Ukwazisa: I-Ankile yoMgaqo-siseko yoLawulo-melo

Uhlolo lwezeejaji luyenye yeenkalo ezinamandla neziphikisanayo zenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Lindlela apho iinkundla `ezinkulu' ngokubalulekileyo iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States'.Ii-dermine ukuba ngaba imithetho, izenzo zolawulo, kunye nemigaqo karhulumente ihambelana nomGaqo-siseko. Eli gunya, nangona kungekho ndawo ithe yagunya ligunya linikiweyo ngokucacileyo kumbhalo womGaqo-siseko, liye laba linyathelo elibalulekileyo lokuhlola amandla owiso-mthetho kunye negunya. Ngaphandle kokuhlola okugweba, umGaqo-siseko ubuya kuba unokuba sengozini yokuba yimigaqo nje emiselwe, enyanzelweni, enyanzelekile, kumthetho ophakamileyo. Kwidemokhrasi, apho umgaqo omninzi umele ulungelelathiswe ngokuchasene namalungelo omntu ngamnye nemiqatha, uqikelelo lwezo, uqikelelo lwezo lomthetho luqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe lorhulumente olungaphezulu kwemidalo olumiselwe ngoxwebhu.

Le mfundiso isebenza njengesiseko somthetho, inyanzela bonke abadlali bakarhulumente ukuba benze ngokwemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko. Xa inkundla iwisa umthetho okanye ichitha umyalelo wegunya, ayithimba ulawulo-siseko kodwa iqinisekisa ukulawulwa kwabantu ngokwabo. Le ngxelo ihlolisisa imvelaphi, iingcaciso, kunye nentsingiselo eqhubekayo yohlalutyo lwezomthetho, ihlolisisa iziseko zayo zembali, ukuphunyezwa kwayo yiNkundla Ephakamileyo, ulwalamano lwayo nengcamango yedemokhrasi, kunye nocelomngeni lwangoku oluvavanya ukufaneleka kwayo.

Yintoni Impinda Yesigwebo?

Uhlolo lwalo olungundoqo, lugunya lenkundla lokuhlola ubugqeba bemithetho, imimiselo, kunye nezenzo ezisemthethweni. EUnited States, eli gunya lisebenza kwizenzo zeBhunga, izindlu zowiso-mthetho, kunye nesebe eliphetheyo kumanqanaba orhulumente naworhulumente. Xa inkundla ifumanisa ukuba umthetho uphula umthetho, uvakalisa ukuba umthetho awupheli yaye awukho. Eli gunya alilogunya leenkundla lokuthabathela indawo iimfuno zawo zemigaqo yabo yamagosa anyuliweyo; kunoko, linegunya elilinganiselweyo lokuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zihlala kwimida yemithetho.

Iintlobo Zokuphengululwa Kweejaji

Uhlolo lomthetho lungaqondwa kwimo ezimbini eziphambili: uhlolo lomgaqo-siseko ngokuphikisanayo kunye [FLT]] noluvo lwezolawulo [. Uhlolo lomgaqo-siseko lubandakanya ukuvavanya ukuba imimiselo, imimiselo, okanye imiyalelo yezolawulo ihambelana nomgaqo-siseko. Uhlolo, ngokuphikisana, ihlola ukuba izenzo zomanyano ziyavumelana na nemimiselo ezigunyazigunyazisiweyo [[FLT] ingqiqo esoloko ibhekiswa kuyo njenge [[FLT:]] iChron ukuhowulwa emva kwemeko yomthetho engundoqo [[FLT]] [FLT]].[FLT] [6].A.I-Eyences .[7]

Umlinganiselo Nemida Yokwenza Ingxubusho Egwebayo

Amandla okuhlola okugweba akavumi. Iinkundla zinyanzelwa ziimfundiso ezifana ne zimile (imfuneko yokuba iqela limele libe nomonakalo wekonkrithi ubukhali[ (ityala limele lilungele isigqibo), kwaye ukukhutshwa [ukungamela)] (ityala limele lihlale lihleli). Ukongeza, iinkundla ziqhelise imfundiso ye-Accotine [[[FLT]] [[FLT]], ukungafuni ukugqiba ukuba kubekwe kumasebe ezobupolitika okanye ezi meko zingezinye ezingomthetho. Ezi ngxaki ziqinisekisa ukuba azihlali zimele zihlale zihleli ngaphandle kokucaciswa kwazo.

