Ukwazisa: Indima Ephambili Yabatshutshisi KwiJaji

Inkqubo yobulungisa yaseMerika ixhomekeke kulungelelwano olululo lolawulo oluphezulu, lomthetho, kunye nolwezomthetho. Kule nkqubo, abatshutshisi banesikhundla esinamandla akhethekileyo. Njengoko amagosa omthetho ayintloko asebenza kwimimandla yabo, ngabaphathi bamasango beenkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho, abasebenzisa ingqiqo enkulu kubamangalelwa, nabuphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho olumangalelwayo, nezigwebo ezifunwayo. Izigqibo zabo azilophili ubomi babantu kuphela kodwa kwanamalungelo oluntu, umgaqo-siseko, kunye nokuthembana komthetho. Ukuqonda indima yabatshutshisi kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela okusetyenziswa ngayo okusesikweni.

Ngokwahlukileyo kumboniso othandwayo kwi media, umsebenzi womtshutshisi udlulela ngaphaya kokudlulisela iimpikiswano eziphawulekayo zokuvala. Ibandakanya uthotho oluqhubekayo lwemigwebo erhabaxa `````Ingqwalaselo yetyala'''. Ibonisa ukuba ityala lisuka ekubanjisweni ngokubhenqiswa. Eli nqaku linika uhlolo olubanzi lomsebenzi womtshutshisi: iimbopheleleko zabo ezingundoqo, amaqonga enkqubo yomtshutshisi, imisebenzi yendlela esesikweni elawula amandla abo, iingxaki abajongene nazo, kunye notshintsho olusekelwe ekumangaliseni ityala elicace ngakumbi nelingenasiphelo.

Iimbopheleleko Zomtshutshisi

Ngeli xesha iziqu nezakhiwo ezithile zingafani ngokwemithetho-siseko, ``amagqwetha esizwe, amagqwetha karhulumente, amagqwetha, okanye ama-Attorney aqhelekileyo, okanye ama-United States kumgangatho wesizwe,'imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yomtshutshisi ayiguquguquki. Zimela urhulumente kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye ngokwenza njalo, zithwala ubunzima bokuqinisekisa ukuba ukuphunyelelwa kwesigwebo kudlula nayiphi na injongo emxinwa yokufumana iinkolelo.

Ubungqina Obungathandekiyo Nezityholo Eziziintsilelo

Elona gunya libalulekileyo liqukunjelwa ngumtshutshisi sisigqibo sokumangalela. Ngaphambi kokuba naliphi na ityala lingene enkundleni yenkundla, abatshutshisi kufuneka bahlolisise iingxelo, iingxelo zobungqina, ubungqina obuphathekayo, kunye nohlalutyo lwe-asensics ukuze kubonwe ukuba kukho isizathu esinokwenzeka sokukholelwa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye senziwa kwaye kwanele ukungqina ukuba unetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Olu vavanyo lufuna ukuqondwa okucacileyo kwezinto ezimele zibekwe kwityala ngalinye, amandla nobuthathaka bobungqina, kunye nokuphumelela kwempumelelo ekuvavanyweni. Kwakhona abatshutshisi baqwalasela iziphumo zetyala, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho, nomdlalo wabanye abantu.

Igumbi leNkundla

Xa izityholo zibekwa, abatshutshisi baba ngabatshutshisi. Banetyala lokunika ityala likarhulumente kwityala langaphambi kwetyala, ekuchotshelweni kwetyala, naxa begwetywa. Kwinkundla yenkundla, bahlola amangqina, bachaza imiboniso, benze iingxoxo ezingokwasemthethweni kwimiqathango, baphendule ekukhuseleni okuphakanyiswe sisiluleko esiphikisayo. Umtshutshisi onobuchule makayilawule imithetho yobungqina, aqonde inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, aze agcine isimilo phantsi kobushushu bokunqamleza nokuvavanywa kwetyala.

