Ukwazisa: Ukwakhiwa Kwetyala Lezaphuli - mthetho

Ityala liyinkqubo yomthetho kawonke-wonke kunye nenkqubo esemthethweni yokucombulula impikiswano okanye yokumisa ityala. Liyinkqubo elungelelanisiweyo apho amacala amabini aphikisanayo — ukutshutshiswa (okanye ukuchanabeka kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni) kunye nokuzikhusela (ukuchana kwe-"lifor) kunye nengxwabangxwaba phambi kwento engathathi-nxaxheba, ngokwesiqhelo ijaji okanye ijaji. Ukuqonda inkqubo yokuvavanya akuyo nje imfundo yemfundo; kubalulekile nabani na onokuthi asebenze njengejaji, adibane nenkqubo esemthethweni, okanye afune ukuqonda indlela okusetyenziswa ngayo okusesikweni kwibutho ledemokhrasi. Eli nqaku linweba kwimigangatho ebalaseleyo ye-ijaji-ukukhetha ukuya kwisigqibo sokwenza isigqibo.

Inkqubo yokuvavanya yenzelwe ukuba ibe yeyokufumana, ithetha ukuba icala ngalinye limela ngamandla indawo yalo phantsi kwemithetho emiselweyo yobungqina kunye nenkqubo. Ijaji isebenza njengonogada ongakhethi buso, iqinisekisa okusesikweni kwaye ifundisa abachopheli-tyala ngomthetho osebenzayo. Abachopheli bejaji, abadweliswe kuluntu, basebenza njengenkqumlisi-nyaniso, besebenzisa umthetho njengoko uyalelwa kwizibakala njengoko befumana. Ngezantsi, sidityaniswa isigaba ngasinye ngobunzulu obuphezulu, sidibanisa umxholo wokwenene wehlabathi kunye nolwazi olungobuchule.

Inkqubela-phambili: Ukuseka icandelo

Ngaphambi kokuba ukuvavanywa kuqale, imisebenzi yangaphambi kovavanyo enzima ibumba inxulumanisa ilimine (ukususa ulwazi lomthetho). Oku kuquka ukuchaphazeleka (kwizimo zolwaphulo-mthetho), ukufunyanwa (ukutshintshana kobungqina phakathi kwamaqela), kunye nokuhamba kwangaphambi kovavanyo. Intshukumo efana nokuhamba ukucinezela ubungqina (ukuyikhupha ngokungekho mthethweni) okanye intshukumo kwi-limine (ukususa ulwazi olufihlakeleyo) ingachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo ubungqina obuviweyo. Umzekelo, ukuba uvumo lwetyala lufunyenwe ngaphandle kwezilumkiso ezifanelekileyo zeMiranda, umahluleli angalawula ukuba isitshixo sizakusetyenziswa, ayiseka phambi kokuba aphumele ityala elidala.

Ukhetho Lwamagqabi: IVoir Dire Crucible

Ukusuka KwiChibi LaseJury Ukuya KwiPetit Jury

Ukhetho lwe Jury, okanye oludala (kwintsingiselo endala yesiFrentshi "ukuthetha inyaniso"), yinkqubo apho iqela lejaji eliza kufumana igqiza libuzwa ukuba likhethe irula elilungileyo nelingakhethiyo. Le nkqubo iqala ngokukhupha iquada yechibi iqula lenqanawa iqela labemi elikhutshwa kwiirekhodi zobhaliso, iireji zemali yomqhubi, okanye irhafumfa yerhafu yerhafu. Ubungakanani bechithi liyahluka ngokonga kwimithetho kunye nokuntsonkothile.

Yakuba idibene, ijaji ichaza eli tyala, ichaza amaqela namagqwetha, ize ibuze imibuzo engokwandulela iimfaneleko zejaji: ubumi, ubudala, ukuhlala, nokukwazi ukuqonda isiNgesi. Emva koko iqala isiqu se-voir esitsha-theth-gexel, isigaba sokubuza.