Imo-motheli: Ukusuka kumaChwepheshe aMarhamente ukuya kutsho eMarbury v. Madison

Ingcamango yokuba iinkundla zingaphelisa imithetho echasene nomthetho-siseko osisiseko obekwe phambi komGaqo-siseko waseMelika. Umthetho wamaNgesi uMhlekazi Edward Coke, Dr. UCwangciso lukaBonham [ (1610]), waphikisa ukuba “xa isenzo sepalamente sichasene nelungelo kunye nengqiqo, umthetho oqhelekileyo uzawulawula." Ngelixesha imbono ka-Coke ayizange ithathe ingcambulo eNgilani, yaphembele ingcamango yamathangalane aseMelika. Iinkundla zamandulo zikarhulumente zazidla ngokubetha imithetho echasene nemithetho yomthetho, zimisela isiko solawulo.

Ukusekwa okuqinisekileyo komjikelo wobulungisa kumgangatho wesizwe kwafika uMarbury v. Madison [1803]. Kuloo meko, uWilliam Marbury, ukumiselwa kweMongameli John Adams owehlayo, wafuna umkhankanye we-mandamus ukuba anyanzele uManvas weSizwe uJames Madison ukuba adlulisele uthumo lwakhe. UJaji omkhulu John Marshalllall, ebhalela iNkubhala iNkundla, ejongene ngxaki yezobupolitika: ukulawula kukaMarbury kuzakumema idemonias abaphathi abaphezulu; ukumisela yena ulawulo oluchasene nomthetho. UMarshall wayenomthetho wokuba uMarbury abekwe kwinguqumrhulu-o-om, xa evakalisa iiNkupho zomthetho wakhe owenziwe ngokungekho mthethweni.

Oondoqo abasuka eMarbury v. Madison

  • UmGaqo-siseko ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, yaye nawuphi na umthetho olizothe kuwo uphuthile.
  • Kungumsebenzi wejaji ukutolika umGaqo-siseko nokungavumi ukugcinwa kwemithetho engavumelaniyo nemithetho.
  • Uhlolo lwezeejaji lunikela uhlolisiso olubalulekileyo kumandla owiso-mthetho, luqinisekisa ukuba iNkomfa ayiligqithi igunya layo elidweliswe.

Emva [[FLT:] , iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayicotha ukusebenzisa amandla ayo amatsha. Ayizange ibethe omnye umthetho wezwe de Dred Scott v. Sandford [1857]] [isigqibo sentlekele esabangela ukuba iMissouri ilahleke kwaye inyuswe uxanduva. Noko ke, umgaqo wawuqinile, nasemva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, inkundla yasebenzisa uhlolo lokulungisa ukubumba umhlaba womgaqo wesizwe.

Indima YeNkundla Ephakamileyo Kwingxubusho Yale Mihla Yezogwebo

INkundla Ephakamileyo ihlala kwincopho yejaji yephondo. Nyaka ngamnye, ifumana izibongozo ezimalunga nama-7 000 ukuya ku-8 000 zetyala le-certiorari, kodwa iyavumelana nokuva amatyala amalunga nama-80 kuphela. Izibuko leNkundla lineengxelo eziphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo yezomgaqo-siseko okanye iingxabano phakathi kweenkundla eziphantsi. Le nkqubo ikhethayo iqinisekisa ukuba iNkundla igxininisa kwimibandela ebaluleke kakhulu kwesizwe.

Xa iNkundla ivuma ityala, isoloko ifumana cumiae (iqabane lenkundla) ishwankathela imishwana evela kumaqela anomdla ``iintlangano zenkululeko yasekuhlaleni, amaqela enkululeko yabemi, amashishini, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente. Ezi zishwankathelana zinika izigwebo ngeempikiswano ezongezelelekileyo kunye nogcino-lwazi olululo, ukwandisa ukuqonda kweNkusebenza kweNkundla ngezigqibo zayo. Emva kwengxoxo yomlomo nengqungquthela yangaphakathi, iNkuveza uluvo olubhaliweyo olunyanzelela zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi.

