Isiseko soManyano kuLawulo lwamaMerika

Umanyano loLawulo, njengoko lumiselwe ngumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ludala icandelo lobukumkani elikhethekileyo phakathi korhulumente wesizwe kunye namazwe angamashumi amahlanu. Esi sakhiwo asilolungiselelo nje lengcamango kodwa sisixokelelwano esisebenzisekayo esibumba zonke iinkalo zolawulo nolunyanzelo. IsiHlanziso seshumi elinamashumi amahlanu sigcina onke amagunya angagunyaziswanga kurhulumente worhulumente okanye kubantu, siseka isiseko solwalamano olunamandla nolukhe lwamanyhadaba. Ukuqonda esi siseko siyimfuneko ekuhlolisiseni indlela eyakhiwe ngayo imithetho, emiselwe ngayo, kwaye sinyanzeliswe ngayo kumthetho.

Indaleko yembali yorhulumente waseMelika idlule kumacandelo amaninzi. Ukusuka ekugxininisweni kwerepublic yokuqala kwimithetho yoluntu emibini ekhoyo ̬ apho urhulumente kunye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni bagcinwa bahlukene kakhulu i̵ kwintsebenziswano yorhulumente yexesha le-New Deal, kwaye kwixesha langoku eliphawulwe kukukhutshwa kolawulo oluphezulu kunye nokukhutshwa kwemiqathango, inkqubo iye yatshintsha ukutshintsha kweemfuno zohlanga.

Isakhiwo Solongamo Olumanyeneyo: Indlela Asebenza Ngayo Amandla

Ngaphantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., urhulumente wesizwe noorhulumente basemagunyeni abazimeleyo abanegunya lokulawula phakathi kwemiba yabo. Ulungiselelo lukarhulumente worhulumente lubala amandla afunyenwe ngokuyintloko kwiGatya I, iCandelo 8, kuquka amandla okulawula urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, imali, ukubhengeza imfazwe, nokuseka ii-ofisi zeposi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amazwe asebenzisa igunya lawo lamapolisa i̬ igunya elibanzi lokumisela impilo, ukhuseleko, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kunye nentlalo-ntlalo-ntle yabemi bawo.

Olu lawulo lubini luthetha ukuba umsebenzi omnye unokuba phantsi komgaqo worhulumente nowesizwe. Umzekelo, isityalo sokwenza kufuneka sithobele imilinganiselo yokhuseleko yorhulumente yomsebenzi omiselwe yi-OSHE, imithetho yokhuseleko lomsebenzi karhulumente, imithetho yemeko-bume yesizwe enyanzeliswe yi-EPA, kunye nemvume yemekobume karhulumente. Isiphumo siwebhsayithi yokulungisa izinto enokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi nangamanye amaxesha, elandelelanayo.

Igunya loLawulo loManyano: Imimandla yeNkxaso yeSizwe

Urhulumente wesizwe i’ ulawulo lokulungelelanisa lufikelela nakuwuphi na umbandela onomphumo onamandla kurhwebo lwamazwe aphakathi, imfundiso eye yachazwa ngokubanzi yiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Iindawo ezingundoqo zomgaqo okhethekileyo okanye oyintloko karhulumente ziquka:

  • Urhwebo lweInterstate kunye norhwebo - iCommerce Classias inika iKhomishini yeNkqutyana yokulawula umsebenzi woburhulumente wokunqumla imigca yezoqoqosho, ukusuka kwiinqanawa ukuya kwiimarike zemali.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukhuseleko lwesiseko - Imithetho enjenge Cease Air Act kunye nococe Water Act ecwangcisiweyo yemithetho yesizwe emele ihlangatyezene okanye igqithe.
  • Amalungelo eCivil kunye nocalucalulo olungekhoyo - imimiselo eManyeneyo efana noMthetho wamalungelo oluntu ka-1942 ophikisanayo nemithetho karhulumente.
  • kunye nemigangatho yemisebenzi - Imithetho yeSebe yeKholo imisela intlawulo encinci kunye nemithetho yoxanduva kwilizwe lonke.
  • Ukutya nokukhuseleka kweziyobisi - IFDA ilawula amayeza, izixhobo zonyango, kunye nokutya kwimigca yelizwana.

