Table of Contents

IBhili yamaLungelo imele njengenye yamaxwebhu abalulekileyo kwimbali yaseMerika, esebenza njengesiseko senkululeko yomntu ngamnye nesivikelo nxamnye nobugqwirha bukarhulumente. Iqinisekiswe ngoDisemba 15, 1791, ezi ziphumo zokuqala ezilishumi kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States zimisela ukhuseleko olusisiseko oluqhubeka lubumba ulawulo-melo lwedemokhrasi lwaseMelika kunye neenkqubo ezingokwasemthethweni ehlabathini lonke. Ukuqonda iBhili yamaLungelo, ingakumbi inkululeko yokuthetha nezinye inkululeko eyimfuneko ekufuneka iyaziqinisekisa, kubaluleke kakhulu kubo bonke abami abanqwenela ukuwaqonda ngokupheleleyo amalungelo abo kunye neembopheleleko zabo kwibutho ledemokhrasi.

Imeko Yembali Nokudala Amalungelo

IBhili yamaLungelo yavela kwingxoxo enzulu yezobupolitika ngexesha lokuqhathwa komGaqo-siseko. Ngexesha lengxoxo engokwamkelwa komGaqo-siseko, abachasi bayo bamangalela ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba umGaqo-siseko njengowabelwe ukuba uza kuvulela indlela yokungqwabalaza ngurhulumente ophakathi, besakhumbula ngokutsha ukuchasana kwamalungelo abantu eBritani ngaphambi nangexesha leMvukelo. Le ngxelo yembali yabumba izikhuselo ezisisiseko ezaziya kuthi ekugqibeleni zikhuselwe kwiminyeni yokuqala elishumi.

Izazi ngemikhosi elwa neFederali zafuna igunya lokuhlala norhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni kwaye zavumela irejista yamalungelo okukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, ngeli xesha amaqela asekuhlaleni ekholelwa ukuba ukhuseleko olucacileyo aluyomfuneko. Ulalaniso oluvelayo lwaluya kuchaza ngokusisiseko ulawulo lwamaMelika kangangeenkulungwane ezayo.

UJames Madison wabhala izilungiso njengesisombululo sokulinganisela igunya likarhulumente nokukhusela inkululeko yabantu ngomGaqo-siseko. NgoSeptemba 25, 1789, iKhomishini Yokuqala eUnited States yacebisa ukuba kulungiswe ishumi elineshumi elinesine lezivumelwano ezicetyiweyo ze-12 zavunywa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho ezintathu zesizwe ngoDisemba 15, 1791, zidala oko sikwaziyo ngoku njengeBhili yamaLungelo.

IBhili yamaLungelo yaphenjelelwa sisibhengezo samalungelo eVirginia esabhalwa ngo1776 nguGeorge Mason, ebonisa indlela umgangatho wokhuseleko lukarhulumente obonisa ngayo ulungiselelo lwesizwe lwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha: UMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa Komthetho Owona Mgangatho Uthenjiswayo

Kuwo onke amalungelo akhuselwe yiBhili yamaLungelo, inkululeko yokuthetha ibaluleke gqitha kuluntu lwaseMerika.

Oko Kukhuselwa Kukuhlaziywa Kokuqala

IBhunga aliyi kwenza mthetho ngokuphathelele ukusekwa konqulo, okanye ukunqanda ukuqheliselwa kwalo ngokukhululekileyo; okanye ukuvalela inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yokushicilela; okanye ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, nokucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo. Esi sigwebo sinye siquka inkululeko ehlanu eyahlukileyo: unqulo, ukuthetha, umatshini wokushicilela, indibano, kunye nesibongozo.

Abaseki bale ngcamango bakubona ukukwazi ukuthetha nokunqula ngokukhululekileyo njengelungelo lemvelo elikhuselwe yiSihlaziyo Sokuqala.

Inkululeko yokuthetha idlulela ngaphaya kokuthetha nje. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaqonda iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuthetha njengentetho ekhuselekileyo, kuquka nezenzo zomfuziselo. ETexas Johnson (1999), iNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States yagqiba kwelokuba ukutshisa iflegi yaseMerika kuyindlela yokuthetha yokomfuziselo, ebonisa umlinganiselo obanzi wokukhuselwa kweSigqibo Sokuqala Sokuhlaziywa.

