Ulwalamano phakathi kwamandla amabini lusoloko lutshintsha, luphenjelelwa yimiqathango yembali, izibonelelo, intlalo, kunye nokutshintsha kwesizukulwana. Eli nqaku lihlola imvelaphi enzulu yokholo lweqela, imilinganiselo etshintshayo yokuthatha inxaxheba kwe-demokhrasi yamaJapan, nendlela ezi zinto zimbini ezisebenza ngayo ukubumba imicimbi yezobupolitiki yamaJapan.

Imbali Yezobupolitika ZaseJapan

Ukususela ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iJapan iye yafumana imekobume yezopolitiko ezinzileyo elawulwa yiLiberal Democratic Party (LDP). Yaqalwa ngo-1955 ngodityaniso lwamaqela amabini abambelele kwisithethe, i-LDP yakwazi ukuqhubekeka phantse isebenza ukususela ngo-1955 ukuya ku-2009 (kwixesha elifutshane lenyanga eli-11 ku1993-94), kwaye yabuyela kurhulumente kwakhona ukususela ngo-2012 ukuya phambili. Olu lawulo luye lwakhuthaza ukunyaniseka okunamandla phakathi kwabavota, abaninzi babo abaxhasa i-LDP ngaphaya kokhetho oluninzi. Ubuchule beqela lokulungisa iqonga lomgaqo womgaqo ngexesha elingaphezulu kuphuhliso-2009, ukusuka ekuphuculweni kwezoqoqosho ukuya kulwandoqonga oludala, kwaye kamva “unceda umanyano olubanzi lwe-Aomidiya, abalimi, abalimi, abahlala emakhaya, abadadla ngoku.

Ulungelelwano lwezopolitiko lwasemva kwemfazwe lwayilwa yindawo yelizwe laseMelika (1945-19952), eyabeka umgaqo-siseko wezobukhokhomfa kwaye yaseka ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Umongo wokuqala wemfazwe yomlomo watyhala iUnited States ukuxhasa imikhosi engathathi cala eJapan, iqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo ye-LDP engaguqukiyo isoloko idityaniswe nentsebenziswano yequmrhu. Le nkxaso yangaphandle yaqinisa umthetho we-LDP yasekhaya kwaye yadala isakhiwo apho amaqela achaseneyo (ingakumbi iSityalo solawulo solawulo lwaseJapan kunye noMganganiso lwamaDemokhrasi eJapan) azama ukwakha izinxulumane zokuhlala.

Izinto Ezibangela Ukuba Iqela Linyaniseke

Ukunyaniseka kwiqela eJapan akuyonto nje yengqiqo; kusekelwe ngokunzulu kwiinkqubo zonxulumano, kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni nakwizinto eziphathekayo.

Iintambo zembali kunye nenkqubo yeKōennai

Abavoti abaninzi bahlakulela ukunyaniseka okusekelwe kwimida ende okanye kunxibelelwano olukwindawo ebanzi. Oku kwenziwa ngolu manyano 'kōenkai' (imibutho yabantu yokuxhasa) ephuhliswa yipolitiki nganye. I-kōenkai inika iingenelo ezifana nezipho zomtshato, inani lababekho, izihlomelo zomsebenzi, kunye nonxulumano oluncinci. Ngokubuyela, amalungu abhalisa loo politiki (futhi angene iqela lawo) kunyulo ngalunye. Le nkqubo yavela kwimimandla yoo-1960 kwaye ihlala iqinile ngakumbi kumaphandleni kunye nakumagumbi asemaphandleni. Idala uhlobo oluphezulu lokunyaniseka kobuqu olunokusinda kwinkqubo okanye kwimibutho ehlazo, ixesha elide njengoko ummeli wobumeli woluntu exhasa.

Ulungelelaniso

Abasebenzi badla ngokuxhasa amaqela abonakalisa imigaqo-nkqubo yawo yobuqu okanye yoluntu. Abalimi baseJapan, abaphazanyiswe kakhulu yimigaqo-nkqubo yezolimo, bavote ngokuxhaphakileyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amaqumrhu abasebenzi angqinelana ngokwembali namaqela asekhohlo, nangona amalungu ehlile ngokuphawulekayo. Iingcali ze-Ugandani kunye nabavoti abaselula batyekele ekunganyanisekini kakhulu kwaye bathanda ukuxhasa kakhulu, kodwa nabo bavota kwimigangatho esezantsi. I-LDP's i-SCIP' ixhasa utshintsho lwezoqoqosho phantsi koMphathi-Omphathi-mikhosi uJunichirozimi (2001-2006) wazuza uguqulo ku-Rhunyulo lwasedolo, ngelixa iDmocractic Party yeJapan yoloyilelo lwama-GreeathP i-GeneDLDP ingueant.

