselwa okanye izinto zokucela ugonyamelo. Abafoti abasebenzisa la maqongaqondana ukuba imigaqo yobuchule bobucala ifikelele.

Inkundla Ephakamileyo Igweba Imida Efuna Izicelo

Amatyala aliqela aphambili aye achaza imida yokucela amalungelo.

United Mine Basebenzi b' v. Illinois State Bar Association (1967)

Inkundla yathi amaqhina anganika amalungu acela imbuyekezo esemthethweni ngaphandle kokwaphula umthetho ongekho mthethweni. Oku kwaqinisekisa ukuba isicelo esidityanisiweyo, kuquka uncedo olusebenzisekayo, siyakhuselwa. Isigqibo sigxininisa ukuba ilungelo lokucela liquka iindlela zokufumana izikhalazo ezikhoyo ngokunempumelelo.

[[FLT: 0] CPN v. Iqela leempahla elihamba ngenqanawa Co. (1982)

Inkundla yawisa umthetho wokuba imisebenzi yokucela engaphazanyiswanga, kuquka ingcinezelo yezoqoqosho, ikhuselwe phantsi koMphetho wokuqala, nokuba ibangela umonakalo ngokwemali. Noko ke, ugonyamelo okanye izisongelo zogonyamelo azikhuselekanga. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukucela okusemthethweni kubandakanya imicimbi yezoqoqosho, lo gama nje behlala benoxolo.

Bhill Johnson's Restarerant, Inc. v. NLRB (19983)

INkundla yathetha ngokudibana kwezicelo nomthetho wabasebenzi. Yathi ukugweba inkundla yenkundla ngesiseko esinyanisekileyo nesomthetho kukhuselwe nokuba isuti iceliwe ukudibanisa ukulungelelanisa. Noko ke, ngaphandle kokuzinza okanye ukuboyisa, akukhuselwa. Eli tyala linemigca phakathi kokufumana imvume esemthethweni nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwenkqubo esemthethweni.

[[UMTL: 0] Isebe le Duryea v. Guarnieri (2011)

Eli tyala lalibandakanya isicelo segosa lamapolisa kwibhunga eliphethe amapolisa malunga nempikiswano yabasebenzi. INkundla Ephakamileyo yawisa umthetho wokuba iSicelo sikaClaus asisebenzi kwizikhalazo zabaqeshwa zikawonke wonke ezinxulumene nemisebenzi yabo, njengoko ezi zilawulwa ngemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo phantsi koLawulo Lokuqala loMyezo. Oku kucacisa ukuba asizizo zonke iingxoxo ezikhuselwayo kumagosa karhulumente ezikhuselwayo; iimbambano zasemsebenzini zinyangwe ngokwahlukeneyo.

Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngemida Efuna Ukwenziwa

Amazwe awahlukahlukeneyo alungelelanisa amalungelo ezicelo nonqabiseko nocwangco ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo.

I-United Kingdom

Indlu yezibongozo eziQoqoka i-UK's House of Commons system ivumela abemi ukuba baqalise okanye basayine; ukuba isicelo sifikelela kwiwaka elinamashumi amahlanu lotyikityo, siqwalaselwa ukuba kuxoxwe. Noko ke, izibongozo ezixokayo, ezingenazintloni, okanye ezichaseneyo nepalamente zisenokugatywa. UMthetho kawonke-wonke wo 1986 awufuni ukuba abantu bakhathaze ukuhlasela, ukubetha isandi, okanye ukudandatheka, nto leyo enokuthi ithintele ukucela ngogonyamelo. Umzekelo, ukulwa nokungavumela okungaphandle kwePalamente kufuneka kuthinte ukufikelela.

CanadaName

Inkqubo ye-e-pitution yeKhanada ifuna ukuxhaswa ngokusemthethweni lilungu lePalamente. Izibongozo akufunekanga ziqulathe ulwimi oluchasayo okanye izivakalisi ezingadibaniyo. UChazi-Canadian lwamalungelo nenkululeko ukhusela isicelo phantsi kwecandelo 2(b), kodwa imida isebenza kwintetho yentiyo nogonyamelo, njengoko kuboniswe ku R. v. Keegstra[ [1990], exhasa ukukhuthaza ulwaphulo-mthetho lokukhuthaza intiyo ngabom.