Ityala elibalaseleyo leNkundla ePhakamileyo elibonisa iNgxelo yezeMigwebo

  • Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) - Ngokupheleleyo yathi ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke lwaphula uKhuselo olulinganayo luka Claus, lungquzulanisa imfundiso ye [ elinganayo] Pnet v. Ferguson [1896]
  • Roe v. [773]) – Yaqonda ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lomfazi lokuba yedwa phantsi kweNkqubo ka-Claus, iquka isigqibo sokuphelisa ukukhulelwa. (Ngaphaya koko i-] Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization ngo-202222].)
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) – Ijijiwe izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo zinelungelo elisisiseko lokutshata phantsi koLawulo lweshumi elinesine.
  • United States v. Nixon (1974]) – isaziso sikaMongameli uRichard Nixon sokuba nelungelo elipheleleyo lokulawula, ukuyalela ukukhululwa kweekhasethi zeWatergate.

Sigqibo ngasinye sibonisa indlela uhlolo lokugweba olunokukhusela ngayo amalungelo abantu, ukunyanzelwa kwemiqathango yezakhiwo, yaye maxa wambi, lubhukuqa uqheliselo olunzulu lwentlalo. Kwakhona lubonisa indima yeNkundla njengomxhasi wokugqibela wentsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko.

Ingcebiso yezeejaji kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wedemokhrasi

Uhlolo lwezomthetho lubonisa uxinzelelo oluhlala luhleli kwingcinga yedemokhrasi: abagwebi abanganyulwanga, abasebenzela ubomi, ababhukuqisa imithetho edluliselwa ngabameli abanyuliweyo ngedemokrasi? Oku kwaziwa njengoxanduva olungundoqo lomthetho lobuzwe], ibinzana eliveliswe ngumphetho-mthetho ongoomposiso [, ibinzana eliqatshelwe ngumphelo owesazinzulu, uAlexander Bickel. Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi xa iinkundla ziwisa umthetho oqhelekileyo, bayawahlula umnqweno woninzi. Abameli baphikisa ukuba uMgaqo-siseko ngokwawo uluxwebhu olungundoqo olubeka amalungelo athile ngaphaya kokufikelela kooyena nyaka-okwexeshana, kwaye ngaphandle kokuhlola okugweba, uninzi lungawacimelwa ngokucwangcisa amalungelo aphambili.

Iingqinipho - bume Nokulungelelana Okuqheliselwayo

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ayiphelelanga nje ekuhloleni ikomiti egwebayo. IBhunga linokuphendula kwisigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo ngokuguqula umGaqo-siseko (inkqubo enqabileyo nenzima) okanye ngokukhupha umthetho omtsha othetha ngeengxaki zeNkundla. Isebe elilawulayo linyanzelisa (okanye maxa wambi lichasa) imithetho yezomthetho. Yaye amandla kamongameli okungalawuli aqinisekisa ukuba ijaji yeyokuba, ekuhambeni kwexesha, isabela kwiziphumo zonyulo.

Ukukholosa Kuluntu Lonke Nomthetho Osemthethweni

Umthetho ungundoqo wemali yejaji. Ngokungafaniyo nomongameli okanye iNkundla, iNkundla ayinako ukulawula isikhwakhwa okanye ikrele. Ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ekuthobeleni ngokuzithandela imithetho yayo. Oku kwenza uluntu luthembeke. Xa uluntu luqonda ukuba iNkundla ingakhethi, ilungele umgaqo-siseko, yaye ikulungele ukunyanzelisa umGaqo-siseko nxamnye neemvakalelo eziqhelekileyo, izigqibo zayo zinobunzima obungokokuziphatha nokusebenza. Noko ke, ukuvota kwayo kwakutshanje kubonisa ukuncipha kwentembelo, ngokukodwa ngokulandela izigqibo eziphikiswayo ngokuqhoqhola, amalungelo emba umlo, kunye nenkululeko yonqulo. Ukugcina intelelo kufune ukuba abantu bajonge izigwebo, uluvo olucacileyo kunezigqibo ezingo zomthetho kunokuba banyanise kwiimfuno okanye izibo eziluncedo.