Igalelo leQumrhu kunye noMsebenzi

Ukuthembeka nokusebenza okucingelwayo kweqela elithile kuphembelela ukunyaniseka. IJapan iye yafumana amahlazo okunganyaniseki aphinda-phindiweyo (njengetyala lokunyoba ngokukrwela, ihlazo leRecruit, kunye nemiba yakutshanje yokunika ingxelo yentlawulo). Kodwa i-LDP ingqineke iqinile ngokuphawulekayo: abavoti basoloko benyamezela imposiso engqiniweyo exhasa ubuchule bokulawula kwezoqoqosho nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ukuchasa komdla wobugcintsho-zi, okwaye kwamonakaliswa yi-DPJ's ekhathazekileyo ngo-2009-2012, xa ingazange iphumeze iphumeze intsabelo esithenjisiweyo kwaye i- 2011 Fukushima yentlekele yenyukle. Oku kuye kwenza abaninzi abangafuni ukutshintsha ukunyaniseka kwi-LDP xa bengazange

Utyekelo Lokuguquka Kwezinto Ezihamba EJapan

Unyuko lweVoter eJapan lutshintshile ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka, ludla ngokuphenjelelwa lumgangatho wokuzibophelela nolwaneliseko loluntu kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. Ukujika kudla ngokuphakama ngexesha lonyulo lwesizwe kodwa kusenokuncipha ngexesha lonyulo lwasekuhlaleni okanye ngamaxesha okungakhathali kwezobupolitika. Imeko zakutshanje zityhila ukuhla kwexesha elide, ingakumbi phakathi kwamaqela amatsha.

Unyulo lweSizwe

Ngoo1950 nangoo1960, unyulo lweNdlu yabameli luye lwagqitha kumashumi amathandathu eepesenti. Ngoo1990, lwalusele lufikelele kuma-60 ekhulwini, kwaye ngo-2014 unyulo jikelele lwabhalwa kunyulo lwasemva kwemfazwe 52.666 ekhulwini (nangona unyulo luka-2017 lwaphinde lwaphinde lwabanjwa kancinane ukuya kutsho kuma-5.68 ekhulwini). Unyulo lwama-2021 lwabuyela kumashumi amahlanu.93 ekhulwini, oluthoba ngokwemilinganiselo yembali. Indlu yamaBhunga (undlu ephezulu) ibona unyulorde olusezantsi (ukujikeleza ama-50 ekhulwini) umahluko, lungatshona kukhetho lwasekuhlaleni lwasezantsi, ngokukodwa kwimimandla engavavanywanga.

Ubudala Neengxaki Zesizukulwana

Enye yezona ndlela ziphawulekayo kukuqhubana ngamandla phakathi kobudala kunye nokujika. Kunyulo jikelele lwama-2021, abavoti kuma-20 baba notshintsho olumalunga nama-35 ekhulwini, ngoxa abo bakwiminyaka engama-60 bephume kwiqondo lama-70 ekhulwini. Lo msantsa uqhubekekile kangangamashumi eminyaka kwaye uqhutywa ziimeko ezifana nokunyaniseka kweqela elibuthathaka phakathi kwabaselula, ingqiqo yokuba ezopolitiko azithethi ngenkxalabo zabo, kwaye zingenalunxibelelwano oluncinci kwimibutho ye-kamela. Uvote, ngokwahlukileyo, kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba bamisele imikhwa yokuvota, ixesha elikhulu elikhululekileyo, kunye nezibophelelo ezinamandla ezinje kwi-Accoulcouperations (JA) okanye iQuniciotations.

Umahluko Oqhelekileyo

Imimandla yasemaphandleni idla ngokubonisa unyuko oluphezulu kunezixeko ezinkulu, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokumanyana koluntu okunamandla nobukho be-kōenkai esebenzayo. Abahlali baselubhabhenini badla ngokungabi namdla, bahambele-hamba, okanye bangabikho kwii-intanethi zezobupolitika ezisekuhlaleni. Noko ke, inkqubo yokukhetha. Ngokuthe ngqo, ukuhlahlela kwezihlalo ezityebe kakhulu ezihlala emaphandleni.