Umlinganiselo Nokubaluleka Kokuthetha Ngenkululeko

Intetho yezobupolitika ingundoqo kuMphetho wokuqala, njengoko abaseki babefuna urhulumente oza kuphendula ebantwini, kungenxa yoko abanike abemi ilungelo lokuqhankqalaza, lokuxhasa okanye lokuchasa abo baza kuphendula, kwaye bavakalise iimbono zabo ngokukhululekileyo. Oku kukhusela kuqinisekisa ukuba abemi banokuba nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo ekulawuleni kwedemokhrasi baze bagcine iinkokeli zabo ziphendulwe.

UHlaliso Lokuqala lukhusela intetho kwanaxa iingcamango ezivezweyo zicingelwa ukuba azinangqiqo, ziyasicaphukisa, ziziphatha kakubi okanye zinentiyo. Olu khuselo lubanzi lubonisa umgaqo osisiseko: urhulumente akafanele asebenze njengomxhasi weengcamango ezamkelekileyo okanye iimbono. EUnited States, intetho yentiyo ifumana ukhuseleko olugqithisileyo phantsi koMbekiso wokuqala, ngokusekelwe kwingcamango yokuba asiyondima efanelekileyo karhulumente ukuzama ukukhusela abantu kwiingcamango neembono abazifumaniyo ukuba azinamdla, azinamdla, okanye kwanamcaphuki, ngendima karhulumente yokuba ukhusela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye yokuthetha ngokuphandle ukuze bavumele ukubonakaliswa kokungathandwayo kunye nokuphikisa.

Akukho nto ingaqhelekanga ngokuthetha okubizwa ngokuba yintiyo, nezisongelo zobuhlanga zingakhuselekanga kuMphetho - melo Wokuqala ngaphandle kwezinye izisongelo, yaye ngokobuqu ukuthetha ngokutshabhiswa kobuhlanga kusenokusohlwaywa ngamanye amazwi okulwa, kodwa intetho enjalo ayinakohlwaywa ngokukhethekileyo ngenxa yokuba inobuhlanga, ithanda ubufanasini, ichasene nonqulo oluthile, okanye ichasene nonqulo.

Imida Ekwinkululeko Yokuthetha

Nangona inkululeko yokuthetha ibaluleke kakhulu kulawulo - melo lwaseMerika, iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yachaza iindidi ezithile zentetho ezikhuselwa ngokulinganiselweyo okanye ezingakhuselwanga.

Iintlobo zentetho ezikhuselwa kancinane okanye ezingakhuselwanga yiMithetho yokuqala iquka uburheletyo, ubuqhetseba, amanyala abantwana, intetho ebangela ukuchasana nomthetho, intetho ephazamisana nemithetho yempahla, izisongelo zokwenene, kunye nentetho yentengiso efana nezibhengezo.

Ukuvuselela Isenzo Esingenamthetho

Enye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo ekuthetheni ibandakanya ukuphembelela ugonyamelo okanye umsebenzi ongekho mthethweni. EBrandenburg v okanye eOhio (1969), oku kwancitshiswa kumgangatho "owesenzo sobugwebi esinzulu", neNkundla ePhakamileyo i-Olonga iphazamisana nokuvunywa kweqela leKu Klux Klan "ukukhuthaza ... ugonyamelo... njengendlela yokuphumeza utshintsho lwezopolitiko" ngenxa yokuba oko bakuthetha kwintlanganiso kwakungabonisinga msinyane, okanye injongo esondeleyo, ukwenza ugonyamelo.

EBrandenburg v.Ohio, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi uMphetho-mda wokuqala ukhusela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okanye ukwaphulwa komthetho "ngaphandle kokuba ulawulo olunjalo lujoliswe ekukhuthazeni okanye ekuveliseni isenzo esimandundu esisemnyango kwaye lungavuselela okanye luvelise isenzo esinjalo," ithetha ukuba urhulumente angasohlwaya iingxelo ezijoliswe ekuphumezeni inyathelo elisondeleyo lolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye mhlawumbi enze njalo, kodwa ngokubanzi alunakukuthintela okanye ukohlwaya ukusetyenziswa komkhosi okanye ugonyamelo.

Ukuchasa kunye neentetho zobuxoki

Umthetho jikelele, ubuxoki bukhuselekile, ngaphandle kokunyeliswa, ubuqhetseba, izibhengezo zobuxoki, ukuxoka, nokulala phantsi kwesifungo ngexesha lokuqhubeka kukarhulumente osemthethweni, kwananobuxoki obungabom obungakhuselekanga ngokupheleleyo. Oku kukhusela intetho yobuxoki kubonisa ukuqwalaselwa kweNkundla ukuba ezinye iintetho zobuxoki azinakuphepheka kwingxoxo kawonke wonke.