Ingxoxo

Uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho aconjululwa kungengatyala kodwa ngesibongozo. Ngoko ke abatshutshisi bachitha inxalenye ebalulekileyo yexesha labo bethetha namagqwetha akhuselayo ukuze bafikelele imigaqo eyamkelekileyo. Ezi ngxoxo zibandakanya ukunikwa kwezityholo ezincitshisiweyo, iingcebiso zesigwebo, okanye ukugxothwa kwemiba ethile enzima edityanisiweyo ukutshintshana ngesicelo setyala elityala. Ingqiqo yomtshutshisi ekucebiseni isicelo sikhulu: banokukwazi ukubeka umgangatho kunye nophahla lwesohlwayo. Imigaqo yesikhokelo ifuna ukuba izicelo zinikelwe ngokholo, ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa kwetyala. Kodwa ke, ukusetyenziswa kwetyala eliphezulu kudla ngokubangela uxinzelelo olukhuselekileyo lwezikhundlalo olukhawulezileyo, olunokukushwa kovavanyo olufutshane.

Ixhoba

Abatshutshisi banembopheleleko esemthethweni nesesikweni yokuqwalasela amalungelo nezilangazelelo zamaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho. Iiofisi ezininzi ziqesha abaququzeleli bamaxhoba abagcina amaxhoba elwazi ngenkqubela-phambili yetyala, bachaze iinkqubo zenkundla, kwaye banikele inkxaso ngexesha lobungqina. Phantsi kwemithetho yamalungelo amaxhoba, abatshutshisi kufuneka baququzelele amaxhoba ngaphambi kokwenza izigqibo ezibalulekileyo ezifana nokunikela okanye ukunconywa kwesigwebo. Ngoxa umtshutshisi ekugqibeleni emela urhulumente, kungekhona ixhoba ngalinye, ukusilela ukuhlonela iimfuno zamaxhoba ekuhlaleni kwawo, ukuphelisa ukuthemba kukawonke wonke nokudimaza kwentsebenziswano yexesha elizayo nomthetho.

Inkqubo yokuchophela

Isigaba ngasinye sinikela amathuba okuba umtshutshisi asebenzise isigwebo esinokuguqula ityala.

Uphando Nokulungelelana Nomthetho

Abatshutshisi basoloko bebandakanyeka ngexesha lophando, ingakumbi kwimicimbi entsonkothileyo okanye enzulu. Banikela ukhokelo olusemthethweni kumapolisa kwimithetho yokufuna ingqwalaselo, iipesenti, udliwano-ndlebe, kunye nobungqina. Le ntsebenziswano ingaphucula ubunjani bobungqina obuqokelelweyo kwaye iqinisekise ukuba izinto ezifunyenwe ngokusemthethweni ziya kumelana nokuthotywa kwemiqathango. Noko ke, kwakhona zivelisa umngcipheko wempembelelo yokutshutshiswa okungaphezulu: ukuba umtshutshisi uphembelela ukuphanda kwikrokrexo okanye ingcamango ethile, isenokufafafa ipolisela amapolisa nomtshutshisiwo ukuba aqhube inyathelo elifanelekileyo. Ukugcina umgama ofanelekileyo ngoxa kusenziwa icebiso eliluncedo elingokwasemthethweni kungumlinganiselo ofanelekileyo.

Ukuzibophelela: Kunamandla Okulumka

Emva kokwamkela ingxelo yophando, umtshutshisi kufuneka agqibe ukuba uza kufaka iifayile zetyala, kwaye ukuba ngowuphi, lo msebenzi. Oku akungomsebenzi wobuchule obufanayo. Eli qela linye lezibakala lingaxhasa izityholo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwi-enoresi encinane ukuya kwityala elinzulu. Abatshutshisi abancinane abaza kuvavanya amandla obungqina, iindleko zokuchasa, ukufumaneka kwemiqathango esezantsi, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinjalo njengenkqubo yokuzithoba, kunye nokunokwenzeka kwesohlwaya. Eli gunya linye lokulawula linokungaqwalaselwa kakhulu: iinkundla jikelele aziyi kufumana ityala lesibini kwisigqibo somtshutshiso, kwaye izigqibo zokubekwa umthetho zibekwe phantsi kwemeko ebanzi. [5] [5] kwiZiko lobuhlanga, lobuhlanga olufanelekileyo, lobunjani obuqhelekileyo, kwakhona zikhuthaza inkxakelelwa yimeko ye-evoluvoluvo, okanye iziphumo ze-R.[5]

