Uhlolo lwezomthetho lusisixhobo somthetho-siseko waseMerika, unika iinkundla amandla okuhlolisisa ubume bomGaqo-siseko wemimiselo kunye nezenzo zolawulo. Le mfundiso iqinisekisa ukuba wonke umthetho norhulumente usebenza ngokuhambelana nomGaqo-siseko, ukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nokugcina umlinganiselo wesakhiwo phakathi kowiso-mthetho, ulawulo, namasebe alawulayo. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko wase-U. awuwaniki ngokuphandle amandla omthetho wesizwe, ukuphenduliswa kwenkqubo esemthethweni ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Ngohlalutyo, iinkundla zisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla, ziqinisekisa umthetho nomgaqo-mthetho ukuba akukho nyathelo lithile, akukho nto ikukubonakalisa okanye ukuchasana kwesizwe, kungachasana nako ukuchasana kwemithetho yemithetho yesizwe.

Indalo Nenjongo Yokuhlolisisa Isigwebo

Uhlolo lwezeejaji ligunya lenkundla lokuvakalisa umthetho okanye isenzo sikarhulumente ukuba siyangqubana nomGaqo-siseko. Lisebenza kumthetho worhulumente nowaseburhulumenteni, kwimiyalelo yegunya, kwimigaqo yolawulo, kwanakwizenzo zoMongameli. Ingcamango isekelwe kwingcamango yobungangamsha bomGaqo-siseko: umGaqo-siseko ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, kwaye nawuphi na umthetho ophikisana nawo awusebenzi.

Le nkqubo ifeza iinjongo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Okokuqala, inyanzelisa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya ngokuqinisekisa ukuba isebe ngalinye lisebenza ngaphakathi kwemida yalo emiselweyo. Okwesibini, likhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye ngokunika unyango lokugweba xa urhulumente egqitha igunya lakhe. Okwesithathu, linika utoliko olufanayo lomGaqo-siseko, lithintela imithetho ephikisanayo enqamleze imimandla eyahlukeneyo. EUnited States, imisebenzi yokuhlola inkqubo yolawulo ngaphakathi kwinkqubo yesizwe apho zombini urhulumente neenkundla zesizwe zinokuhlola imithetho, kodwa igunya lokugqibela lihlala kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-U.S.

Amanye amazwe aye amkela iinkqubo ezifanayo, nangona zisebenzisa iinguqulelo. Umzekelo, uManyano loBukumkani obusetyenziswa ngokwesithethe phantsi kolawulo lwepalamente, lunika iinkundla amandla amancinane okuphelisa umthetho, kodwa uMthetho wamaLungelo oluntu 1998 wasungula uhlobo olulinganiselweyo lokuhlola. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amazwe anjengeJamani neKhanada aneenkundla zomGaqo-siseko ezinikezelwe ekuhlolweni okungacaci. Noko ke, umzekelo waseMerika, uhlala wahlukile ngenxa yemeko yayo entle entle, inkundla enokuyiphikisa imibuzo engokomgaqo-siseko we-siseko, --/any indima yayo enamandla ekulungiseni inkqubo kawonke.

Isiseko Sembali Sohlalutyo Logwebo

Imvelaphi Yangaphambili Neyokuqala

Ingcamango yokuba abagwebi banokuphelisa izenzo zowiso-mthetho ayizange ivele ngokusekwa kwamaMelika. Isigwebi esingumNgesi uMhlekazi Edward Coke, kumzekelo we 1610 . UCase Bonham's , wacebisa ukuba “xa uMthetho wePalamente uchasene nelungelo elinye kwaye uqikelelo, umthetho oqhelekileyo uzawulawula kwaye ugwebe umthetho onjalo ungabikho." Nangona le mbono ingazange ithabathe ingcambulo kumthetho wesiNgesi, yaphembelela ukucinga kwama-American. Abalawuli bamarharnoloji babekholelwa ukuba amalungelo athile asisiseko ayekho ngaphezu kwawo nawuphi na umthetho obhaliweyo, ingcamango eMagna Carta kunye nesiNgesi uBill weLungelo.

Ngexesha leMvukelo yaseMerika, iinkundla zephondo zaqalisa ukuqinisa amandla okuhlola imimiselo ngokuchasene nomgaqo-siseko worhulumente. Umzekelo, Holmes v. Walton (1780), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseNew Jersey yawuphelisa umthetho owawuchasene nesiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko sokuchophela ityala. La matyala angaphambili amiselwe ngurhulumente abeka isiseko solwamgwebi wejaji yephondo.