Ukuchasa yintetho yenyaniso exoka ethethwa kumntu wesithathu, yenziwa ngemo yetyala efunekayo yengqondo, kwaye yenzakalisa idume lomntu, ngentetho efuna ukungqinela inyaniso kunokuba ibe yingcamango nje okanye iqhalo eliphengululayo kwaye ikwazi ukungqinelana nobuxoki.

Kwiimeko apho le ngxelo ibhekiselele kwigosa likawonke-wonke okanye kumfanekiso, iqela elichaza ukunyeliswa kufuneka libonise ukuba isithethi sasebenzisa "ububi obuqhelekileyo," oko kukuthi, ulwazi lokuba le ntetho yayibubuxoki okanye yayikukungakhathali yinyaniso yayo okanye inkohliso. Lo mlinganiselo uphezulu kumanani kawonke-wonke uqinisekisa ingxubusho eyomeleleyo ngemicimbi yoluntu.

Amazwi Okulwa Nezisongelo Zokwenene

Amagama alwayo ngalawo athethayo, ngokuthetha, atyekele ekukhuthazeni umntu abhekiswe kuye ukuba aphendule ngogonyamelo kwaye enze oko ngoko nangoko, engenaxesha lokucinga izinto, enohlobo lwamagama olusikelwe kakhulu ukulungelelaniswa kokuthetha, okuquka kuphela uthungelwano olunokubangela ukusabela okukhawulezileyo nogonyamelo kumphulaphuli oqhelekileyo.

INkundla ePhakamileyo yaqala yachaza amagama abizwa ngokuba "ziinqobo zokulwa" ngokuchasene noMphetho-mvakaliso wokuqala ngowe-1942, iNkundla ibeke umda wemfundiso yokulwa kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo.

Ubunyulu Nemifanekiso Engcolileyo Yabantwana

Inkundla isebenzisa uvavanyo olungqalileyo ukuze ifumanise ukuba izinto ziyafaneleka kusini na njengezingamanyala yaye ngoko azikhuselwanga.

Amanyala abantwana awakhuselwa kuqala ngenxa yoncedo lukarhulumente lokukhusela abantwana ekuxhatshazweni nasekuxhatshazweni.

Intetho Yentengiso

Intetho yentengiso inendima ekhethekileyo njengomahluko wokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, ngaphandle kokuba kubekho abaxhasi abapheleleyo kodwa abasemthethweni abawugqala njengo "wukhuselwe ngokuzinzileyo". Urhulumente unakho ukwalela ukuxoka okanye ukuqhatha kwentengiso, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kokuxhokonxa umgangatho wokuhlola okuphakathi osebenza kwimiqathango yentetho yentengiso.

Ukukhuthaza Ihambo Yezaphuli - mthetho

KwiGiboney v. Empire Shoir & Umkhenkce Co (1949), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabamba uHlaliso lokuqala ayikhuseli "kuthetha okanye ukubhala okusetyenziswa njengenxalenye engundoqo yehambo echasene nomthetho wesaphuli-mthetho osemthethweni," ngokuphanga, uzungula-mthetho, okanye ukucela ukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthile olungakhuselwanga.

Imiqathango Yexesha, Indawo Neyoluntu

Urhulumente ungayimisela imiqathango jikelele yexesha, indawo, okanye indlela yokuthetha, ukuba imiqathango ayidibani noko kuthethwa yintetho kwaye ishiya abantu benendlela ezifanelekileyo zokuchaza iimbono zabo. Le mimiselo iqulethweyo ivumela urhulumente ukuba agcine ucwangco xa egcina ukubonakaliswa ngokukhululekileyo.

Iyunivesithi isenokulilawula kakuhle ixesha, indawo nendlela yokuthetha ukuqinisekisa ukuba ayiphazamisani nemisebenzi eqhelekileyo yeyunivesithi. Lo mgaqo usebenza kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zikawonke-wonke kunye namaziko, ulungelelanisa amalungelo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo neemfuno zokusebenza.

Intetho Ngokwahlukileyo

Umgangatho wokhuseleko loMmiselo Wokuqala uyahluka-hluka kuxhomekeka kumongo wentetho eyenzeka ngawo. Urhulumente unethuba elininzi, nangona lingenasiphelo, amandla okulawula intetho esebenzisa impahla karhulumente, abasebenzi bakarhulumente abanokugxothwa ngenxa yokuthetha izinto eziphazamisana nempumelelo yomqeshi, kunye nezingalathisi, umgangatho ophezulu, kunye nabafundi besikolo samabanga aphakamileyo abanokuqeqeshwa ngenxa yokuthetha izinto eziphazamisa kakhulu inkqubo yemfundo okanye ukusebenzisa ubundlobongela esikolweni.