Intshukumo yangaphambili nokufunyanwa

Xa izityholo zibekwa, omabini amacala alungiselela ukuvavanywa ngokuthabatha iintshukumo nokufunyanwa. Abatshutshisi kufuneka babuyele kukhuselo lwabo bonke ubungqina bezinto eziluncedo kummangalelwa, kuquka ubungqina bokubhenela ityala kunye nolwazi olunokuthi lungadibaniswe namangqina (ii-] Brady[ imbopheleleko, exutyushwa ngezantsi). Bakwaphendula kwiminyanzelo yokuzikhusela ukuze bacinezele ubungqina, balahle izityholo, okanye banyanzelele ukufunyanwa kolunye uhlobo. Uqheliselo olunempumelelo lufuna ulwazi oluneenkcukacha lwetyala nobungqina betyala. Ukusilela ukuhlangabezana nokufunyanwa kwetyala kunokukhokelela ekuxoliselweni, ekugwetyweni, ekumangalweni, okanye ekuphelweni kwesiqinisekiso.

Iqhinga lokuvavanya nokuBonelwa

Xa ityala liqhubeka livavanywa, umtshutshisi kufuneka enze ingxelo engqinelanayo ebangela ukuba abagwebi okanye abagwebi betyala lommangalelwa bangabi nakuthandabuza okufanelekileyo. Oku kubandakanya ukukhetha amangqina afanele ambizwe, indlela yokufaka ubungqina obulandelelanayo, kwaye abonise ukugxininisa. Umtshutshisi kufuneka ajonge kwaye athethe ngokuzimela. Ukuvula iintetho nokuvala iimpikiswano kumathuba okubeka ubungqina kukukhanya okunyanzelisa kodwa okufanelekileyo. I-American Bar Bar's Association Imigangatho yeSigwebo sobulungisa soMsebenzi weProsethi yoMsebenzi [[FLT: 1]] igxininisa ukuba abatshutshisi bangathethi izimvo zobuqu ngetyala okanye ukuvuselela i-interrioksi.[FTY] IMigangatho yoncedo lokusebenza kwe-octive.[Ftmotion I-octive projective projective i-mous.

Impendulo

Emva kokuqinisekiswa (enokuba ngesicelo okanye ngesigqibo) umtshutshisi udlala indima kwinqanaba lokugweba. Banganikela ubungqina bokothusa iziphumo, iingxelo zexhoba, kunye nembali yolwaphulo-mthetho lommangalelwa, kwaye bancomela isigwebo esikhethekileyo kuludwe lomthetho. Kwimithetho emininzi, isigwebo esiphantsi esinyanzelweyo esithintelweyo, ukwenza ukugwetywa komtshutshisi nokucelw'i ngezicelo zomtshutshisi. Eminye imibutho eqhubela phambili iye yaxhasa ukuphelisa amandla omtshutshisi ekugwetyweni kwesigwebo sokunciphisa iintambo ezingekho mthethweni.

Abathathi - nxaxheba AbangooNondyebo Nentsebenziswano Yokusesikweni

Abatshutshisi asingobagwebi abaqhelekileyo. Njengoko iNkundla Ephakamileyo yaphawulayo kwi Berger v. United States, umtshutshisi ngu "umkhonzi womthetho, onjongo yakhe ingeyokuphumelela ityala, kodwa iza kwenziwa ngokusesikweni. Le ndlela ikhethekileyo yokuma ibeka izibophelelo ezingaphaya kwaleyo yengxubelo.