I-European Union

I-Antinitive of European Citizent ivumela abemi be-EU ukuba bacele iKomishini yaseYurophu ukuba ifake umthetho. Izizathu ezisemthethweni zokulahliwa ziquka ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamalungelo, izicelo zobudenge okanye imicimbi engaphandle kobuchule beKhomishini. Umzekelo, inyathelo elikhuthaza ucalucalulo okanye ugonyamelo alikho semthethweni. Isiseko somthetho se-EU siqinisekisa ukuba ukucela amalungelo asisiseko lo gama ugcina ingqibelelo engokomthetho.

Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo Kubemi

Ukuze ucele ngokunempumelelo nangokungekho semthethweni, cinga ngala manyathelo alandelayo:

  1. uphando lwemithetho yasekuhlaleni: Khangela iikhowudi zikamasipala ukukhangela iimfuno, imiqathango yengxolo, kunye nemimandla kawonke-wonke etyunjwe i-focum. Ii-website ezininzi zesixeko zinika izikhokelo zokulungiselela ingcelele okanye iidrayidi.
  2. [[UMTLL:0] Lugcine umxholo wobuxoki: Kuphephe iintetho zobuxoki ezinokuba yinkohliso okanye ubuqhetseba. Nika ubungqina kwaye shwankathela imithombo ethembekileyo xa wenza izityholo ngokuchasene nenkqubo karhulumente.
  3. Jonga ukhuseleko nomyalelo: Musa ukuvala amangeno, ukuthintela iitrafiki, okanye ukubandakanyeka ekoyikeni komzimba. Sebenzisana nomthetho ukuba uceliwe ukuba usasaze okanye uthobe imigangatho yengxolo.
  4. Sebenzisa iziqhagamshelanisi ezisemthethweni: Izibongozo ezisesikweni, ngenisa ngakwii-port zikarhulumente ezisekiweyo okanye landela imithetho yowiso-mthetho kwii-ofisi zekomiti. Quka ulwazi loqhagamshelwano nezicelo ezicacileyo.
  5. Funa icebiso lomthetho ukuba kuyimfuneko: Ukuba isicelo sakho sibandakanya imibandela engxamisekileyo, amagosa eprofile ephezulu, okanye ungquzulwano olunokwenzeka, ukubuzana negqwetha lenkululeko yasekuhlaleni kunganceda ekusebenziseni iingozi ezisemthethweni.

Ukuqonda ezi migaqo kuyanceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba isicelo sakho sinegalelo yaye siyathobela. Khumbula ukuba nangona imida ikho, ilungelo elingundoqo lokuvakalisa izikhalazo lisesona sixhobo sinamandla sokuganana ngedemokhrasi.

Isiphelo

Ilungelo lokucela amagosa karhulumente lisemgangathweni wenkqubo yedemokhrasi, kodwa ikho imida esemthethweni emalunga nexesha, indawo, kunye nendlela yokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ngoxa imiqathango eququzelelayo ijoliswe kuphela kwiindidi ezimxinwa zentetho eyingozi. Ngokubeka izicelo ezichanekileyo, ihambo elungileyo, kunye nentlonelo kwiinkqubo zomthetho, abemi bangaba negalelo ngokunempumelelo kwiingxoxo zemigaqo-nkqubo ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa komthetho. Njengoko ulawulo lweziko lweziko lomthetho luvela, imibuzo emitsha ngezicelo ze-intanethi nomlinganiselo weqonga iya kuqhubeka ivavanyanisa le miqathango yemi, imigaqo ebhaliweyo neenguqulelo esemthethweni nengulungelelanisayo ibalulekile kuye nabani nabani na ofuna ukwenza okufanelekileyo. Ekugqibeleni, umlinganiselo phakathi kokufikelela ekungeneni korhulumente nolungelelaniso kuluntu nokhuseleko olululuntu.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, jonga umbhalo woMgqibo-jikelezo wokuqala [[FLT:] ovela kuVimba weSizwe, uhlola izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ekucengeni [uMthetho weSikolo seSikolo , okanye uhlolo olusuka kuMgaqo-siseko] [[FLT]] ACLU] Ulwazi lwamalungelo akho .