Ngokwasemkhosini waseUnited States, urhulumente wesizwe unamandla aphangaleleyo okuthintela ukuthetha kwamagosa asemkhosini, kwanokuba uthintelo olunjalo lungasebenza kumntu ongengowaburhulumente, iNkundla Ephakamileyo iqinisekisa lo mgaqo kwi-Parker v. Levy (1974), xa iNkundla yayiphethe umkhosi ngokusisiseko yayingu "ibutho elikhethekileyo labantu abangekho mthethweni", nto leyo eyayifuna imigaqo engqongqo.

Xa urhulumente esebenza njengomlawuli weentolongo, unobuchule obuphangaleleyo bokulinganisela inkululeko yokuthetha yamabanjwa, ngokusisiseko nawuphi na uthintelo "olunxulumene ngokomthetho nezilangazelelo zobugocigoci" olusebenzayo.

UMthetho Wesibini Wokwenziwa Komthetho: Ilungelo Lokuthwala Izixhobo

IsiHlanzeko sesibini siye sadala impikiswano enkulu nempikiswano kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika. Uhlaziyo lwesibini luqinisekisa ilungelo labantu lokuba bazimele kwaye baphathe izixhobo ukuze bakhuseleke. Eli lungelo liye lachazwa laza lachazwa kwakhona ziinkundla ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, nto leyo eneziphumo eziphawulekayo zokuba nemipu nomthetho.

INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yathetha ngomkhamo wokukhuselwa kweSibini soHlaziyo kumatyala aliqela aphawula iziganeko, ihlolisisa enoba ilungelo lisebenza kubantu okanye kumaqela alungelelanisiweyo, kwaye ziziphi iintlobo zemithetho ezivunyelweyo ngokusemthethweni. Ezi zigqibo ziyaqhubeka zibumba iingxoxo zemithetho yemipu kulo lonke ilizwe.

UMthetho Wesithathu Wokwenziwa Komthetho: Ukukhuselwa Ekuququzeleni Kwamajoni

Abemi abanakunyanzeleka ukuba basebenze kumajoni amalunga nekota ngexesha loxolo. Nangona le ngxaki inqabileyo kumaxesha anamhlanje, ibonisa inkxalabo yabaseki ngokuqhatha kwemikhosi nobungcwele bamakhaya abantu. IsiHlomelo sesithathu savela kwizityholo zamathanga zokuhlala kwamajoni aseBritani ezindlwini zangabomsi.

UMthetho Wesine Wokwenziwa Komhlaba: Ukukhuselwa Kuphando Nezinto Ezingekho Mthethweni

IsiHlanziso sesine silondoloza ilungelo lokukhululeka ekungeneleni korhulumente okungekho ngqiqweni kumakhaya abantu ngemvume. Oku kukhusela kumisela umgaqo osisiseko wokuzimela wedwa kunye nommiselo wokulawula ukusetyenziswa komthetho wokukhangela nokuxhuzula.

Abemi abanakunyanzeleka ukuba baphathwe baze bafune ngaphandle kobungqina bokufuna nonobangela olindelekileyo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba abameli bakarhulumente kufuneka babonakalise uthetheleleko phambi kokuhlasela ubuqu, ukukhusela abemi ekuphandeni okungekho mthethweni okanye ekuhlukumezeni.

ISindululo sesine siqalisile ngokuphawulekayo ngokucaciswa kweNkundla Ephakamileyo, ithetha ngeemeko zale mihla ezifana nokuhlola ikhompyutha, ukulandelela i-GPS, ukukhangela iicell phone kunye nokuzifunela ulwazi.

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu: Inkqubo efanelekileyo nokhuseleko ekuzichaseni

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu sinikela ukhuseleko oluneengcebiso ezininzi kubantu abatyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho nangabanini-mpahla. UMthetho-nkqubo wesihlanu woLawulo owesihlanu uyalela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya likarhulumente kwiinkqubo zomthetho, umisela imithetho yokumangalelwa ngummandla ophambili kunye nabachopheli-tyala abaphezulu, uqinisekisa amalungelo afanelekileyo, kwaye ukhusela abemi ekuzibekeni ngokwabo ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nengozi ephindwe kabini.