Imfihlo yobungqina bokukhuthuza (Umthetho wesiBhodi)

Phantsi [[NTLT:0] Brady v. Maryland (1963), abatshutshisi kufuneka batyhile ubungqina obulungileyo kumangalelwayo kunye nezinto eziphathekayo kwityala okanye kwisohlwayo. Oku kuquka ubungqina obunokusetyenziswa ukudlulisela kubungqina obuphathekayo obubonisa ukungabi natyala, ubungqina obubonakalayo obubonisa ukungabi natyala, nolwazi oludinisa ukuthembeka komphathi. Ukungaphumeleli ukuchaza [[FLT:] iprojects[FLT] ingukwaphulelo enzulu yemithetho engafanelekanga nesizathu esiphambili sokukholelwa kwizinto ezingalunganga. Ngaphandle koku, i-Foctivective i-'' i-Foctive istings.[5], iprojective i-Foctive i-'ervolution isoloko idiantsss'ervertiventians, inguthentians"[5]

Ukuphepha Ukukholelwa Kubo Bonke Abantu

Ukwalelwa kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ekungafunini ukuqiniseka nokuba kutheni kubiza iziphumo zemithetho esesikweni. I-ABA Imigangatho ecacileyo ithi "umsebenzi womtshutshisi kukufuna okusesikweni, hayi ukudina amatyala nje kuphela." Oku kuthetha ukuba umtshutshisi akafanele anikele ubungqina obaziwayo ukuba bububuxoki, aphikisane nezibakala ezingaxhaswanga yingxelo, okanye asebenzise iindlela ezingafanelekanga ukuze azuze inzuzo elungileyo. Ikwanyanzela umtshutshisi ukuba aphendule xa ubungqina obuqinisekileyo bokungabi natyala buvela, kwanasemva kokuqiniseka.

Iingxaki Zomdla

Abatshutshisi kufuneka baphephe iimfazwe zobuqu, zemali, okanye zezobupolitika ezinokulalanisa kwisigqibo sabo esizimeleyo. Umzekelo, umtshutshisi akafanele aphathe ityala elibandakanya ilungu lentsapho elisondeleyo, umxhasi, okanye umntu abamququzelelayo igqubu. Ngokufanayo, abatshutshisi akufunekanga baphenjelelwe yiminikelo yephulo okanye iingcinezelo zoorhulumente. Imithetho emininzi iye yaseka iikomiti zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye neenkqubo zokuzinzisa ukusingatha iingxabano ezinokwenzeka, kodwa eyona mbopheleleko iphambili ixhomekeke kwisazela somtshutshisi.

Impembelelo Ebanzi Kwinkqubo Yokusesikweni

Impembelelo yabo ayipheleli kwiimeko zomntu ngamnye, ibangela ukuba abantu bakhuseleke, balungelelene, bafaneleke.

Ukhuseleko Loluntu Nokungakhathalelwa

Abatshutshisi banegalelo kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke ngokuchaza nokubohlwaya abo benza ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu. Ityala elinempumelelo lingabanqanda abantu abayingozi ngokuvalelwa, kwaye isisongelo sokutshutshiswa singathintela abanye abaphuli-mthetho abanokubekwa kwityala elinengxaki. Kodwa ulwalamano phakathi kwengtshutshiso kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho luntsokothile kakhulu kuneemodeli ezilula ezicebisayo. Ukubekwa kweliso kunokuziphazamisa iindawo zoluntu, ngelixa abanyanzelisi begunyazi bomthetho.

Impembelelo Kwizinto Ezingahambiyo

Umahluko wesizwe kunye nentlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho kwisigwebo ubhaliwe kakuhle. Izigqibo zomtshutshiso zinegalelo elibalulekileyo kwezi ziphumo zahlukeneyo", ngokukhetha izityholo ezithwele ubuncinci obufunekayo, ngokufaka isibongozo ezisekelwe kuhlanga okanye imvelaphi, nangokusebenzisa isigwebo sokuzinzisa isigwebo esifana nesomenzi wetyala. Intlanganiso yeKhomishini eqeshwayo ifumene ukuba abamangalelwa abantsundu bafumana izigwebo ezinde kunezakwayo ezibekwe kwabebe-lungu, kwaye inxalenye yomsantsa onokuthi ufanele ukubekwa kwimiba ebekwe kwimiqathango ebekwe yimiqathango ([[[FLT:]]]] u-USC ingxelo yokwahlulelwa ngokwemini. Intlanganiso echaphaneyo ifuna intetho engadityaniyo kodwa ifuna ukuhlazi kuphela i-mthetho kodwa ifuna ukutshintsha kwakhona imigaqo-mthetho kunye nomtshutshisigxeli-mthetho.