Igunya loLawulo lukaRhulumente: Imibutho yolawulo-melo

UJaji Louis Brandeis uchaza amatyala adumileyo njengeenkqubo zedemokhrasi," ezikwaziyo ukuzama iindlela zokulungisa ezintsha. Ama- States ahlala enegunya eliphambili:

  • Imfundo imigangatho yeCurricuum, isiqinisekiso somfundisi- ntsapho, kunye nenkxaso-mali yesikolo zizinto ezimele ixelwe ngurhulumente kunye noxanduva lwasekuhlaleni.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ukuhanjiswa kwemali yonyango - Ukubekwa kwengcali zezamayeza, ulawulo lwezorhwebo ze-inshorensi, kunye nolawulo lweMedicaid lulawulwa kumgangatho worhulumente.
  • Ukhuseleko lwePublic kunye nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho -imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho emininzi, kuquka leyo inxulumene nobusela, ukuhlasela, kunye netyala leziyobisi, yimicimbi karhulumente.
  • Usetyenziso lwelizwe kunye nolawulo lwendawo lwasekuhlaleni ulawulo lwempahla, ikhowudi yokwakha, kunye nolawulo lukamasipala luwa phantsi kwamandla karhulumente wamapolisa.
  • Ukuvota kunye nonyulo - iUnited States inika unyulo, imisela iiyure zokuvota, kwaye itsala izithili zowiso-mthetho, phantsi kwemiqathango yomthetho kazwelonke.

Imfundiso Yokucinywa: Xa Umthetho Wesizwe Ubalaselisa Umthetho Kakhulu

Inkalo ebalulekileyo yolawulo lorhulumente nguSuprematy Claus, oqinisekisa ukuba umthetho wesizwe ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba xa imithetho karhulumente nekarhulumente ingquzulwano, kulawula umthetho worhulumente. Ingcamango yokukhulula inentsingiselo ebalulekileyo yomgaqo nokunyanzelisa.

Kusenokuba kuboniswa, apho iNgqungquthela ichaza ngokucacileyo injongo yayo yokuhlala kumasimi, okanye ichaza, apho icebo lokulawula lesizwe libanzi kangangokuba alisali thuba lolwandiso lukarhulumente. Umzekelo, iFederal Food, Drug, kunye noMthetho weCosmetic Act ugcinwe ukuphelisa iimfuno ezithile zikarhulumente zokulayishwa kweziyobisi. Iinkundla zisoloko zixhathisa ngomlinganiselo wokongamela, zilinganisela imfuneko yesizwe yokudibana nxamnye namazwe e̱ amapolisa amasiko. Amatyala aphezulu abandakanya ukugcinwa kokufuduka ([[[FLT:]]]]] AMacangala] athelisa imilinganiselo e-unifomu-yonke. [[FLT]]] [FLT]]]][2]]

Umanyano lwamaPhondo ekuqheliseleni: Ukusebenzisa umatshini

Umthetho wale mihla udla ngokusebenza ngolawulo lorhulumente olusebenzisana, apho urhulumente wesizwe amisela imilinganiselo ebanzi kunye namagunya awamiselayo aze awanyanzelise ngokuvelela korhulumente.

Ngaphantsi koMthetho wococeko lomoya, iEPA imisela imigangatho yomgangatho wobulunga bomoya wesizwe neyoMgangatho we-Ombuent, kodwa urhulumente ngamnye uphuhlisa isiCwangciso sokhuseleko loMkhosi (SIP) esichaza indlela eza kuhlangabezana ngayo naloo migangatho. I-EPA kufuneka ivume iSIP kwaye ingene xa urhulumente engaphumeleli ukuthobela. Ngokufanayo, i-Occupation Secutety kunye noMthetho we-O Health Act uvumela amazwe ukuba aqhube iinkqubo zawo zokhuseleko zomsebenzi, ukuba abe "ngokuncinane njengempumelelo" njengenkqubo karhulumente. Oku kungenelelana nokusebenzisana kwezixhobo zobuchule kunye noovimba bomhlaba ngexesha lokugcina izinyuko.

Noko ke, uburhulumente bentsebenziswano budala ungquzulwano. Ama-odolo angachasa izigunyazo zikarhulumente azibona njengezingachananga, ezikhokelela ekudityanisweni ngangaphaya kwemida yamandla okuchitha ezwelonke (NFIB v. Sebelius, 2012). Ulungelelwano lwenyanzelo luziphindaphinda iintsebenziswano zentlalo-ntle.