Ukhuseleko oluchasene nokuzithethelela ngokuzenzekelayo .ukusoloko kubheniswa ngebinzana elithi "ukubongoza owesihlanu""(-iisiqinisekiso sokuba abantu abanakunyanzeleka ukuba bangqine ngokuchasene nabo kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho. Eli lungelo libonisa umgaqo wokuba umthwalo wobungqina uxhomekeke kwityala, hayi kummangalelwa.

Eli binzana libini lengozi lithintela urhulumente ukuba atshutshise umntu izihlandlo ezininzi ngenxa yetyala elifanayo, ekhusela ukukhathazwa ngurhulumente nokuqinisekisa ukuba ugqibele ngokugwetywa.

I-System Claus ifuna ukuba urhulumente alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba ahluthe umntu othile ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Olu khuselo luye lwachazwa ngokubanzi luquka amalungelo ahlukahlukeneyo oluntu nawaphantsi.

Ukuthatha idilesi zikaClaus ephambili, efuna ukuba xa urhulumente ethatha indawo yabucala ukuze isetyenziswe nguwonke-wonke, kufuneka anikeze imbuyiselo kumniniyo.

IsiHlomelo Sesithandathu: Ilungelo Lokugwetywa Ngetyala Elifanelekileyo

ISithandathu SoMthetho - ngqangi sinikela ukhuseleko olungakumbi kubantu abamangalelwa ngolwaphulo - mthetho, njengelungelo lokuchophela ityala ngokukhawuleza nakuwonke wonke, ityala labachophele ityala elingakhethiyo kwiityala zolwaphulo - mthetho, nokuxelelwa ngezityholo zolwaphulo - mthetho, namangqina amele amelane nommangalelwa, yaye abamangalelwa bavunyelwa amangqina akhe okanye awakhe yaye bamelwe ligqwetha.

ISihlaziyi seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuba ityala labachopheli-tyala lifanelekile kwaye likhawulezile, linika amalungelo okwazi isityholo, ummangaleli, nokufumana icebiso namangqina.

Ilungelo lokunika icebiso litolikwa ukuba abamangalelwa abangengomagqwetha banikwe amagqwetha ngendleko karhulumente, kuqinisekiswe ukuba ubuhlwempu abukuthinteli ukufikelela kumelo olusemthethweni. Ilungelo lokuthetha namangqina livumela abamangalelwa ukuba banqamleze i-examine abo bangqinayo ngabo, bavavanye ukuthembeka kobungqina.

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo: Amalungelo Amalungelo Asemthethweni

ISiHlayiso seSebethi sidlulisela ilungelo lokuchophela ityala labachopheli-tyala kuManyano oManyano-mthetho. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba abemi banokuziva iimpikiswano zabo zamakhaya zivela koontanga babo, kungekhona nje ukuququzelelwa ngabagwebi. Isivumelwano sigcina ilungelo lokuvavanya abachopheli-tyala kwiityala ezibandakanya imali eninzi, ukugcina ingqwalasela kwigunya lokugweba.

Uhlaziyo Lwesibhozo: Ukukhusela Kwisohlwayo Esinenkohlakalo Nesothuso Esingaqhelekanga

Le ngxelo ithetha ngezinkxalabo ezintathu ezingafaniyo: ibheyile, imali ehlawulwayo, nesohlwayo esinikelwa ngenxa yolwaphulo - mthetho.

Ukwalelwa kwesohlwayo senkohlakalo nengaqhelekanga kuye kwabangela ukuba kubekho ingxubusho eninzi nempikiswano, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele isohlwayo sokufa, iimeko zasentolongweni, nezenzo zokugweba. Iinkundla ziye zalichaza eli lungiselelo ukuba liguquke ngemilinganiselo yoluntu ehloniphekileyo, ziqonda ukuba oko kubangelwa yingqeqesho ekhohlakeleyo nengaqhelekanga kunokuguquka ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Ibheyile yomthetho egqithisileyo iqinisekisa ukuba iimali zebheyile azibekwanga phezulu ukuze zingafikeleleki, eziya kuthoba imbono yokungabi natyala. Imali ehlawuliweyo eninzi ngokunjalo ilinganisela ubuchule bukarhulumente bokunyanzela isohlwayo semali.