Indima Kutshintsho Lwenkqubo

Abatshutshisi baqashelwa ngokukhulayo njengabadlali abaphambili kwimigudu yokulungisa inkqubo yobulungisa. Ngokufuna kwabo ukukhotyokiswa nokucetyiswa, banganciphisa ukuthembela ekuvalweni, baphelise izaphuli-mthetho ezikwimigangatho ephantsi ukuze baphathe iinkqubo zolawulo, kwaye bayeke ukumangalela amatyala athile aphantsi. "Izindululo eziphambili" umbutho ubone ukuba amagqwetha esithili anyuliweyo esebenzisa iinkqubo ezifana nokungalichasi ukuphatha intsangu, ukuphelisa iimfuno zemali, kunye nokwenza iiyunithi zengqibelelo zengqibelelo yokuhlola amatyala adluleyo. Ngelixa impikiswano //i-criticrits ziphikisa ezo zithethe zinokuthobhliswa kwemigaqo-mthetho yokhuseleko kawonke---------onke ezithi zibonakalisa ukuqonda ukuqonda ukuba i-ofisi yomtshutshisi-ofisi ayilo lizi nje kuphela iziko zokugunyazisa kodwa inkqubo yenkqubo.

Iingxaki Ekutshutshisweni Kwale Mihla

Abatshutshisi basebenza phantsi kweengcinezelo ezinzulu ezinokwenza kube nzima ukuphila ngokuvisisana neengcamango zabo zokuziphatha.

Iziphumo Ezinzima Neziphene

Kwii-ofisi ezininzi zasedolophini nasemadolophini, abatshutshisi bathwala amakhulukhulu amatyala ngexesha. Umqulu ushiya igumbi elincinane lokuphengulula ngokunzulu kwityala ngalinye okanye kokusesikweni okungokwabantu ngabanye. Amagqwetha esithili ancedisayo asoloko eselula, engenamava kwaye ejongene nobuchule obuncinane. Ukutshiselwa nokujika kuphezulu. Ingcinezelo yokulahla amatyala ngokukhawuleza ngezicelo ikhokelela kwiimpazamo. Ngokungathi asiphumeleli ukutyhila ubungqina bokuphengulula ityala ngalinye okanye ukuvunywa kobulungisa.

Ingcinezelo Yezobupolitika Neyasekuhlaleni

Amagqwetha esithili aqatshelweyo ajongene nonyulo lwamaxesha athile, olunokubabangela baluvelele uluvo lukawonke-wonke, ingakumbi kwiimeko eziphezulu. Umnqweno wokuvela "Nakulwaphulo-mthetho" ungakhokelela ekubonakaliseni okanye ekuxhathiseni ubungqina bokungabi natyala. Kwanabatshutshisi abasebenza umsebenzi abangazijongiyo kunyulo bangamoyika ukuphazanyiswa okuvela kwabaphezulu ukuba bancomela ukuba bancomela ukuba banokubengelwa. Uphando lwe-media olujikeleze iimeko ezithile lungaphazamisana nesigqibo esinengqondo sokwenza. Uthelekiso lokhetho oluzimeleyo kunye nenkululeko kwiminqweno yezobupolitika lulucelomngeni ngemini nganye.

Ukumangalelwa Okuphosakeleyo

Ngaphandle kwemithetho yokuziphatha, ukuziphatha okubi kwenzeka ngawequ, ngokunqanda ukungazinzi kobungqina obungafanelekanga ekusebenziseni ubungqina bobuxoki. Ingxelo ka-2013 yeprojekthi yeInnocence yafumanisa ukuba ukungaphathi kakuhle komtshutshisi yayifak' isandla kwi-40% ye-DNA ekhutshwayo. Kodwa isigwebo nxamnye nabatshutshisi sinqabile; imfundiso efanelekileyo yokuzikhusela ikhusela kwiityala zamakhaya, kwaye ibhari yetyala iyaphindwa. Oku kungabi nakuthenjwa kwabantu kwaye kusilela ukuphelisa ukuchaswa kwemithetho yexesha elizayo. Izicelo zakutshanje ziquka ukufuna abatshutshisi-projekthi ukuba bagcine imigaqo evulekileyo, ukwandayo yokuvelela, kunye nokuyila iziphumo ezicacileyo [[FLD:]

Ukukhula Kwemikhwa Notshintsho

Indima yabatshutshisi iyatshintsha xa kufuneka kuboniswe ngaphaya kobulungisa, ukuba cace nokuphumelela.