Ingqikelelo-magama Yoluhlu

UAlexander Hamilton, ebhala kwi umphengululi kaNo. 78, enikezele ukhuselo oluqinileyo lokuhlola ityala. Waphikisa ukuba ijaji yayilelona sebe liyingozi kakhulu, “engenampembelelo kwikrele okanye kwisipaji,” kwaye kufuneka inikwe amandla okuvakalisa izenzo zomthetho zize ukuba iyakwazi ukudibanisa umGaqo-siseko. Hamilton wachaza ukuba umGaqo-siseko umele ukuthanda kwabantu, kwaye nasiphi na isenzo sendlu yowiso-mthetho engaphaya kwemida yemithetho-siseko sasingenanto. Oku kuqikelelo kwaba sisiseko sobulumko sesigqibo kamva kwi [[FLT.2] umgaqo-M.[FLT] v.[FLT]

Marbury v. Madison (103)

Ityala lengxelo yembali eyamiswayo lenkundla yomthetho yorhulumente lavela kwimfazwe eshushu yocalulo phakathi koMongameli ophumayo uJohn Adams kunye noMongameli ozayo uThomas Jefferson. Kwiyure zokugqibela zolawulo lwakhe, uAdams wamisela iqela “abagwebi abaphakathi kobusuku” kwisihlalo sesizwe, kuquka uWilliam Marbury. Iikomfa zatyikitywa zatywinwa zaza zatywinwa kodwa azinikelwanga phambi kokuba uJefferson athabathe isikhundla. UJefferson wayalela unobhala wakhe weSizwe, uJames Madison, ukuba angayivumeli imibutho. UMarburysued, efuna i-wadio-mans ukusuka kwiNkukhosi Ephakamileyo yeNkundla ukuya ekuhambiseleni i-Madison.

IJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall yajamelana nengxaki yezopolitiko. Ukuba iNkundla yayiyalela ukuba ikhomishini isiwe, uJefferson wayenokusuka nje alityeshele, alijongele phantsi igunya lejaji. Ukuba iNkundla yayikhanyele i-writ, yayiya kubonakala ibuthathaka. Isisombululo sikaMarshall sasibukrelekrele. Wagqiba kwelokuba ngoxa uMarbury wayenelungelo lokuya kumsebenzi wakhe, iNkundla yayingenakuyikhupha ityala ngenxa yokuba umthetho ogunyazisayo u-jPhiko-89-Shudiary Actal ka-179-89. Ngokwesihlandlo sokuqala, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yavakalisa isenzo soMbutho ongekho sigqele. Marshall wabhala:

“ Kugxininiswe kwiphondo kunye nomsebenzi wesebe lejaji ukuthi yintoni umthetho... ukuba imithetho emibini iyangqubana, iinkundla kufuneka zigqibe ngokusebenza kwe... ngoko ukuba umthetho uchasene nomgaqo-siseko... inkundla kufuneka igqibe ukuba yiyiphi kule mithetho engqubanayo elawulayo... Oku kungumo womsebenzi wetyala.

Marbury v. Madison ngaloo ndlela yaqinisa umgaqo wohlolo logwebo eUnited States. Isigqibo sakwaqinisa indima yejaji njengesebe elizimeleyo, elingalinganayo likarhulumente elinegunya elipheleleyo lokuchaza umGaqo-siseko. Kwingxelo enenkcukacha, bona imeko ku [[FLT:] Oyez[.]

Indlela Oqheliselwa Ngayo Izenzo Zokwenza Ingxubusho Yezeejaji

Inyathelo 1: Ityala okanye Impikiswano

Ingqwalasela yezomthetho ayinakwenzeka kwizenzo ezingekho ngqiqweni. Iinkundla zoManyano zilinganiselwe ekugqibeni “amatyala” kunye“ namaqumrhu” phantsi kweGatya III lomGaqo-siseko. Oku kuthetha ukuba ummangalelwa umele ukuba ufumene umonakalo wokwenene kwihambo yommangalelwa kwaye mhlawumbi ubuyiselwe ngesigqibo esilungileyo, ingcamango esaziwa njengemanyeneyo. Iinkundla ziya kukhupha imingeni engonobuxoki, izikhalazo eziqhelekileyo, okanye eziziswa ngamaqela ngaphandle komthi ngqo.