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Wesi - Ninth: Amalungelo Angenazintlukwano

ISindululo seNinth sithi ukudwelisa amalungelo athile kumGaqo-siseko akuthethi ukuba abantu abanawo amanye amalungelo angazange achazwe. Oku kuchaza inkxalabo ephakanyiswe ngexesha leengxoxo zokwahlula: ukuba ukudwelisa amalungelo athile kusenokutolikwa njengokuthi loo malungelo akhuselweyo kuphela.

ISindululo seNinth siyavuma ukuba abantu banamalungelo angaphaya kwalawo akhankanywe ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko. Nangona iinkundla zingakhange zithembele kuMphetho-mda weSindululo weNinth njengomthombo ozimeleyo wamalungelo, kuye kwacatshulwa ngokuxhasa amalungelo awahlukahlukeneyo angalawulwayo, kuquka namalungelo obumfihlo.

UMthetho Weshumi Ohlaziyiweyo: Ulawulo Olugciniweyo

ISindululo seshumi leSiphengululo seSizwe sithi uRhulumente woManyano kuphela ogunyazisa loo magunya kumGaqo-siseko. Oku kulungisa kuqinisa umgaqo wolawulo, kucacisa ukuba urhulumente wesizwe unamagunya alinganiselweyo, adweliswe, anawo onke amanye amagunya anikwe amagunya okanye abantu.

IsiHlanzi soMgaqo-siseko weSihlaziyi weshumi lisebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuba umGaqo-siseko udala urhulumente wamagunya alinganiselweyo, kunye norhulumente ogcina ulawulo kwimicimbi enganikwanga urhulumente worhulumente.

IBhili Yamalungelo NeMerika Yanamhlanje

IBhili yamaLungelo iyaqhubeka ibumba umthetho nebutho labantu baseMerika ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini emva kokupheliswa kwalo. Iinkundla zisoloko zichaza ezi zindululo ukucombulula imicimbi yanamhlanje ababengenakuyilindela abaDala, ukususela kwimicimbi yobuqu yezeenkqubo zobugcisa bezentlalo ukuya kubugcisa bezixhobo zale mihla.

Imigaqo equkiwe kwiBhili yamaLungelo, urhulumente olinganiselweyo, inkululeko, inkqubo efanelekileyo, kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo amancinane, ihlala ifanelekile namhlanje njengaxa yaqala ukumkelwa. Ezi zindululo zisebenza njengekhusi lokukhusela urhulumente ophambayo kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko esisiseko igcinwe kwizizukulwana ezizayo.

Ukusetyenziswa Koorhulumente

Ekuqaleni, iBhili yamaLungelo yasebenza kuphela kurhulumente wesizwe, hayi koorhulumente bakarhulumente. Noko ke, emva kokwamkelwa koMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokuthe ngcembe yaquka uninzi lweziKhuselo zaMalungelo ukuba zisebenzise oorhulumente bamazwe. Le nkqubo yokuququzelela iqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo asisiseko akhuselwe kuyo yonke imigangatho karhulumente.

Ukulungelelanisa Amalungelo Kubantu Abangafaniyo

Olunye ucelomngeni oluqhubekayo ekusebenziseni iBhili yamaLungelo lubandakanya ukulinganisela amalungelo akhuphisanayo nezilangazelelo. Inkululeko yokuthetha isenokungqubana namalungelo obuqu; inkululeko yonqulo isenokungqubana nemigaqo echaphazelekayo yokulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho; ilungelo lokuthwala izixhobo lisenokungqubana neenkxalabo zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Iinkundla zimele zilawule ezi meko zifuna ukukhusela amalungelo asisiseko ngoxa zithetha ngezilangazelelo ezifanelekileyo zikarhulumente.

Indima Yabemi Ekukhuseleni Amalungelo

Ngoxa iBhili yamaLungelo inikela ukhuseleko olusemthethweni, ekugcineni ukulondolozwa kwala malungelo kuxhomekeke ekuqondiseni nasekutshatiseni abami. Abami kufuneka baqonde amalungelo abo okuwasebenzisa ngokunempumelelo nokuwaqonda xa loo malungelo esongelwa. Imfundo yeCUVIC, intetho yesidlangalala, nokuba nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi konke kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni iBhili yamaLungelo.

Amalungelo Omsebenzi

Amalungelo afika neembopheleleko ezihambelana. Inkululeko yokuthetha ithwala imbopheleleko yokubandakanyeka kwintetho yamakhaya nokuhlonela amalungelo abanye okuvakalisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo. Ilungelo lokuvota lithwala imbopheleleko yokuziswa ngabachopheli nangemibandela. Ilungelo lokuchophela lixhomekeke ekuzimiseleni kwabemi ukukhonza njengejaji. Ezi mbopheleleko ziqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo anokusetyenziswa ngendlela ecacileyo kwaye naloo migangatho yedemokhrasi isebenza ngokunempumelelo.