Umanyano Lwezinto Ezininzi: Amandla Entengo

Urhulumente wesizwe usoloko esebenzisa amandla awo okusebenzisa ukuphembelela ulawulo lwemeko. Ngokudibanisa iimeko kwimiqathango yemali karhulumente, iKhomishini ingenza ukuba amazwe amkele iinkqubo ebeya kungazichasa. Ukusetyenziswa kwemali yemiqathango kuye kwasetyenziselwa ukunyusa iminyaka yokusela ukuya kuma-21 (ngeemeko zemali ezisetyenziswa kwiindlela ezininzi), ukukhuthaza ulwandiso lweMedicaid phantsi koMthetho we-Afford Care Act, kunye nokuqhuba utshintsho ngokwenkqubo yemfundo

Esi sixhobo sinamandla kodwa siphikisa. South Dakota v. Dole (1987), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa umlinganiselo wobudala bokusela, ifumana ukuba inxulumene ngokufanelekileyo nomdla wesizwe kukhuseleko lwendlela. Kodwa iNkundla [kuFLT:2] NFIB v. Sebelius ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango yokusebenzisa elulayo ethetha ukuba, igalele isisongelo sokulahlekelwa yimali yeMédias.

Ucelomngeni Olubangelwa Bumanyano Lokubuyiselwa Nokunyanzelwa

Ngoxa urhulumente evumela iimpendulo novavanyo lweendawo, ubangela iingxaki eziphawulekayo kubaphathi nakumaqumrhu alawulayo afanayo.

  • Ukungaguquki kumazwe ngamazwe - A ishishini elisebenza kumazwana amaninzi kufuneka lisebenzise icandelo lemithetho elilawula yonke into ukusuka kwintlawulo encinane ukuya kugcino-lwazi. Oku kwandisa iindleko zokuthobela kwaye kungenza ukungalingani kokhuphiswano.
  • Izithuba zonyanzeliso - Xa amasebe orhulumente naworhulumente enolawulo olulungelelanisiweyo, ukugcinwa komthetho kusenokuba nzima. Izithintelo zezibonelelo kumgangatho ngamnye zingakhokelela kunyanzelo okanye ukwenziwa kwemigudu.
  • Iimpikiswano ze-juridiction - Imibuzo yokuba umba ungowamaqumrhu ofanelekileyo okanye urhulumente usoloko uphelela enkundleni, inyathelo lokunyanzelisa nokungaqiniseki. Ubalo lomnatha lunika umzekelo wakutshanje wokutshintsha kweendima zomthetho.
  • Icala elisemazantsi - Kwimimandla apho oorhulumente bakhuphisanayo kwishishini, kukho ubungozi bokuba bazakwenza buthathaka imimiselo (umz., imilinganiselo yemekobume) ukutsala ushishino, ukucutha usukelo lwenkqubo yesizwe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukungaphumeleli kokumisela - Iingxaki zempuku-mngeni zongcoliseko lomoya, ukusabela kobhubhani, kunye namalungelo amanzi zifuna isenzo esidibeneyo esinokutshintsha isakhiwo sorhulumente. Iimpendulo ezahlukeneyo zemeko kwi-COVID-19 zizekelisa zombini iinzuzo zovavanyo lwasekuhlaleni kunye neendleko zenkqubo eyahlulwe ngokwahlukeneyo.

Indima Yezomanyano Ekunyanzelweni

Amasebe azimeleyo anjenge-Evironmental Protection Agency, i-Occupational Safety and Health Administration, iKhomishoni yeFood neDrug Administration adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunyanzeleni imimiselo yesizwe. Amisela imithetho, ukuhlolwa, ukumisela izigwebo, nokusebenza norhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela.

La maqumrhu akwabandakanyeka ekumiseleni imithetho etolikeni kwaye ezalise iinkcukacha zomthetho. Umlinganiselo wegunya lamasebe ubuyingxoxo enkulu, ingakumbi emva kwesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo i’. Isigqibo seWest Virginia v. i-EPA [2022] [202]) ethintela i-EPA̱ amandla okumisela imilinganiselo yokukhupha ngaphandle kogunyaziso olucacileyo lweNkulawula. Oko kulawula kwaqinisekisa i-"imfundiso ye-"ifuna ukuba abameli babhekisele kwigunya le-station kwimimiselo enemimiselo enkulu yezoqoqosho okanye yezobupolitika. Olu tshintsho luneendima zendlela abalungele ngayo imimiselo kunye nolungeleniso yesizwe kunye nolungeleniso phakathi kolawulo lwezwezwezwe.