Intshukumo yokuchophela eqhubekayo

Igalelo elitsha labatshutshisi abanyuliweyo `kwizixeko ezifana nePhiladelphia, iChicago, iSan Francisco, kunye neDallas' liye lasebenzisa iinkqubo ezijolise ekunciphiseni ukuvalelwa nokubekwa phantsi kwenkqubo. Ezi ziquka ukuyeka ukumangalelwa komgangatho ophantsi, ukusebenzisa izixhobo zokuhlola umngcipheko ukunciphisa ukuvalelwa kwangaphambi kwetyala, kunye neenkqubo zokulungisa iinguqu. Ngoxa iziphumo zidityanisiwe kwaye zisoloko zikhuphisana, umbutho uvuselele incoko yesizwe malunga nokuba ngaba ukuphumelela komtshutshisi kufuneka kuncitshiswe i-revio kunye nenani lokulunga koluntu kunokuba kukhuselwe intelo.

Ugcino-lwazi olucace gca nokuphendula

Abaxhasi abaninzi bathi eyona inguqulelo ibalulekileyo kukuqokelela nokupapasha ugcino-lwazi ngokwezigqibo zabo: ukukhupha imigaqo, isibongozo, ukucebisa, ukugweba, kunye neziphumo zemeko ezipheliswe luhlanga, ubufana, kunye nemeko yentlalo. Ukubonakala okunjalo kuya kwenza abaphandi, amaqumrhu ajongene nokungacaci, kunye nabantu ukuba abatshutshisi babonise ukuba banetyala. Ezinye imigaqo zesizwe ziqalise ukwamkela imigaqo-data evulekileyo, kodwa imilinganiselo yesizwe ayikafinyeleli.

Uqeqesho Nentsebenziswano Yoluntu

Abatshutshisi baya bakuqonda ngakumbi ukubaluleka kokuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo qha kumthetho kodwa kukuziphatha okucacileyo, ucalucalulo, uqheliselo lokwenzakala, nokulungisa okusesikweni. Amanyathelo okubophelelana koluntu, anjengeebhunga kunye neeholo zedolophu, avumela abatshutshisi ukuba bave ngokungqalileyo kwimicimbi yabo. Xa yenziwe ngokwenene, le migudu iyakwazi ukuphinda ithembeke kwaye iqinisekise ukuba izinto eziphambili zomtshutshisi zibonisa amaxabiso ebutho labantu kunokuba zibonise izilangazelelo ezincinane zenkqubo yobulungisa yolwaphulo-mthetho ngokwayo.

Isiphelo

Umsebenzi wabatshutshisi kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho unamandla kwaye unembopheleleko. Bayi-inchpinp yenkqubo esesikweni, enegunya lokulawula, lokuphengulula, kunye nesigwebo (ngokufuthi) ngokujongelwa phantsi okuncinane. Kufuneka balungelelanise iimfuno zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, amalungelo abamangalelwa, iimfuno zamaxhoba, kunye nemithetho eyimfuneko yokufuna okusesikweni. Njengoko inkqubo yezobulungisa iqhubeka ixabana nemicimbi yokunyanzeleka kwemiba, ikhethelo yobuhlanga, kunye neenkolelo eziphosakeleyo, iofisi yomtshutshisi ime embi embi kwingxaki yomqeshwa, ukuqonda oko abamangalelwayo, indlela esetyenziswa ngayo ingqiqo, kunye nokulungisa okuyimfuneko ngayo ukuba kubekho nayiphi na ingxubengo yexesha elizayo.