Ukusabela Kwintetho Ongavumelani Nayo

Ukuqonda indlela yokusabela kwintetho oyifumanisa ingafanelekanga kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuphila kwibutho elikhululekileyo. Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba eyona ndlela ingcono yokulungisa intetho esingayithandiyo, kuquka intetho enentiyo okanye eyingozi, "kuthetha okungakumbi," ngabantu abanelungelo lokuchaza isizathu sokuba loo ntetho iphosakele, ingacaci, icekise, okanye ihlaze, kwaye iphikisa intetho yentiyo ethethayo kunye neendawo ezichaseneyo nokukwazi ukwakha ukuqonda, ukuthomalalisa ukufaneleka kwentetho engamkelekiyo, kwaye kuphumela ekubeni abantu abanobugxwayi boluntu abanonentlonelo.

Kunokuba bafune ukuphelisa intetho ngesenzo sikarhulumente okanye ngokuphazamiseka, abemi banokubandakanyeka ekuphikiseni, banikele ezinye iimbono neengcamango ezilucelomngeni abazifumana zidida. Le ndlela ihlonela imigaqo yokuQala yokuHlaziya iMimiselo ngeli lixa ivumela ukusetyenziswa kobundlobongela bengxoxo kunye nentengiso yeengcamango.

IBhili yamaLungelo Kwimimiselo Yemfundo

Amaziko emfundo, ingakumbi iiyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke, asebenza njengendawo ezibalulekileyo ekusebenziseni amalungelo okuQalisa Uhlaziyo. Iiyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke ezinjenge-Iowa State ziphantsi kwemiqathango emiselwe ngumGaqo-siseko kwiSimiko soQondulo Solawulo, zombini kumthetho wephondo, kwaye zisenokungaphazamisani nenkululeko yokuthetha yomntu ngamnye.

Noko ke, amaziko emfundo akwaneenjongo ezifanelekileyo zokulondoloza ucwangco nokufeza iinkonzo zawo zemfundo. Ukulungelelanisa amalungelo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nezi mfuneko zoomasipala kufuna ukuqwalaselwa komongo ongqalileyo kunye nendlela emiqathango ebekwe ngayo.

IBhili yamaLungelo nobuChwepheshe

Ubugcisa bale mihla buye badala ucelomngeni olutsha lokusebenzisa ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu. Ukukhuselwa kweSindululo sesine ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni, ukugcina amafu, nokunxibelelana kwamanani. UMthetho wokuqala wokuGawula umele uthethe nee-dreftware zonxibelelwano, iintetho ze-intanethi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanani. Iingxoxo zesiBili soLawulo-Mpande-Mthethweni kufuneka ziqwalase ite iteknoloji yezi mini.

Iinkundla ziyaqhubeka zibambene nendlela yokusebenzisa imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko ephuhlisiwe ngenkulungwane ye-18 ukuya kubugcisa benkulungwane yama-21 kunye neemeko.

Impembelelo Yamalungelo Ehlabathi

IBhili yamaLungelo iye yaphembelela inkqubela-phambili yomGaqo-siseko ehlabathini lonke, isebenza njengomzekelo wokukhusela amalungelo kwamanye amazwe amaninzi. Imigaqo eyiyo iquka `inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, urhulumente omshicileleyo, inkqubo efanelekileyo, kunye nokukhusela amalungelo amancinane-aye afakwa kwimimiselo-siseko nakumaxwebhu amalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke.

Izixhobo zamalungelo abantu zezizwe ngezizwe, njengeSindululo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu, zibonisa imilinganiselo nemigaqo efana neyamkelekileyo kwiBhili yamaLungelo. Le mpembelelo yamazwe ngamazwe ibonisa ukusebenza okuhlala kuhleli kwemigaqo abaseki bayo ababefuna ukuyikhusela.

Iingxoxo Eziqhubekayo Neengxaki Zexesha Elizayo

IBhili yamaLungelo iyaqhubeka ibangela impikiswano kunye nokubekwa phambili njengoko ibutho labantu liguquka lize liqalise ukuvela imingeni emitsha. Imibuzo malunga nobungakanani bokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kwi-intanethi, ukusetyenziswa kokhuseleko lobuqu kulwazi lwamanani, umlinganiselo wamalungelo nemimiselo, kunye nokulungelelana phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko ngexesha lobugrogrisi ifuna ukuhlaziywa nokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yamaLungelo kaBill.