Iingxaki Zangexesha Elizayo Zokuhlolisiswa Kweejaji

Uhlolo lwezomthetho kwinkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesihlanu lujongene neqela leengcinezelo ezivavanya ukuqina kwalo. Ukuthatyathwa kwephondo kwezobupolitika kuye kwaqinisa inkqubo yokuqinisekisa abagwebi besizwe, iguqula iNdlu yeeNgwevu ibe libala kwintanda-bulumko yokugweba. Ngoku intlukwano zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zidla ngokubangela uqhekeko olunzulu, zicuthe imbono yokuba abagwebi bangaphezulu kwezobupolitika.

Impembelelo Yembono Kawonke - wonke

Ngeli xesha iinkundla zizimele ngokusemthethweni, uluvo lukawonke-wonke lungachaphazela ukuqulunqwa kwezomthetho, ingakumbi kwiimeko apho iNkundla yahlulelene kakhulu. Uphando lubonisa ukuba iNkundla ngamanye amaxesha ilandela amatshintshi kuluvo lukawonke-wonke ukuze iphephe amanqam asemthethweni. Umzekelo, utshintsho olukhawulezileyo ekumkeleni umtshato ongokwasentlalweni phakathi kowe-1990 kunye nowama 2010 lusenokuphembelela ukuqiqa [ku- Obergefe [. Kodwa kukho ingozi yokuba iNkube inkundla isenokusabela kakhulu ekufuneni ukuthandwa, inciphisa indima yayo njengonozakuhlala uvalwano olunolwayo lwamalungelo omgaqo-mthetho.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika NeNkundla

Njengoko amaqela ezobupolitika eye aqina, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yeNkundla Ephakamileyo nokuqinisekiswa kwenkundla ePhakamileyo kuye kwabangela ulwamkelo olukhulu. Ukungavumi kuka-2016 ukuchophela ityala likaMerrick Garland, kulandelwa kukuqinisekiswa ngokukhawuleza kuka-Amy Coney Barrett ngo-2020, ukuvunywa kweNkundla ukuba iNkundla ikukulwa kwezobupolitika nje okuchasene nezopolitiko. Le mbono isongela ukufaneleka kweNkulwa kweNkundla kwaye iphakamisa imibuzo edidanisayo ngokuhlala ixesha elide kovavanyo lwezomthetho: ukuba iNkundla ithe ibonwa njengomkhamlathisi wezopolitiki, ngaba uwonke wonke uya kuqhubeka ethobela izigwebo zayo? Iko lombutho lenkundla lisengozini.

Ukupakisha Kwenkundla Notshintsho Lwezakhiwo

Abanye abaxhasi abahambela phambili, abakhutyekiswe kukujinga-jinga okungatshintshiyo kweNkundla emva kokumiswa kweTrump-era, baye bacela ukwandisa inani leejaji , ukuqheliswa kwazo ngokuzibiza ngokuba kukupakisha kwenkundla. Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi ukunduluka okunjalo kuya kwenza iNkundla ingabinakulungiseka ingabinako ukuphinda ilungiswe kwaye kuxhokonxwe nanini na amandla etshintsha izandla. Abanye bacebisa utshintsho oluthe chathayo, njengokuseka ikhowudi ebambekayo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha yemithetho esesikweni okanye ukuyila inkqubo yemiqathango yeminyaka eli-18 eshukuma-18. Le ngxoxo igxininisa ukusetyenziswa kobuchule benkundla, ehlala kumalungiselelo esithethe endaweni yemibhalo yomgaqo.