Inyathelo lesi-2: Ucalulo kunye neNkundla ePhantsi

Amatyala amaninzi omgaqo-siseko aqala kwiinkundla zesithili zikarhulumente, aze adlulele kwiinkundla zezibheno. Kula manqanaba, abagwebi bavavanya ubukho bomthetho osekelwe kwiingxoxo kunye nobungqina obunikezelwayo. Bangasebenzisa imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yokuhlola kuxhomekeka kwilungelo elikhoyo kwimbambano-ngo-------9. ngokomzekelo, ukuvavanywa ngokungqongqo kwemithetho ethwesa amalungelo asisiseko okanye erhanela imigaqo efana neyo yezoqoqosho.

Inyathelo 3: Ukubhenela KwiNkundla Ephakamileyo

Emva kwesigqibo senkundla yesiphaluka, iqela eliphulukana nelo, lingase livume iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U. INkundla ifumana amawaka ezicelo zegama ngalinye kodwa iyavuma ukuva amatyala amalunga nama-80-100 kuphela. Linikela ingqwalasela xa kukho impikiswano phakathi kweziphaluka, imbambano ibaluleke kakhulu kwisizwe, okanye isigqibo senkundla esezantsi sisenokungqubana nemizekelo yeNkundla Ephakamileyo.

Inyathelo 4: Zimfutshane Neempikiswano Ezingxengxezo

Xa iNkundla ivuma ityala, amacandelo anikezela iinkcazelo ezifutshane ezibhaliweyo ezichaza iindawo zawo ezisemthethweni. Amaqela angaphandle adla ngokufaka ifayile curiae [“umhlobo wenkundla”) ufihlo ukunikezela iimbono ezongezelelekileyo. INkundla icwangcisa iimpikiswano ezithethwayo, ngexesha icala ngalinye elinemizuzu engama-30 yokunikela ityala layo nokuphendula imibuzo evela kumagwebo.

Inyathelo 5: Ingqungquthela Noluvo

Emva kwempikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo, abagwebi badibana kwingqungquthela yabucala ukuze baxubushe ngetyala baze bavote. Ukuba kuninzi, iJaji ePhakamileyo inika uluvo; kungenjalo, izalamane eziphezulu zobulungisa kwinkoliso zisenza isabelo. Abagwebi babhala uninzi, ukhuphiswano, okanye iimbono eziphikisayo, nganye xa ichaza ingqiqo yabo.

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlolisiswa Kwezeejaji Kulawulo - melo LwaseMerika

Ukukhangela Amandla oMthetho kunye nolawulo

Uhlolo lwejaji luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela. UmGaqo-siseko unika iBhunga amandla okwenza imithetho kunye noMongameli ukuyenza, kodwa ijaji iqinisekisa ukuba isebe alilinyatheli igunya layo lomgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, ulutsha olusemgceni sheefish & Lamp; Tube Co. V. Sayer [1952], iNkumbuso ePhakamileyo uTrum, ugunyaze umlawuli wesigqeba uTrulathiso lwentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yaseKorea, ebambe ukuba uMongameli ungenalo womgaqo-siseko wokwenza oko. Izigqibo ezinjalo ziqinisekisa ukuba kwanezenzo zolawulo oluqhelekileyo zimele zihlale kwisiseko somGwalkshini.

Ukukhusela Ubuncinane Bamalungelo

Omnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yokuhlola okulawulayo kukukhusela amalungelo abantu ngabanye namaqela amancinane ngokuphakanyiswa. IBhili yamaLungelo kunye noMphetho-Mdangaliso weshumi elinesine uqinisekisa inkululeko esisiseko, kodwa la malungelo aya kuba nentsingiselo ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho inokuvota nje ukuba i-Brown v. Inkundla, ekhuselwe kwiingcinezelo ezinyuliweyo zobomi kubagwebi abalawulayo, iyakwazi ukuxhasa ukhuseleko lwemithetho-siseko kwanaxa uluvo oluqhelekileyo lwawo. Ilizwe lomthetho olawula njenge- Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yemfundo (1954), eyabetha i-debe phantsi komgangatho wobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke, kunye [FLT:] v.[FLT] [12] [127]] [197]

Idala Ngaphambili Kokunxulumana

Ngohlolo lwenkundla egwebayo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo imisela imiqathango ekhokela zonke ezinye iinkundla. Imfundiso ye stare decisis (ukuvumela isigqibo sime) ikhuthaza uzinzo nokuxelwa kwangaphambili. Iinkundla ezisezantsi kufuneka zilandele ingcaciso yeNkundla ePhakamileyo de iNkundla ngokwayo ilawule. Le nkqubo ivumela umthetho wesiseko ukuba uguquke ngokuphandle, ulungelelanise nokufuneka kulungelelanise nokutshintsha amaxabiso neemeko.