Izinto Ezichaphazela Ukuthabath ’ Inxaxheba Kwejelo

Ngaphandle kobume kunye nobume babemi, inkqubo ecacileyo inegalelo kumntu ngamnye ovotayo. IJapan iye yathabatha amanyathelo okwenza ukuvota kube lula, kodwa imiqobo isekho.

Ukuphangwa Kwemibhobho Nokuzama Ukuhlasela

Imigudu yephulo kunye neenkqubo zokufumana intsebenziswano zandisa inxaxheba. Imithetho yonyulo ibekelwe umda: ukuvalela iminyango ukuya kwindlu yangasese kuvaliwe, kwaye amaphulo amaninzi enziwa ngeentetho zikawonke-wonke, ngeendawo zokubhengeza, nangezimemo. Iintlanganiso zixhomekeke kakhulu kumaqela alungelelanisiweyo (kōenkai, imibutho, iintlangano zonqulo) ukuhambisa amavoti. Ii-imeyile kunye nokufowna komnxeba kuvumelekile kodwa kulinganiselwe. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amaqela aye azama ukuphuma kwi-mediathession, nangona sele ekhulile ``avhotah' [*] athe athe aphucuthe kakhulu ngezixhobo zamanani. [FLT:] inteto [FLT] [FLT] [1] imiqathango-mfono) (iindlela yonyuso-mbolo-lu, ikhuthulwe ngo- 2013, abaquququlu, abaququluqulu, abatsha abasebenzi be-mediyo, abanokusebenzisa i-mediyo

Ukhuphiswano olucacileyo

Iqela lemigqabano evaliweyo likhuthaza abavoti abaninzi ukuba bathabathe inxaxheba. Xa isiphumo sibonakala simiselwe kwangaphambili (njengakwiziko le-LDP ezininzi), ukuvela komsinga wesikhala. Ukungena kwesithili esinye kwivoteyinti yokhetho yonyaka ka1999 (kwiNdlu yabameli) kwandisa ukhuphiswano kwezinye izihlalo kodwa kwavelisa izihlalo ezininzi ezikhuselekileyo ze-LDP kwiindawo zasemaphandleni. Umelo lokulinganisa lunika ivalvem yokhuseleko kumaqela amancinane, kodwa jikelele, intlalo-mphini enciphisana ekhutshwayo. Imimandla yesizwe enemigangatho ejikelezayo.[1][9] Indima ephezulu.

Ukukholosa Nokwaneliseka Kukawonke - wonke Ngolawulo - melo

Ukuthembana kumaqumrhu ezobupolitika kukhuthaza ukubotshwa kwevoti. Uhlolisiso lwe- lwe-Institutitute of Social and Economic Research eOsaka University lubonisa ukuba ukuthembana kwamaJapan kumaqela ezobupolitika kunye namagosa anyuliweyo kwancipha kakhulu emva korhulumente wama-2009-2012 DPJ, kwaye luye lwavuselelwa phantsi kwe-LDP's tenure. Ukuthemba okusezantsi okunemida ephantsi, ngokukodwa phakathi kwabaselula. Noko ke, ukungathemba kungakhuthaza ukuvota xa inkcaso i-DPJ iphezulu kunyaka wama-2009, njengoko i-2009 i-modeli okanye i-201 ixhasa i-DDmocratic Party Party kuMgatioti ye-Dase.

Ukulungelelaniswa Komsebenzi Wokuhambisa Imali

IJapan iye yandisa ukuvota kwasekuqaleni nokungabeki uvotelwa kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Kunyulo jikelele lwama-2021, malunga ne-15 ekhulwini labavoti abasetyenziswa kuvota kwangethuba, ukusuka kwimivo enye kwii-1990. Izitishi zokuvota ziqhele ukuhamba kwiindawo zasedolophini, kodwa abahlali basemaphandleni basenokujongana nemigama emide. Kwakhona urhulumente uye wasungula izitishi zokuvota ezihambayo kwiziqithi ezikude. Noko ke, usuku lonyulo lusoloko luyiCawa, olunceda ukuba nxaxheba. Kodwa, ukunqongophala kwevota ngeposi yenkoliso yabemi abaninzi kuhlala kungumqobo ongakwaziyo ukuthatha uhambo kwiindawo zokuhlola. [[FLT:] Ministyw'iters of Foreign A A A A A A A A A A APLT [FLD:] [FLD: 1]]

Ukusebenzisana Phakathi Kokunyaniseka Noguquko

Ukunyaniseka kweqela nomvoti akukho xa kuthe kwaziwa; basebenzisana ngeendlela ezinokukwandisa okanye zithobe inxaxheba yedemokhrasi.

