Ukuqonda Abaxhasi Berhafu Basekuhlaleni

Nyaka ngamnye, izigidi zeerandi ziphuma kubemi nakumashishini ukuya kwimali yerhafu karhulumente yasekuhlaleni, ngerhafu yempahla, ngerhafu yerhafu, irhafu yengeniso, kunye nerhafu yomsebenzisi. Ukuqonda kakuhle indlela ezi mali ezichithwa ngayo asiyonto nje efuna ukwazi ukusetyenziswa, kwaye kungumbandela wokufuna ukwazi nje kuphela ukubhaliswa kwemali ekhoyo.

Indima Nokubaluleka Kwerhafu Yasekuhlaleni

Iirhafu zasekuhlaleni zinika ingeniso abahlali beminyaka le abaxhomekeke kuyo. Ngokungafaniyo neerhafu zikarhulumente, ezixhasa ukhuseleko lwesizwe, uKhuseleko lwentlalo, nezibonelelo ezisemgangathweni, iirhafu zasekuhlaleni zinxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nomgangatho wobomi kuluntu oluthile. Imithombo emithathu ephambili yengeniso yerhafu yasekuhlaleni ($infacedro, ukuthengisa, kunye nerhafu yengeniso yengeniso, zinezimfaneleko neenjongo ezahlukeneyo.

Irhafu Yempahla

Iirhafu zempahla zezona zikhulu zengeniso yasekuhlaleni kwisithili soomasipala kunye nezikolo. Zihlawulwa kwifama yefama yefama yomhlaba. Le rhafu izinzile ngenxa yokuba amaxabiso empahla awaguquguquki ngokukhawuleza njengaleyo isetyenziswa ngabathengi. Ngokwee- U.S. Centical Bureau’s Annuary of State and Remagement Reals[[FULT]], ityala lerhafu yerhafu yerhafu yemali emalunga nama-72% yayo yonke irhafu yasekuhlaleni.

Irhafu

Iirhafu zerhafu zisetyenziswa ekuthengeni iimpahla, nakwezinye iindawo, iinkonzo. Ziyama mandundu kunerhafu yempahla ngenxa yokuba zixhomekeke kwiindlela zokuthenga. Oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni bafaka irhafu eyahlukeneyo kwirhafu yorhwebo ephezulu karhulumente. Le mali idla ngokuya kwingxowa-mali exhasa uludwe olubanzi lweenkonzo, ukusuka kwiipaki ukuya kwiinkqubo zonyango lukawonke-wonke. Irhafu idla ngokuphinda ingabi namali eninzi yengeniso kwimizi efunyenweyo ephantsi.

Irhafu yemali ehlawulwayo

Ezinye irhafu zemali ehlawulwayo yasekuhlaleni kubemi yaye maxa wambi kubemi abasebenza ngaphantsi kwegunya. Ezi aziqhelekanga kunempahla nerhafu yentengiso kodwa zisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezinjengesiXeko saseNew York, iPhiladelphia, kunye noomasipala abaninzi baseOhio. Iirhafu zengeniso zidla ngokunikezelwa kwiinkqubo zentlalo-ntle yoluntu, inkqubela yoluntu, kunye neemfuno zempesheni kubaqeshwa.

Ngaphandle kwezi ntlobo ziphambili, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baqokelela iindleko ezahlukeneyo zeenkonzo ezithile .(ukuhlawulwa kwamanzi nendle, imvume yokwakha, iimitha zokumisa nokuhlawula iindleko zocwangciso lokuzihlaziya. Nangona ubuchule bezobugcisa bungeyorhafu, le rhafu iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yengeniso kwaye isoloko isetyenziswa ukuqinisekisa ukuba abo bangenelwa ngokungqalileyo kwintlawulo yenkonzo ngenxa yexabiso layo.

Apho Baya Khona Abanikeli Berhafu: Ukuwohloka Okuziinkcukacha

Iindleko zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni zibekwa kwimisebenzi engundoqo embalwa. Umlinganiselo wahluka kakhulu ngohlobo lwasekuhlaleni(-ralculture, idolophana, okanye idolophu(nemithetho) karhulumente enokugunyazisa imigangatho ethile yemali yezikolo okanye ezinye iinkonzo. Ngasezantsi kujongwa ngokunzulu kwiindawo ezithengwa kakhulu.