Ubunzima Bokuphikisa

Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwayo, uhlolo lwezomthetho lunyusa uxinzelele olungapheliyo lwedemokhrasi: abagwebi abanganyulwanga bangabhukuqa imithetho edluliswa ngabameli abanyuliweyo ngedemokhrasi. Eli “ligama elingoorhulumente abangoorhulumente,” eliqanjwe ngunjingalwazi womthetho uAlexander Bickel, liye laqalisa ingxoxo kangangamashumi eminyaka. Abameli baphikisa ukuba indima yejaji yendima kukunyanzelisa amaxabiso ahlala ehleliyo omGaqo-siseko, onokuthi ujonge iminqweno ethandwayo. Abahlalutyi bema ngelithi maxa wambi baphambukela umGatho ngaphandle kwenkqubo esesikweni.

Imida Nezithintelo Kungqwalaseloselo

Iimfundiso Ezinokusesikweni

Iinkundla ziye zavelisa iimfundiso eziliqela zokumisela umda kwiimeko eziya kucalucalula phantsi kwazo:

  • Ukuma: I-paltiff kufuneka ibonise isalathisi somonzakalo, uqhagamshelwano oluqinileyo kummangalelwa, kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba inkundla iyakwazi ukubuyisela umonakalo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ubuchule: Ityala kufuneka liphuhliswe ngokwaneleyo kangangokuba inkundla inganikela isigqibo esinentsingiselo ngaphandle kokuthetha ngeziganeko zexesha elizayo ezithelekelelwayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Impikiswano izakususwa [ ukuba ixabisile/ixhomekeke kwimeko ezitshintshileyo okanye ukudlula kwexesha] inkundla izakulilahla elityala.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Imfundiso Yombuzo ecacileyo: Imiba ethile ithathwa njengeyomgaqo-siseko ibotshelelwe kumasebe ezobupolitika (umz., izigqibo zenkqubo yamanye amazwe, iinkcazo zenkqubo zolu luhlu), kwaye ngaloo ndlela ayilunganga. [ Baker v. Carr [1962]), iNkundla yachaza uvavanyo lokwahlula imibuzo yezobupolitika.

Imithetho eLawulayo echaseneyo noMthetho wezeMigwebo

Abagwebi badla ngokuphikisana ngendlela abafanele bahlolisise ngayo imithetho. Abameli bemithetho yokugweba baphikisa ngelithi iinkundla zifanele zithobele indlu yowiso-mthetho ngaphandle kokuba umthetho ufanele ungabi nagunyaziso, ibhekisele kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Abaxhasi bezomthetho baphikisa ngelithi iinkundla zinembopheleleko yokukhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko naxa oko kuthetha ukuphelisa umthetho othandwayo. Ukungalawuleki kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kumele kujijeke phakathi kwezi ntanda-bulumko kuxhomekeke kwixesha nakuqanjwa kweNkundla.

Ukuqhatha kweStarsis nokugqithisa

Ngeli xesha imodeli ihlonelwa, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yazilawula izigqibo zayo ngexesha iyisekile ukuba zagqityelwa ngokuphosakeleyo okanye azisasebenzi. Umzekelo, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ ingaphezulu ekulawuleni [[[FLT:]] P [[FLT]]] V. Ferguson[[[FLT]] [[FLT]] [6]] [18696] [969]]. Ngokutshanje, [[FLT:]] Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [[FLT:] [5] [5]] [202] [202], iNkumthetho ongaphezulu .[FLT] uthelela olo luluvo oluthekileyo, kwaye uluthi oluthe kruthi oluthe kratya.[Ft] [b] [blight: [b]