Ukuphonononga i Voir: Ubugcisa neqhinga

Kokubini ukutshutshiswa kunye nokuzithethelela (namanye amaxesha ijaji) ibuza imibuzo enokuba ngabagwebi. Injongo intlupheko intlu - mbini: (1) ukutyhila ikhethe okanye ikhethe eliya kuthintela umgwebi ekugqibeni ityala ngokubhekiselele kubungqina, kwaye (2) ukuqokelela inkcazelo enceda icala ngalinye ligqibe ukuba ngaliphi na icala elinokucel

  • Ukwazi imeko okanye amaqela (umz. "Ngaba ukhe wayibona ingxelo yendaba ngesi siganeko")
  • Amava obuqu olwaphulo-mthetho okanye inkqubo engokwasemthethweni (umz., "Ngaba wakha walixhoba lolwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo?)
  • Iimbono zokugcinwa komthetho, umthwalo wobungqina, okanye iindidi ezithile zobungqina (umz., "Ngaba nikholelwa ukuba amapolisa asoloko ethetha inyaniso?")
  • Ubuchule bokungakhethi buso nokusebenzisa imbono yokungabi natyala.

Ijaji isenokubuza imibuzo elungiselelwe ukutyhila iimbono ezinzulu. Kumatyala aphezulu, amagqwetha asoloko esebenzisa abacebisi abanokuhlalutya ulwimi lomzimba lwabachopheli-jaji, iingxelo zezentlalo-ndaba, kunye neempendulo zemibuzo zokwakha iindidi ezintle okanye ezingalunganga zabagwebi.

Ucelomngeni: Ukuze Ube Nesizathu Sokwenza Izinto Uze Uzicinezele

Emva komlilo onzima, amagqwetha ayazilolonga ukususa abachopheli abathile bejaji kwiqela lenjongo. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini:

  • Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho: Igqwetha licela ijaji ukuba igxothe ijaji ngenxa yesizathu esikhethekileyo esibonisa ikhethe okanye ukungakwazi ukukhonza (umz., "Lo mgwebi uyavuma ukuba akanakukhetha kuba unyana wakhe wagwetywa ngetyala elifanayo."). Akukho mda kwinani lezizathu ezibangela iingxaki, kodwa ijaji kufuneka ivume.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ucelomngeni lokukhulula: Igqwetha lingamgxotha umphetho ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu. Icala ngalinye linamanani alinganiselweyo ocelomngeni (ngoko 3-10 kuxhomekeke kwimeko). Noko ke, iingxaki zokukhulula azinakusetyenziswa ukucalula ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, ubuhlanga, okanye ubufana, njengoko kumiselwe Batson v. Kentucky kunye nomthetho olandelayo.

Isalathisi sokugqibela setyala ``I-aval''') ngokwe-12 kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho (ii-6 ivumelekile kumatyala athile olwaphulo-mthetho oluqhelekileyo okanye oluncinane) kunye nokutshintsha-tshintsha-tshintsha (isithi ke ngoko liza kufumana ubungqina. Eli qela liza kufumana imiyalelo, lifumane imiyalelo kumgwebi, kwaye ngebom liphumeze kwisigqibo.

Ingxelo Evulayo: Ushicilelo oluluhlaza lwetyala

Emva kokuba iavaluki ibekwe kwindawo yokuhlala, icala ngalinye likhupha umba ovulayo. Le asiyompikiswano; kunoko, yimephu yohambo ebonakalisayo. I-drix (okanye i-coltiff) iyaqala, ichaza izibakala abazimisele ukuzingqina kunye namangqina abaya kubiza. Ukhuseleko lunganikela ukuvula kwalo kwangoko emva okanye luyigcine de kube emva kwetyala lengxwabangxwaba. Amagqwetha amaninzi akhetha ukulibazisa ukuvula kwawo ukuphepha ukutyhila amaqhinga awo ngaphambi kwexesha.

Izixhobo ezisebenzayo zishwankathelwe, zibhalwe ngokufutshane, zibekwe kwingxelo, kwaye zibekwe kwisiqinisekiso. Umtshutshisi usenokuthi, "Ubungqina buzakubonisa ukuba iminwe yommangalelwa ifunyenwe kwisixhobo sokubulala kwaye inentshukumisa kunye namathuba. Ukuzikhusela kusenokuphendula, "Ubungqina buzakubonisa ukuba iminwe yanyathiswa, kwaye umntu wesithathu wayenenjongo efanayo. Umgwebi uyala abalawuli ukuba iingxelo zokuvula azibonisi, kodwa zinamandla okubumba izimvo zokuqala ze-intloko ezixhaswa luphando olubonisa ukuba ukwenziwa kolwazi lokuqala lwe-ankile.

Ucape-in-Chief

Ukwakhiwa Nomthwalo Wobungqina

Iqela elinoxanduva lobungqina − ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho (ngaphandle kobuthandabuzeki obusengqiqweni) okanye ummangali kwityala loluntu (ubungqina obuqwalaselwe)).) liqala ngokuchaza ityala lalo. Injongo kukuseka zonke iinkalo zetyala okanye ukulibeka ngobungqina obucacileyo.