Imfundo

Imfundo kawonke-wonke yeyona ngeniso inkulu kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni, esebenzisa malunga ne-30% ukuya kuma-40% yoqingqo-mali yemali jikelele. Le nkxaso igubungela umfundisi kunye nemivuzo yoomatiloshe, iimpahla zeklasi, ukulungiswa, kunye neenkqubo zokongeza iinkqubo zesikolo. Kumazwe amaninzi, imimandla yesikolo yahlula imicimbi karhulumente enegunya lokuhlawula irhafu, kodwa isaxhomekeka kakhulu kwirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, [[FLT: 0] iUrban Institute iphawula ukuba imali echithwayo ngemali ye-palthi ingengaphantsi kwe-R1 000 000 000 (R1 000) kwamanye amaphondo, iqhutywa kakhulu yimpahla yasekuhlaleni. Ukuqonda unxulumano phakathi kwempahla yakho yerhafuthensilensi okanye izikolo zakho zasekuhlaleni kungakhuthaza abemi baxhamkeli-mali-mali-mali-mali ye-mali esetyenziswayo.

Ukhuseleko

Amapolisa, umlilo, kunye neenkonzo zongxamiseko zezonyango zidla ngokuthetha nge 20% ukuya kuma-25% oqingqo-mali asekuhlaleni. Ukuchithwa kwamapolisa kuquka umvuzo neengenelo zamagosa, uqeqesho, izixhobo, izithuthi, kunye neenkqubo zobugcisa ezifana namaziko okuthumela kunye neekhamera zomzimba. Amasebe omlilo afuna utyalo-mali kwizitishi, ii-injini, ii-appy, iigiyeri, kunye nokuqhubeka kuqeqeshwa kwabo bobabini abasebenzi bokuzithandela. Kumazwe amaninzi, ukhuseleko lukawonke lukwicandelo lesibini emva kwemfundo. Inginginginya ifuna imigangatho ephezulu yokusetyenziswa kokhuseleko lukawonke wonke, kodwa ukuthengiswa kwemali esetyenziswa ngamapolisa kusenokuba negalelo elibalulekileyo: ukwanda kwemali emali esetyenziswa ngamapolisa, iipaki, iincwadi, iinkonzo zamavolonti, okanye iinkonzo zoluntu. Ukusoloko ukwazisa ngabahlali belukile abahlali befuna ukungenelela kwimicimbi yokhuseleko.

Izakhiwo Nezothutho

Iindlela, iibhulorho, iindlela, izibane zesitrato, iimpawu zomjelo, kunye neenkqubo zothutho lukawonke-wonke zifuna utyalo-mali oluqhubekayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwemali eninzi kusoloko kuxhaswa ngentsebenziswano yerhafu yempahla, irhafu yentengiso, intlawulo kunye nemali edityanisiweyo. I-American Society of Civil Enginenerers’s Intellification Report Report Cardi [[FLT: 1] Ithumela umgangatho wendlela yasekuhlaleni we- “D" iyonke, ibala iknaye ixandule iimbopheleleko ezikhulayo zolawulo lwamanzi, ulwando lwamandla ombane, nolwandiso lwezitishicime. Ukuqonda ulwano lwemirhumo-mali yakho yerhafu ecocekileyo okanye umgangatho ophantsi kobume bemeko-bume.

ISebe lezeMpilo neleMisebenzi

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni benza indima ebalulekileyo kwimpilo-ntle yoluntu, kwintlalo-ntle yabantu. Oku kuquka amasebe ezempilo, iikliniki zengqondo, iindawo zokufihla intloko, iinkqubo zokuxhasa ukutya, kunye neenkonzo ezingaphezulu. Ukuxhasa irhafu yasekuhlaleni kunye neminikelo karhulumente kunye nenkxaso-mali. Ngexesha longxamiseko lwezempilo kawonke-wonke, njengesifo se-COVID-19, amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni axhotyiswe ngokukhawuleza kodwa ngokufuthi ajongene nokungalungelelani noqingqo-mali. Abahlali abaninzi abangazi ukuba ii-ofisi zerhafu yabo zerhafu (Amabhinqa, iintsana, nabantwana), iinkonzo zokukhusela abantwana, kunye noqeqesho lomsebenzi.