Imizekelo yakutshanje kunye nophawu lwakutshanje

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

.Obergefell v. Hodges, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo zinelungelo elisisiseko lokutshata phantsi kweNkqubo yokuLawula ye 144 yePrimente Expment ne-Linganisa u-Claussmement. Isigqibo semithetho echaziwe echaza umtshato njengokuphela komntu nebhinqa. Eli tyala lingqina uhlolo lwezomthetho olusebenza ngokukhawuleza ekuqondeni okunxulumene nolinganayo. Ingqiqo yeNkundla ixhomekeke kwimimiselo yokuqala yokuqala yolwalamano kunye nokuzimela. Kwizimvo ezipheleleyo kunye neengxoxo zomlomo, ukutyelela [[FLT] [FLT:] [FLT]]

IDobbs v.

Isigqibo sama-Dobs sarhoxa malunga neminyaka engamashumi amahlanu yesithethe saza sakhupha ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko karhulumente lokuqhomfa. Inkundla, kwiimbono ezibhalwe nguJaji Samuel Aito, yathi umGaqo-siseko awubhekisi kuqhomfa kwaye ilungelo lokuqhomfa alisekelwanga kakhulu kwimbali yesizwe. Eli tyala libalaselisa ubugosa betyala (*) inkundla isenokuwujika umgaqo wayo wangaphambili, isongezelela ngokuphawulekayo umthetho womthetho-siseko. Isigqibo sawubuyisela umba kwingxelo, sikhupha umjikelo omtsha wokuqhomfa kunye nowohlolo. Ityala licacingisiwe [[FLT:] [FFF:]

EUnited States n/a Texas (2023) – Umfundi uLoan Forrence

[IBEN] v. Nebraska [2023], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa phantsi inkqubo yolawulo lomfundi weBhiden yokuxolela, eyayiya kurhoxa ukuya kuma-$20 000 kumatyala kubo bonke abobolekiweyo. Inkundla yaqinisekisa ukuba i-HEROES Act ayiwugunyazisanga umgaqo onjalo owenziwe ngokutshayelelayo kwaye isebe eliphetheyo liye lawugqitha ngaphaya kwegunya lalo. Eli tyala libonisa indlela uhlalutyo lwekomiti olusebenza ngayo kungekuphela nje kwimithetho kodwa kumgangatho wemithetho yemithetho kodwa kumgangatho onegunya phantsi kwemimiselo ekhoyo. Isigqibo saphinda saqinisekisa umgaqo wokuba uMongameli akanakuwumisela ngokungenamcimbini umthetho ophambili ngaphandle kogunyaziso olucacileyo.

ITrump . Hawaii (2018) – Ukuvalwa kohambo

Trump v. Hawaii, iNkundla yaxhasa ukuvalwa kolawulo lweTrump ekuthintelwe ukungena kumazwe amaninzi akwiSulumane. Uninzi lwafumanisa ukuba uMongameli wayenenkululeko ebanzi ekungeneni nokufuduka kwaye esi sibhengezo asizange singqubanise ukumiswa kuka-Celas woMmiselo Wokuqala, phezu kwako nje ukucelw'impikiswano yonqulo. Oku kubonisa ukuba iNkundla izimisele ukuthobela igunya eliphakamileyo kwimicimbi yesizwe, indawo apho imfundiso yezopolitiko isoloko ijongeka khona.

Isiphelo

Ukucalucalulo olusemthethweni lusabalulekile, kodwa lungaguquguquki, lunguphawu lomgaqo-siseko waseMelika. Kuvela kwimvelaphi yayo ephantsi uMarbury kumatyala aphikisanayo enkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesithathu, amandla eenkundla okuphelisa imithetho alolonga ulawulo lwelizwe. Isebenza njengesikhuselo ekungalawuleni umgangatho wesigebenga, ikhusela amalungelo angundoqo, kwaye igcina umlinganiselo phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente. Kodwa ikwakhuthaza impikiswano eqhubekayo ngendima efanelekileyo yabagwebi abanganyulwanga kwidemo-demokhrasi. Njengoko iNkubethi ephakamileyo iqhubeka ichaza nokucaphula umGaqo-siseko, iyakuhlala iyisixhobo esinamandla, ibonakalisa iinjongo zoziquluko zoziquluko kunye nokutshintsha kwawo. Ukufundwa kwembali yembali, kwaye iphinda inike i-Genethe yoluvo lwamanani engolu hlobo lomthetho. [F.2]