Ukuhlolisisa Ngokungqalileyo Nobungqina BamaNgqina

Umtshutshisi okanye igqwetha elingumgqwirha elingumgqeba ubiza amangqina, ngamnye, kwaye abuze imibuzo evunyiweyo elungiselelwe ukukhupha izibakala ezinxulumeneyo. Umzekelo, ingqina lokuzibonela lingabuzwa, "Ubone ntoni ngobusuku bukaJuni 5?" Ubungqina bale ngxelo buthathwa njengobungqina. Igqwetha likwazisa [ amaxhibit[] [_ubungqina obubonakalayo obunje ngamaxwebhu, imifanekiso, izixhobo, okanye iirekhodi zamanani.

Ungqubano Olunqamlezayo: Iqonga elikhulu

Emva kovavanyo lwamangqina ngalunye oluthe ngqo, igqwetha eliphikisayo linelungelo lokubuza i-astamine. Eli lisixhobo esibalulekileyo se-adversarial. Lo mda uphelela kwizinto eziphakanyiswe ngokuthe ngqo, kodwa kulowo mda, umnqamlezo-ataminer angabuza imibuzo ekhokelayo (umz., "Ayinyani ukuba ubume iinyawo ezilishumi kunye kwaye ubumnyama?"). Iinjongo zimele ukuba:

  • Ukungaqiniseki okanye ukuhlasela ukuthembeka kwamangqina (iingxelo zangaphambili ezingangqinelaniyo, ukungakhumbuli kakuhle).
  • Izibakala ezinceda umnqamlezi weminenga.
  • Beka isiseko sokungathethi nto xa ingqina liphikisana.

Uvavanyo olungobuchule lokunqumla ucango lungalityhila ityala. Umzekelo, igqwetha elikhuselayo linganqumla i-examine igosa lamapolisa malunga nokusilela ukulandela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zobungqina obufunyenweyo, lidala amathandabuzo asengqiqweni ngokuthembeka kobungqina bokukhusela ilahleko.

Amathandabuzo Nemithetho Yobungqina

Kulo lonke unikezelo lobungqina, amagqwetha anganyusa iziqinisekiso xa icala elichaseneyo liphula imithetho ebhaliweyo, ngokomzekelo, ulumfama (ingxelo yetyala enikelwe inyaniso yemeko), okanye ukunqongophala kwesiseko, okanye izinto ezicalucalucalulo ezidlula ixabiso lento efunekayo. Umgwebi ubeka imithetho kwimpikiswano nganye: "ulwahlulelo" (uchasalo luxhasiwe, kwaye ubungqina buchasiwe ngaphandle kokungqina oku. Oku kusoloko kuqinisekisa ukuba kuphela okuthembekileyo nokufanelekileyo kufikelela kumgwebi. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo ngumthetho [FLT:] [FT], oklotyo, oklelisayokunga bungqina obungangomnye umntu onikela ubungqina obungangomnye (ubungqina obungasetyenziswangachazwangangomnye).

Emva kokuba ityala liphumile, ukhuseleko luye luthathe isigwebo esingqalileyo okanye "umgwebo wokugwetywa," uphikisa ngelithi ubungqina bengtshutshiso abuyonelanga ngokusemthethweni ukuxhasa ukuvalwa. Ukuba ijaji iyavuma, ityala liphela ngoko naphaya; ukuba akunjalo, ukukhusela kuyaqhubekeka.

Ityala lokhuselo: Ukungalawuleki emsebenzini

Iinzima Nemisebenzi

Ummangalelwa akafuneki ukuba anikele nabuphina ubungqina − ukubonakala kobumsulwa nomthwalo womtshutshisi wobungqina uhlala uhleli. Kodwa abamangalelwa badla ngokukhetha ukunikela ityala ukuxhasa ubungqina bukarhulumente, ukunikela enye ingxelo okanye uewey njenge-efense, ilibi, okanye i-ephami.