Amasebe esizwe, anjengesebe elikumgangatho wokusingqongileyo, impilo, kunye nomsebenzi, asoloko esebenza njengabanyanzelisi bomgca ophambili kwiinkqubo zorhulumente nezesizwe ezinikwe isabelo. Uqingqo-mali lwabo, abasebenzi, kunye nezinto eziphambili zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukugcinwa kwemithetho. Umzekelo, ukusebenza kwe-Cec Ater Act kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekujongweni komgangatho wamanzi nokuvumela iinkqubo, eziyahluka kakhulu ngokwendlela enzima.

Uphando lwetyala: Umanyano lwenkqubo kwiNdlela yokuSebenza ngaphaya kwemimandla yemiba

Ukuhlolisisa imizekelo yehlabathi kusinceda sibone indlela imigaqo yolawulo etshintsha ngayo imiphumo.

I-Celle Air Act neKhalifoniya ’

Ngaphantsi kweCec Air Act, iKhalifoniya inesiphazamiso esikhethekileyo esivumela ukuba simisele imilinganiselo yayo yokukhupha imoto, engqongqo kuneyamazwe, ngenxa yeengxaki zayo ezimandundu zongcoliso lomoya nembali yokhokelo. Amanye amaphondo angakhetha ukwamkela imigangatho yeKhalifoniya. Eli lungiselelo liye lakhokelela ekunyuseni ulawulo oluphengululayo, neKhalifoniya kunye namanye amazwe alishumi elinesibini ajongene nokunciphisa ngamandla kwegesi eshushu kunemfuno karhulumente wesizwe. Uxinezeleko phakathi kwemilinganiselo karhulumente kunye nophuhliso rhulumente luyimveliso engqalileyo ye-orhulumente.

Ukwenziwa komthetho okuCwangcisiweyo: Impixano yeSizwe

Nangona ulawulo lwamazwe lungavumeli umyansi phantsi koMthetho weSubstances Act karhulumente, uninzi lwamazwe luye lwasemthethweni kwezonyango okanye zokuzonwabisa. Umsantsa obangelwa yiziphumo zibangela uluvo lokunyanzelisa. Amasebe aManyeneyo afana neDign Endorcement Administration angafumana ingcebiso, abadlali be-modeli karhulumente, kodwa phantsi kolawulo lweTrump neBiden, ukhokelo olufana neCole Merirandorum iphumeze imigaqo esemthethweni. Le meko inyanze amashishini, iibhanki, kunye nee-arhente ezilawulayo zokuqhuba imimandla ephikisanayo. I-SAFEEinglesting Act, eziswa ngokuphindaphindiwe kwiBhunga, ifuna ukusombulula le mibangokuba ivumela ii-Cennabis ezinjalo ngaphandle kwesohlwayo yemithetho-oventi yesizwe, ibonisa indlela le mithetho-mthetho-yomthetho-yongasebenza ngayo ii-yomthetho-Scomputvolunt.

Ukuzinziswa konyango noMthetho

UMthetho weNkundla ePhakamileyo weAffordhable Care Act (ACA) uxhomekeke kakhulu kumanyano lwaseburhulumenteni. Ama- States anikwa ukhetho lokuseka ii-inshorensi zawo zempilo kunye nokwandisa uMdicaid. INkundla ePhakamileyo i’ isigqibo ku NFIB] v. Sebelius wenziwa uMdicaid ngokuphumelelayo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwisithuba esizinzileyo esingeyo kumazwe angengawo azimeleyo. Ngaphezu koko, iimfuno zempilo nezingalo ezingundoqo ezishiyekileyo kwigumbi lokwahluka-hlukeneyo. Isiphumo sisiqalo sokunikezelwa kwemali apho kufikelelwa khona iindleko ze-inshorensidensidensiti eyahlukileyo ukusuka kwimeko ye-inshorensi eyahlukeneyo.