Ukunyaniseka Njengomandla Azimamisayo

Ukunyaniseka kweqela kusoloko kukhokelela kwiindlela zokuvota ezizinzileyo, ezinokuthi ziqinise iziphumo zonyulo. Abaxhasi be-LDP (okanye abona maqela aphambili abachasayo) babonisa ngokuthembeka ukuvota kwanakunyulo oluphantsi. Oku kwenza ukuba unyulo luxelwe ngokuthelekisa ukuba luzinzile kwizihlalo ezikhuselekileyo. Uzinzo luthetha ukuba ukutshintsha kwenkqubo enkulu kudla ngokufuna utshintsho oluphangaleleyo kumoya kawonke wonke, hayi nje ukujika okuncinci. Inkqubo yezobupolitika yaseJapan iphawulwe lutshintsho olunentsingiselo epheleleyo kunokuba ibe ngumhlazo ophambili.

Xa Ukunyaniseka Kucinezelwa

Noko ke, ukunyaniseka okuphezulu kungacinezela ukujika ukuba abavoti bavakalelwa kukuba iqela labo elithandwayo liya kuwina nokuba linjani, linciphise ingqiqo yongxamiseko ukuvota. Kwizithili ezinecandelo elinye, abaxhasi bangahlala ekhaya, ngelinye ixesha abachasanayo badimazeka ekuzameni. Ulawulo lwe-LDP kummandla wasemaphandleni maxa wambi luvelisa amanani aguqukayo ngezantsi kakhulu komlinganiselo wesizwe, "$" ngokunjalo isiphumo sithathwa njengesokuphela komthetho. Ngokunjalo, xa inkcaso ibuthathaka, irhoxisa phakathi kwabaxhasi abangathandi i-LDP kodwa abangaboni enye into esebenzayo. Unqandiswanothi lwe-DPJ luvelisa isantya sokujika i-Foffats ezihlala kumgangatho ohlala u-2009.

Ukunyaniseka Okuphantsi Notyekelo Olungakumbi Lokuguqula

Ngokuchaseneyo, ukunyaniseka okusezantsi okanye ukunganeliseki kusenokunyuka njengoko abavoti befuna utshintsho. Unyulo lwangonyaka wama-2009 lwaseJapan lwathatha unyuko lwaba yi-69.28%.* ophezulu kakhulu kwisithuba seshumi leminyaka (njengoko abavoti babevulele ukukhupha i-LDP emva komthetho wabo omde bethontela kwizikhululo zokuhlola. Noko ke, oku “kuvota" kunokuthembeka okunzulu kwi-DPJ, kwaye kwabonakala kungalawuleki. Emva kokwenza okudanisa, kunyuke ukuya ku- 59.32% ngo-2012. Lo mzekelo ubonisa ukuba ngexa isantya sokwexeshana sinokwenzeka, ukurhoxisana okuhlala kufune ukuthemba okunzulu kwequluvo olufuna ukuthemba kunye neqela.

Izinto Ezinamandla Zesizukulwana

Kwanalo mdlalo wahlula amacandelo ahlukeneyo. Abavoti abadala babonisa ukunyaniseka okuphezulu kunye nokuzihambela phezulu, benika impembelelo ephezulu. Abavoti abaselula banokunyaniseka okusezantsi kunye nokujika okusezantsi, okuthetha ukuba izinto abazithandayo zingaphantsi komcimbi. Iintlanganiso ziphendula ngokusengqiqweni ngokulungiselela amacandelo amadala, anyanisekileyo, umzekelo, ngempesheni kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yezempilo enika uncedo oluphezulu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umsantsalo unyuke kakhulu ekungeneni. Ukuqhekeza lo mjikelezo kufuneka ucelele, njengokutho owehlisa ixesha lokuvota (osele kwi-18 2016) kunye nokungenisa iinkqubo zokufundisa izentlalo ezikolweni.

Uxanduva lweDemokhrasi yaseJapan

Ukuqonda ezi ntshukumo zinamandla kunceda abalawuli benkqubo kunye namaqumrhu ezobupolitika amacebo okubandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo kubavoti. Ukukhuthaza unyuko oluphezulu nokulondoloza ukunyaniseka okusempilweni kweqela kubaluleke kakhulu kwidemokhrasi entle ebonisa ngokuchanekileyo ukuthanda kwabantu. Noko ke, ukulungelelanisa kwangoku kubangela iingxaki ezininzi.