Iindidi zobungqina bokhuselo

Njengommangaleli, ukhuseleko lubiza amangqina (kuquka ummangalelwa) noMhlaziyi wesihlanu ukhusela ekunyanzelweni ukuba angazinyanzeli, ngoko ummangalelwa angakhetha ukungangqinelani) kunye nokuzichaza. Iindlela zokuzikhusela zohlobo luquka:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Amangqina angama-Alibi abeka ummangalelwa kwenye indawo ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amangqina aphakanyisiweyo avavanya ubungqina obubonisa ukuma kwe-ensic (umz., ingcali yeDNA yokhuselo engqina ukuba uvavanyo lwelebhu lubuthathaka).
  • [[Umthetho:0] Amangqina angophawu angqina ukuba ummangalelwa usaziwa kakuhle (nangokuba oku kuvula ucango lokuba umtshutshisi azise ubungqina obungalunganga bobusebenzi kwityala).
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukungenelela kwamangqina atshutshisayo ngokungenisa iingxelo eziphikisanayo zangaphambili, ubungqina bocalulo, okanye iingxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukhuseleko lungaphinda luvuselele ukuhamba kwalo ukugweba ukugwetywa kokugwetywa ekupheleni kwemeko yayo.

Izityholo Zokugqiba: Ukweyisela Kwokugqibela

Xa omabini amacala ephumlile, amagqwetha anika iimpikiswano ezinika ingxubusho . Eli lithuba lokugqibela lokuthetha ngqo kubachopheli-mvo. Iimpikiswano ezivalayo zeze ingxubusho , azinakuzoba ubungqina obunengqiqo obuvela kubungqina kwaye zixubushe ukuthembeka kwamangqina, kodwa azinakuguqulela ngxelo okanye isibheno kwikhethe.

Umtshutshisi (okanye umtshutshisi) uhamba kuqala, eshwankathela ubungqina kwaye ephikisa isizathu sokuba buhlangabeze umthwalo ofunekayo. Ukuzikhusela, ukuqaqambisa ubuthathaka, ukungangqinelani, nokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Umtshutshisi ngoko ufumana i- i-east[[FLT]]] impikiswano emfutshane kwingcebiso eliphakanyisiweyo. Kwimiba yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukhuseleko lusoloko luthetha ixesha elidlulileyo ekugqibeleni okuyintloko, kodwa ingxengxengxezo inegama lokugqibela kwi-partal.

Ukuvalwa okunempumelelo kulungiselelwe kwimixholo: "Le tyala lixhomekeke kukhetho lommangalelwa lokuzisa umpu kwibar," okanye "ubungqina bubonisa ukuba ingozi nje eyingozi." Amacebo erhalo afana nokuphindaphinda, iingcinga, kunye nezibongozo ezingqalileyo kwingqiqo eqhelekileyo yabachopheli-mthetho ziqhelekile. Noko ke, ukucelw'ukhuthuzo olukhuthaza abachopheli-mthetho ukuba benze isigqibo ngokusekelwe kwimfesane okanye kwikhethe elibi lingavunyelwayo, kwaye zingakhokelela ekuqululweni ukuba ngabagqwesi.

Imiyalelo Engokwasemthethweni: UMthetho Usetyenziswa Kwizibakala

Phambi kokuba abachopheli- tyala baqalise ukukhupha ityala, ijaji ifunda [[FLT: 0] imiyalelo ye-jury (esoloko ibizwa "iiincopho") echaza imigaqo esemthethweni ekufuneka isetyenziswe. Le miyalelo igquma:

  • Iziqalelo zetyala ngalinye (umz., ukufumana ummangalelwa enetyala lokuqhekeza, kufuneka ufumanise ukuba ungene kwisakhiwo ngaphandle kwemvume enenjongo yokubaba").
  • Umthwalo wobungqina (umz. "ukumangalelwa makungqine iprojekthi nganye ngokungenakuphikiswa").
  • Imithetho ephathelele ukuthembeka, ubungqina obusekelwe kwimibandela ethile nendlela yokuhlolisisa ubungqina obuneengcali.
  • Iinkqubo zokucamngca (umz. "Isigqibo sakho masingahambelani; kufuneka nidibane ngoko nangoko nizame ukufikelela isivumelwano").

Izalathisi zamacala omabini zithobela imiyalelo ecetyisiweyo, kwaye ijaji ibamba ingqungquthela yokuzigqibela. Imiyalelo ngumthetho; abachopheli-tyala kufuneka bayilandele. Amanyathelo angekho mthethweni kwimiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala asisizinzi esiqhelekileyo sokubhenela.

Isigqibo: Ibhokisi Emnyama

Emva kokufumana imiyalelo, abachopheli-tyala bathatha umhlala-phantsi kwigumbi labucala. Akukho bani ukhoyo. Abachobi bakhetha umveleli oza kukhokela ingxubusho. Ukukhupha ityala kusenokuhlala imizuzu ngeveki, kuxhomekeke ekuntsonkothekeni kwetyala nobunzulu bokungavumelani phakathi kwabachopheli-mthetho.