Ukuchaza Amalungelo Nemithetho Yokhetho

Umanyano lomthetho wovotelo lunempembelelo ngqo kumthetho womthetho wovotelo. UmGaqo-siseko wabela igunya lokuqhuba unyulo, phantsi kwemiqathango yorhulumente efana noMthetho wamaLungelo kunye noMthetho we-14th Amendment. Emva kokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabethe ilungiselelo elingundoqo loMthetho wamaLungelo Shelby County v. I-Hanger [2013], amazwe amaninzi amisela imithetho engqongqo ye-I-ID evoti, acuthe anciphisa ukuvota, asusa iirolathi zakudala. Ezi nguqu ziye zacekwa enkuqhubeka zivavanywa kwinkundla, ngegalelo lobugrafiti. Ulwano lwemithetho yonyulo lukhokelela kwimo ephawulekayo ekufikeleleni kwevoti, ukhuphicotho olushushu kwimicimbi ye-politiki yeMelika.

Ikamva Lomanyano Nokulungelelaniswa

Ukuvavanya ukuphumelela kwenkqubo yesizwe. Ingxoxo iyakhula enoba isiseko solawulo kufuneka sibekwe embindini okanye sicuthwe ngakumbi.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nemfihlo yogcino-lwazi

Kukungabikho komthetho we-data obanzi we-odokisi yesizwe, njengoKhalifoniya (neCPA), iVirginia, neColorado iye yayidlulisa imithetho yayo, ibangela unxunguphalo olumandundu kwiinkampani zobugcisa. Ithuba lomthetho wezoburhulumente okhulula imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente engundoqo. Ngokufanayo, umthetho wemigangatho ye-intanethi yomgangatho wezolwazi ofanelekileyo, ukungenelela unyulo, kunye nentetho yentiyo ibandakanya imibuzo entsokothileyo ngomgangatho weCandelo lweDecpency Act kunye nemigudu karhulumente yokubeka ityala.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nobume Bemeko - bume

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kufuna utshintsho lwasekuhlaleni kunye nobuchule bomhlaba wonke. Umanyano lwemeko lubumba amandla karhulumente okufumana i-carbon prigorio, ukubuyiselwa kwemilinganiselo ye-portofio, kunye nemida yokukhupha imoto. Ulawulo lweBiden luye lwaphinda lwadibanisa iinjongo zemozulu yezizwe ngeli xesha lunika amaphondo amandla ngemigaqo ye-EPA kunye nohlahlo-mali lwezibonelelo. Noko ke, imingeni esemthethweni esekelwe kwimigaqo yolawulo lorhulumente, njengemfundiso engundoqo, isongela ukunyanzela urhulumente. Amazwe akwaneminye efana nerejiyo yeGrediyolearhoois Gastificity ukuhlanganisana imida, ebonisa indlela urhulumente onokwenza ngayo ukuba kubekho ukutshintsha ngaphandle kolawulo olulawulayo.

Ikamva lolawulo lorhulumente liza kubandakanya umzabalazo oqhubekayo phakathi kobufanayo nokwahluka-hluka, phakathi kwesizwe namabhongo ombuso. Utshintsho oluthi umsinga womchako onqumla umgaqo wesizwe, ucacise ukukhutshwa, kunye nokuphucula intsebenziswano phakathi kwesebe lunganciphisa ukhuphiswano ngeli lixa kugcinwa iinzuzo zolawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Ukubonakala okuthe chatha kwizenzo zonyanzelo kunye nolwabelano olungcono phakathi kwamaziko orhulumente nawo kuya kukwandisa ukuphendula koxanduva.

Isiphelo

Umanyano lwezolawulo luphembelela kakhulu ukudalwa, ukucaciswa, kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwemigaqo eUnited States. Ukwakhiwa kwayo okubini kolawulo lwesizwe kunye nokuhambelana kwengingqi, kodwa ikwadala ukungaguquguquki, ukungqubana kolawulo, kunye nokuntsonkotha. Ukusebenza ngamandla phakathi kolawulo lwengingqi nolawulo lwemeko-bume yemeko-bume, ukhuseleko lwempilo, amalungelo entlalo, kunye namanye amaziko. Ngokuqonda indlela ulawulo lolawulo lwesizwe olusasa ngayo amandla nolwakheko, amaqela, abafundi, kunye nabenzi benkqubo bayakwazi ukuqhuba kakuhle ukujikeleza okusingqongileyo okuntsonkothile kwe-Melika. Ukuqhubeka kujongwa [[FLT:] umGaqo-siseko we-10], kunye noMgaqo-siseko othe-Antineyo-10 [2] we-Genegrouniongn [3] we-NFF] we-S, u-Genegconstlgne.[4]