Umelo noMthetho

Unyuko oluphantsi phakathi kwabemi abaselula nabasemadolophini luphakamisa umelo lwezopolitiko kwimidlalo yakudala, yabavoti basemaphandleni. Oku kungakhokelela kwiinkqubo ezingasabeli kwiimfuno zeemfuno zesizukulwana esizayo, njengokugxininisa okukhulu kwinkxaso-mali yezolimo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemeko-ntle yoluntu, ngelixesha kungaphantsi kokusetyenziswa kwemiqathango yamanani okanye utshintsho lwemozulu. Ithala leencwadi lesizwe leencwadi ze-National Diet [[ ekuthatheleni inxaxheba kwabanyulu-orhoxiweyo kucebisa ukuba ukuba iJapan ayinako ukurhoxa ukurhoxa kwemali yentlalo, inkqubo yokufaneleka, njengoko oorhulumente beya kuba nophawulo kuphela lwenani elinciphayo.

Ukwahlulwa kwenkqubo yeqela

Ukunyaniseka kweqela elibuthathaka − ngaphandle kwe LDP", iye yakhokelela kwibala lenkcaso. Amaqela amaninzi amancinane (iQela lobuKomanisi laseJapan, iKomeito, iNippon Ishin no Kai, kunye namanye) akhuphisana ngokuthoba isabelo sovoti, kodwa ambalwa anokulwakha iziseko ezizinzileyo zenkxaso. Oku kwenza kube nzima kubavoti ukusohlwaya i-LDP ngokunempumelelo, ngenxa yokuba ivoti ye-LDP idla ngokulahlwa kumaqela amancinci angakwaziyo ukuwina. Utshintsho lwe-Electoral lunganyusa ukhuphiso lwezihlalo lokulinganisa izihlalo zokulinganisa) kodwa i-LDP iyakulwamnqanda iintya.

Indima Yoluntu Namajelo Onxibelelwano

Uluntu lwasekuhlaleni kunye nolwazi olungokwesithethe lwamaJapan (amaphephandaba amatsha, iNHK) aye adlala indima ekwaziseni abavoti kunye nokukhuthaza ukudityaniswa kwezobupolitika. Noko ke, ukuhla kobufunda bephephandaba nokunyuka kwendawo ye-intanethi yonxibelelwano kukwahlula ukusingqongileyo kolwazi. Amaqhinga kunye nokungabi namdla wezopolitiko kunakho ukukhuthazana. Amaqela emfundo e-ewodwa, anjenge- uphando lwamaqumrhu [[ lunenjongo yokwandisa ukuthatha inxaxheba kolwazi, kodwa lusebenza ngomlinganiselo omncinane. Urhulumente ukwavavanyazisa izikhumbuzo zokuvota ngeposi ne-mfono-mfono, nangona ihlala iphantsi.

Imbono Ngekamva

Impembelelo yokunyaniseka kweqela kunye novoti eJapan isenokuguquka kancinci. Ukwaluphala komkhethe kuzakuqhubeka kunyusa ubunzima obunxulumeneyo bevoti abathembekileyo abadala, ukugcina i-LDP ikwindawo eyomeleleyo. Kodwa amaqela angaphakathi kunye neengxaki zokhokelo zingenza imivulo yokuvota ekhutshwayo kwimiba efana namandla enyukliya, uhlolo lwemithetho-siseko, kunye nokulingana kwe-intloko-mfono-m, ingakumbi ukuba amaqela athe afaka isibophelelo samanani. Ngoku, i-LD-P-low, iminyaka yobudala obudibekiweyo idibekiweyo, kodwa ulawulo-demokh lwamathe lwesizwe luhlala lukwazi ukumangalisa ngamaxesha athile, njengokuba unyulo lwangowama-2009.

Ekuqukumbeleni, ulwalamano phakathi kokunyaniseka kweqela kunye nomvoti eJapan alumi okanye aludibani. Lubangelwa kukuxhomekeka ngokwembali, indlela yokuyila, ukulungelelaniswa kwebutho loluntu, kunye nokuguquka kwesizukulwana. Ukuqonda la mandla kubalulekile nakuwuphi na uhlalutyo lwezinyulo zamaJapan kwaye nangawuphi na umgudu wokomeleza inxaxheba yedemokhrasi kwizoqoqosho zesithathu zehlabathi.