Imizi, Ukuzonwabisa Nezithethe

Ipaki, iindawo zokudlala, amaziko oluntu, amaqula, iithala leencwadi, iimyuziyam, kunye neziganeko zenkcubeko zixhaswa ngemali ephambili yimali yerhafu yasekuhlaleni. Ngelinye ixesha ezijongwa “njengeemali zokuhlawula,” ezi ndawo ziboniselwa ukuphucula impilo yomzimba, intlalo-ntle, kunye namaxabiso empahla. Ngokwe Ukuthemba umhlaba kawonke-wonke [, izixeko ezifaklethekileyo kwi-paki zibona ukunciphiswa kolwaphulo-mthetho nokwanda komsebenzi wokwenyama. Iinkqubo zokuzonwabisa zolutsha noontanga zinikezela ngezithuba ezikhuselekileyo kunye nokunxibelelana. Iinkqubo zethala leencwadi, i-Internet, kunye ne-osearch shorts. Xa ezi nkonzo zithel'ii-od , ii-ofisi zerhafu, zidla ngokubhekisele kwimiqatha kumgangatho wokuqala wobumibutho wobomi boluntu.

Urhulumente jikelele nolawulo

Yinxalenye encinci kodwa ebalulekileyo yemali yerhafu yasekuhlaleni esetyenziswa ngurhulumente: imivuzo yolawulo, isixeko okanye abasebenzi bephondo, amasebe ezemali, iinkonzo zomthetho, unyulo, kunye nobugcisa bolwazi. Ngoxa ezi ndleko zitsala ukuhlolwa ngezantsi / ikakhulu xa zibonwa njenge-“ntloko"" ziyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuphendula, ukuthobela, nokuhambisa iinkonzo zenkonzo ezisebenzayo. Umzekelo, isebe lezezimali elisebenza kakuhle lithintela ukuqhatha nokuqinisekisa ukuba irhafu ityala libalelwa ngokufanelekileyo. Ukungenisa irhafumente kuthengwa iindleko zexesha elide ngokufaka izicelo zemvume kunye neerekhodi zikawonke-wonke-wonke.

Indlela Abathathi-rhafu Basekuhlaleni Abamiselwa Ngayo: Inkqubo Yoqingqo - mali

Ukwabiwa kwee-dola zerhafu akuzenzelwanga; kulandela inkqubo yocwangciso-mali eqhele ukuthatha iinyanga eziliqela. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kwenza abemi bakwazi ukuphembelela izigqibo ngaphambi kokuba bangene.

Ukubeka Izinto Eziza Kuqala Neemfuno Zokuhlolisisa Izinto Eziza Kuqala

Umjikelo woqingqo-mali udla ngokuqala kwiinyanga ezintandathu ukuya kwezisithoba ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe unyaka wemali. Amasebe karhulumente asekuhlaleni anika izicelo zemali ezisekelwe kwiimfuno ezilindelekileyo zezempilo abasebenzi, izixhobo ezintsha, imisebenzi yeekomkhulu, kunye nolwandiso lwenkqubo. Ingaba isebe eliphetheyo (okanye umphathi wesixeko) lifanele liziphindeze ezi zizicelo nxamnye neemali eziveziweyo. Le sigaba sisoloko sibandakanya ukuphuma nzima kwezorhwebo: ngaba isixeko siqeshe amapolisa angakumbi okanye sivule izitrato ezininzi? Ingaba ngaba ithala leencwadi lifanele lidibanise iiyure zempelaveki okanye landise ingqokelela yamanani amanani alo?