Imisebenzi Enzima Yokuzikhulula

Abasebenzi bathetha ngobungqina obusuka kumaphetshana abo (ukuba bavumelekile), umboniso we-examine, kunye neengxoxo. Baphikisana ngokuthembeka, iingxelo ezingqubanayo, namandla obungqina benzululwazi. Isiseko esingundoqo yingcamango yobuthandabuzelo obusengqiqweni kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho: ukuba nayiphi na ijaji ihlala ithandabuza ngokusengqiqweni emva kwengxoxo epheleleyo, bayalelwa ukuba bangavotelwa ukuba bangabi natyala. Oku kubangela ukuba inkoliso yabantu iphulaphule ngenyameko.

Ukuba ngaba ijaji ibopha ityala lifakele, ```I-FLT'] inokubakhuthaza ukuba baqhubeke befumana isigwebo esidibeneyo'. Ijaji inganika [[FLT: 1] ityala ityala] elikhuthaza ukuba baqhubeke besenza isigqibo kwaye baphinde bathathe amanyathelo abo, kodwa ngaphandle kokunikezela ukuvumelana ngesisa. Ukuba umva ofileyo uyaqhubeka, ijaji uvakalisa ukuba i-[[FLT: 4.] imisquary. Imeko ngoko isenokuphinda ifakwe phambi kwenkundla entsha, nangona abatshutshisi benokukhetha ukungaphinde baphinde bavume ukuvumelana nobungqina obubuthathaka.

Isigwebo Nendlela Engaphaya Kwaso

Ifunda Isigwebo

Abachopheli betyala babuyela enkundlani, kwaye umgwebi ophambili unika isakhelo sesigqibo kwijaji. Umahluleli usifunda ngokuvakalayo. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, isigqibo se "ityala" okanye "ayinatyala" (okanye "ityala elincinane eliqukiweyo") linikezelwa. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, isigqibo sibonisa ukuba liliphi iqela elifumanayo kwaye ligqibe ityala. Isigqibo "asona sibekek ’ ityala" kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho asikokufumana ukuba msulwa", ithetha ukuba ityala aliphumeleli ukuhlangabezana nomthwalo walo. Isigqibo se "guilty" sikhokelela ekugwetyweni (manye amaxesha umgwebi ugweba ngeli kamva).

Intshukumo nezibheno zePost-Imposiso

Emva kwesigqibo, iqela eliphulukana nentlanganiso lisenokuyifakela ifayile yentshukumo zasemva kwetyala, umzekelo, intshukumo yokugweba ngaphandle kwesigqibo (JOV) okanye intshukumo yokulingwa okutsha. Ukuba ijaji iyakhanyela le tyala, ingabhenela. Izibheno zijolise kwiimpazamo ezisemthethweni ezenzeka ngexesha lokuvavanywa (umz., imiyalelo engafanelekanga yabagwebi, imigaqo ephosakeleyo, uncedo lweziluleko olungaphumeleliyo lwecebo). Iinkundla ze-Applate aziphindi zingqinelani izibakala-nyani; ziphinda zibuyisele iingxelo zempazamo zomthetho. Ukuba impazamo engenakuguqulwa ifunyenwe, inkundla ye-Aubelta ingayala ityala entsha okanye i-viemo-mvume epheleleyo.

Ukuqonda la maqondo .ukusuka kwinqanaba lokuqala elidakumbileyo ukuya kwinkqubo yokugqibela ye-appellate ekhoyo, ityhila inkqubo yokuvavanya njengendlela ephilayo, elungelelanisayo eyenzelwe ukulinganisa inyaniso-efuna ngobulungisa obuqhelekileyo. Le nkqubo ayifezekanga, kodwa imbonakalo yayo kunye nesakhiwo sayo esinemiqathango sishiyeka phakathi kwezona ndlela zivavanyiweyo zokucombulula iingxwabangxwano kwibutho ledemokhrasi.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwiinkqubo zokhetho lwetyala, bona [[FLT: 0] IINkundla zase-U.: IiNkulumbuso eziluvo. Kwimithetho eneenkcukacha yobungqina, jongana ne Iqumrhu lolwazi lomthetho: Imithetho elandelelanayo yobungqina. Inkcazo yenkqubo yokuvavanya ikhona ukusuka [[FLT:]4] Eclopedia Britannica: Uvavanyo [LT].[FLT]