Ikamva Lempinda Yogwebo

Ikamva lohlolo logwebo liya kuxonxwa yimpembelelo yangaphakathi neyendawo. Ngaphakathi, ukuqanjwa kweNkundla okuchaphazela iingcamango kuza kugqiba indlela ewuchaza ngayo umGaqo-siseko ("enokuba iwutolika] ngokwenziwa kwantlandlolo, ngomGaqo-siseko, okanye ngenye indlela. Ngaphandle koko, ingcinezelo yezobupolitika, ukuthemba uluntu, kunye nokuguquka okunokwenzeka kuya kuvavanya ukuqina kwejaji njengesiko.

Utshintsho Olunokwenzeka Ukuze Lomelele Incwadi Yomculo

  • Imida yexesha elifutshane yamatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo. Okwangoku, ubomi buqinisekisiwe phantsi kweQumrhu III. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi imilinganiselo yegama izakunciphisa amagophe onyuselo ngalunye, inciphiso, kwaye iqinisekise ukujika rhoqo. Imigca esuka kuludwe lweminyaka eli-18 engaphinde ishukumiswe ukubeka kulungiselelo rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukwandisa inani lamatyala. Ngexesha impikiswano, abanye abaphengululi abasemthethweni baxhasa ukudityaniswa kwezihlalo ukuze bongeze impembelelo yokunikwa idinga elinye. Noko ke, oku kubeka umjikelo wokwandiswa kwetyala.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Ikhompathimenti ingafuna iNkundla ifumane ikhowudi ebophelelayo yemithetho yokuziphatha, kuquka ukutyhilwa kwezigqibo zobutyala kunye nezilangazelelo zemali.
  • [ Imfundo kawonke-wonke malunga nesavelisi-mthetho. iinkqubo zemfundo yeCUB ezichaza indima kunye nenkqubo yohlolo lokugweba zingaqinisa ukufaneleka kwaye zikhuthaze intetho yesidlangalala enolwazi olungakumbi.

Akukho nanye kwezi nguqulelo enokuthi ivunywe ngokukhawuleza, kodwa le ngxoxo ngokwayo ibonisa ukudityaniswa okufanelekileyo kwedemokhrasi nendima yejaji. Ukusinda ngokupheleleyo kwesigwebo kuxhomekeke ekuzibopheleleni komthetho kunye nasekukulungeleni ukwamkela igunya leNkundla kwanaxa izigqibo zayo zingathandwa.

Isiphelo: Ukuphanda Ngegunya

Uhlolo lwejaji alulogama elimileyo leriphabliki yamandulo. Luqheliso olunamandla, olukhuphiswano, nolubalulekileyo oluzitshintshayo njengoko kuvela imibuzo emitsha engokwasemthethweni kunye neemeko zoluntu. Marbury v. Madison kwigama lakutshanje, iNkundla iye yasebenzisa amandla ayo ukubumba ubomi baseMelika . Ukukhusela amalungelo abantu, ukuchaza imida yegunya likarhulumente, nokuqinisekisa ukwahlulwa kwamandla. Isibakala sokuba ingxubusho yejaji yetyala iphikisana kwaye icelw'ucel'umqondiso wokubaluleka kwayo. Kwidemokhrasi ephilileyo, akukho mandla akufunekangaphikiswa, hayi akhunjulwa, ngaphandle kohlalulo lwenkundla. Kodwa, umGaqo-siseko uya kulahlekelwa ngamazinyo, kwaye ugunya lokugweba.

Njengokuba uhlanga lusiya phambili, ukulondoloza ukwenziwa ngokomthetho nokusebenza kwempinda yogwebo kuza kufuna ukuphaphamela kuwo onke amasebe karhulumente nakubemi abasebenzayo. Ukufunda ngokubhekele phambili kwimbali yohlolo lwezomthetho, bona [[FLT:] Marbury v. Madine iphepha [ ngu-Oyez, okanye uhlolo lwe-[FLT:] i-Chonitive ingx yembali yamandla egwebayo [ kwiLibralk yeCreslare. Iimbono ezithe kratya kwi-clate ye-Cerreast . [5] Imithetho ye-Certivesmes, inika inkxaso ye-Calthmagesastert [FT] kunye ne-Genetic , i-Genestigsterol.[5]