Ukushwankathela Uhlahlo - mali Olucetyiweyo

Emva kohlolo lwangaphakathi, isebe eliphetheyo linikela uqingqo-mali olucetyisiweyo kwiqumrhu lowiso-mthetho (iqumrhu, ikomishini yephondo, ibhodi yesikolo). Uqingqo-mali olucetyiweyo luquka iiplani zokuchitha isebe ngalinye, kunye nokuxelwa kwangaphambili kwengeniso. Oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni ngoku bapapasha uqingqo-mali lwe-mali olucetyiweyo kwi-intanethi ukwenzela amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, bevumela abemi ukuba babone ukuba imali yabo iyabiwa njani. Umzekelo, Vula iincwadi.com banikezela iisiseko sokukhangela iimpahla ezisetyenziswa ngurhulumente, benika abemi ukuba babhale phantsi kwizinto zemigca.

Ukuchongwa Kwamatyala Kawonke-wonke Nolwazi olusemgangathweni

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni uninzi lwezi nkonzo zifunwa ngumthetho ukuba zibekwe ezindaweni zikawonke-wonke ngaphambi kokuba zifumane uqingqo-mali lokugqibela. Ezi ndlebe lithuba lokuba abemi balapho banikele ubungqina okanye banikele iimpahla ezithile. Ngelishwa, ukubakho kwezi ntlanganiso kusoloko kusezantsi, okuthetha ukuba iqela elincinane kodwa elithethayo linokuphembelela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto. Iintsebenzi ezizifumana ixesha lokuya kumazwe abhaliweyo.

Ukusetyenziswa koLwimi lokuSebenza noLolongo

Emva kokudibanisa ungeniso lukawonke-wonke nokwenza uhlaziyo, amavoti equmrhu lemithetho okwamkela uqingqo-mali lokugqibela. Xa sele luvunyiwe, amasebe aqalisa ukuchitha iingxelo ezibhaliweyo. Noko ke, inkqubo ayipheleli apho. Kuwo wonke unyaka, uhlengahlengiso lohlahlo lusenokufuneka ngenxa yengeniso encinane, yengozi, okanye amathuba amatsha. Ngokulandelelana iingxelo zemali zifumana iingxelo zokwenene ngokuchasene noqingqo-mali, kwaye ezi ngxelo zingamaxwebhu kawonke-wonke. Abami abajonga ezi ngxelo banokufumana iingxelo ezi zinto okanye phantsi kweenkqubo eziphetyiweyo bayakwazi ukufumana iingxelo ezinokungqubanano okanye ukukhawuleza kwentlanganiso yebhunga elilandelayo.

Indima Ebalulekileyo Yokubonisa ngaphaya Kwengqondo

Ukubonisa intelekelelo kwimali echithwa ngurhulumente kwakha ukuthembana kwaye kuthintela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwemali karhulumente. Xa abahlali benokufumana lula inkcazelo ecacileyo, efike ngexesha elifanelekileyo malunga noqingqo-mali kunye nenkcitho, basengozini yokuthobela iimfanelo zerhafu nokuthatha inxaxheba kulawulo. Ngokuchasene noko, ukusetyenziswa kwemali ngobumfiliba kubangela ukukrokra nokunganeliseki.

Ugcino-lwazi Oluvulekileyo

Oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni bamkele iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi ezivulekileyo, ukupapasha ii-data ezikusetyenziso, izivumelwano, kunye nomsebenzi. Umzekelo, i- Data.gov iqonga le-aggrees yasekuhlaleni evulekileyo yogcino-lwazi, ivumela abemi ukuba bahlole ukuchithwa kwesixeko sabo. Imizekelo engacacanga iquka i-Open Baclibral plat ne ndawo yokukhanya ye-Los Angeles. Ezi zixhobo zenza abemi bafuneke kwisebe, umxhasi, okanye inkqubo, yenza kube lula ukubona ukuba zingakanani na ezi zinto zisetyenziswe kwisixeko sabo, ngoko, mathi, ziphinda zivule okanye emva kweenkqubo zesikolo.

INgxelo yoNyaka

Uphicotho-zincwadi oluzimeleyo lubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ii-dola zerhafu zisetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni nangempumelelo. Uninzi loorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka luphicotho-zincwadi olunye lwaminyaka le ukuba lufumana umqobo wemali karhulumente. Olu xwebhu lupapashwa kwi-intanethi kwaye lungatyhila ubuthathaka kulawulo lwangaphakathi okanye kwimeko yokulahlwa kwenkunkuma. Ukongeza, uphicotho-zincwadi lomsebenzi oluhlola ukuba iinkqubo ziphumele kusini na kwiziphumo ezicetyiweyo. Ingingqi ingasebenzisa ezi ngxelo ukuba amagosa aphendule iziphumo, hayi ukuthobela nje kuphela.