Ezi mpikiswano zibonisa indlela ophila ngayo umthetho womgaqo - siseko — kufuneka kusetyenziswe imigaqo ehlala ihleli xa kuguquka iimeko ngoxa uhlala uthembekile kwimilinganiselo esisiseko yeBhili yamaLungelo.

Izinto Ezinokukunceda Ufunde Okungakumbi Ngamalungelo Akho

Zininzi izinto ezifumaneka kubemi abafuna ukufunda okungakumbi ngamalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko. Abahlali beSizwe bagcina inkcazelo eninzi ngeBhili yamaLungelo nangembali yayo. Imibutho enjengeSigqeba seLiberties Union saseMerika, iBill of Rights Institute, kunye namaphulo ahlukeneyo emfundo esemthethweni anika izinto zokufundisa kunye noovimba.

Abo banomdla wokuhlola iBhili yamaLungelo, ugcino-lwazi lwesizwe lunikela iinkcukacha ezibanzi malunga nembali nombhalo woxwebhu. Iziko loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe [[ linika izibonelelo ezidityanisiweyo zokuqonda amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ugcino-siseko olungokwasemthethweni olunjengo [FLT]] Cornell School’S Legistert Information Information yolwazi yomthetho yeSikolo [] lunikezela ukufikelela kumbhalo womgaqo-siseko, kwizigqino eziphakamileyo zeNkundla, kunye nohlalulo olusemthethweni.

Ukuqonda iBhili yamaLungelo kubalulekile kummi ngamnye waseMerika. Ezi zindululo zilishumi zimisela isiseko senkululeko yomntu ngamnye norhulumente olinganiselweyo ochaza ulawulo-melo lwaseMelika. Ngokuqonda la malungelo ($_umda wabo, imiqathango yabo, kunye noncedo lwabo oluqhubekayo) zinokuyisebenzisa bhetele inkululeko yabo, zifeze iimbopheleleko zabo zezentlalo-ntle, kwaye zibe nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo ekulawuleni kwedemokhrasi.

Isiphelo: Ilifa Elihlala Lihleli LeBhili Yamalungelo

Ngaphezu kweminyaka engama- 230 emva kokupheliswa kwayo, iBhili yamaLungelo ihlala iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yedemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Ezi zindululo zilishumi zikhusela inkululeko esisiseko, uqingqo-mali karhulumente, kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo omntu ngamnye alondolozwa kwiingcinezelo ezinkulu. Ukusuka kwinkululeko yokuthetha ukuya ekulungeleni ilunge, ekukhuselweni ekuphandweni ngokungenangqiqo, ekubekweni kwamagunya kumazwe, iBhili yamaLungelo imisela inkqubo yenkululeko eqhubeka ibumba umthetho nebutho labantu baseMerika.

Ukutolikwa nokusetyenziswa kwezi zilungiso kubonakalisa ububhetyebhetye nokusebenza kwazo okuhlala kuhleli. Njengoko kuvela utshintsho kunye nocelomngeni olutsha, imigaqo eququzelelwe kwiBhili yamaLungelo inikela ukhokelo lokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ngexa uthetha ngezilangazelelo ezisemthethweni zikarhulumente. Ukuqonda la malungelo ahambisana nazo, kunye neembopheleleko ezifunekayo ekulondolozeni ibutho elikhululekileyo abaDaquleli abacingelwayo kunye nezizukulwana zamaMelika ziye zasebenza ukukhusela.

Enoba isebenzisa inkululeko yokuthetha, uqheliselo lonqulo, ukuphatha iingalo, okanye ukunandipha ukhuseleko lwenkqubo efanelekileyo, amaMerika angenelwa suku ngalunye kumalungelo iBhili yamaLungelo aqinisekisiweyo. Ngokuqonda ezi nkxaso, ukuba nenxaxheba kwiintetho zoluntu ezinolwazi, nokuba nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi, abemi banokuqinisekisa ukuba le nkululeko isisiseko ihlala ikho kwizizukulwana ezizayo. IBhili yamaLungelo ayiluxwebhu nje olungokwembali kuphela oluyinkqubo yenkululeko eqhubeka ikhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kwaye ibeka imiqathango yegunya likarhulumente kwinkulungwane yama-21 nasemva kweyeenkulungwane.