Amaqela ajongileyo nawajongileyo abami

Iibhodi ezingezizo ingeniso kunye nabemi abaququzelela ingeniso zinikela umaleko othe kratya wobuveleli. Amaqela afana neCovic Federation eIllinois kunye neZiko loLawulo lwe-Empire eNew York ahlalutya uqingqo-mali lwasekuhlaleni kunye nokuxhasa imisebenzi emihle. Kwakhona amazwe amaninzi anamaqela ahlawula irhafu anika izikhokelo ezikhululekileyo zokuqonda imali karhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Abahlali bangadibanisa iikomiti zoqingqo-mali okanye amatsha - ntliziyo kwiibhodi ezinxulumene nemali ukuze bafumane ukuqonda ngokungqalileyo indlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okubandakanyeka

Ummi onolwazi ukhuselekile ekusetyenzisweni kakubi kwerhafu. Nazi izinto ezicacileyo onokuzenza namhlanje:

  • Fuma uqingqo-mali lwakho lwasekuhlaleni: Ukutyelela isixeko sakho okanye iwebhsayithi yengingqi ze ukhangele i-“Bridge" okanye“Iphepha le-”. Oomasipala abaninzi bapapasha uqingqo-mali lwangoku kunye namaxwebhu eminyaka engaphambili.
  • Intlanganiso yebhunga: nokuba awukwazi ukuthetha, ukuphulaphula iingxoxo zoqingqo-mali kunika umongo obalulekileyo. Jonga umxholo wesiqendu onesihloko esithi “Ukuva Okufihlakeleyo Kuqingqo-mali.”
  • Sebenzisa izixhobo zokubona ngaphaya: amaqonga okuhlola afana kwi Iimpahla ze RFLT (Izibonelelo zeCalfornia) okanye ivula iifomati (indawo ebanzi, kodwa ugcino-lwazi oluthile lobulali) kwimijelo.
  • Ukudibanisa umbutho woluntu: ii-Rotary albin, amaqumrhu abamelwane, kunye nengingqi zoluntu zisoloko zingenisa izithethi kwimixholo yemali yasekuhlaleni. La maqela angandisa ilizwi lakho xa ekhuthaza ezona zinto zibalulekileyo njengepaki okanye ulungiso lweendlela.
  • [[FLT: 0] Jongana nommeli wakho: Thumela i email emfutshane okanye umnxeba ubuza imibuzo ethile ngokuchitha igumbi lakho. Amagosa aphakamile anikela ingqalelo kwimisebenzi equlunqweyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Imilinganiselo yethala lasekuhlaleni: imiba yendibaniso, unyuko lwerhafu, kunye nokuchitha iikepu ezisoloko zivela kwibhola. Cwangcisa iingcaciso ezisemthethweni kunye nohlaziyo oluzimeleyo phambi kokuvota.

Isiphelo

I-R2 ingumsebenzi ongundoqo woncedo olubalulekileyo oluchaza ukubaluleka kobomi bengingqi (kusukela kwizikolo nakukhuseleko loluntu kwimiphaka nezibonelelo. Kodwa abemi abaninzi abaqondi indlela eziqokelelwa ngayo ezo erandi, ezibekiweyo, kunye nezichithweyo. Ngokuzinika ixesha lokuqonda inkqubo yoqingqo-mali, iizixhobo zokubonisa ukubonakala, nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke, abemi bangaqinisekisa ukuba iminikelo yabo yerhafu ingenisa ixabiso eliphezulu. Imali nemvume kawonke wonke akuyiyo ichelo nje inkunkuma karhulumente; ligunya elinamandla lokulungisa uluntu olubonisa izinto eziza kuqala. Ukuqala namhlanje kuvula uxwebhu lwesixeko sakho lohlahlolo, ukuya kwintlanganiso yengingqi, okanye ukuthelelana neqela elilungileyo lorhulumente.