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Ukuqonda UmGaqo-siseko Ophilayo: Isizathu Sokuba Kubalulekile Ukuhlaziywa Kwezigwebo Kulawulo - melo LwaseMerika
UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States umi njengenye yamaxwebhu anempembelelo kakhulu nahlalayo kwimbali yoluntu. Ukulungiswa komGaqo-siseko owenziwe ngowe-1787, lo msebenzi ubalulekileyo uye wakhokela iriphabliki yaseMerika ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Kodwa into eyenza ukuba umGaqo-siseko ufane ngokwenene asingombhalo wawo nje okhethekileyo, kodwa amandla awo okuguqula inkqubo yokulungisa. Ukulungiswa komGaqo-siseko kumela inkqubo olu xwebhu lwesiseko oluziqhelanisa ngayo ukutshintsha amaxesha, ukulungisa ukungabikho kokusesikweni kwangaphambili, kwaye ukwandisa ukhuseleko kubo bonke abemi kungakhathaliseki iimeko zokuzalwa kwabo.
Inkqubo yokulungisa iquka inyaniso enzulu: alukho uxwebhu, nokuba lucaciswe kakuhle kangakanani na, olunokuyilindela yonke imiqobo eza kujamelana nayo izizukulwana ezizayo. Abaqulunqi bomGaqo-siseko baluqonda olu mlinganiselo kwaye ngobulumko balwakhela utshintsho kwinkqubo yabo. Ngokulungisa, umGaqo-siseko uye watshintsha ukusuka kuxwebhu oluvumela ubukhoboka nowakhanyela amabhinqa ukuba avote olona luqinisekisa ukukhuselwa okulinganayo phantsi komthetho kwaye banika amalungelo okuvota kubo bonke abemi abadala. Le ndaleko ibonisa isizathu sokuba ukupheliswa kwemibango yemeko. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko wethu ubonakalisa iinjongo zethu eziphezulu nawona maxabiso angundoqo.
Inkqubo yoLawulo loMgaqo-siseko: Ukulungelelanisa ukuma nokuTshintsha
Inkqubo yokurhoxisa umGaqo-siseko yayiyilelwe ngabom ukuba ibe lucelomngeni, ifuna uvumelano olubanzi kumacala ahlukeneyo karhulumente kunye nemimandla eyahlukeneyo yelo lizwe. Lo mqobo uphezulu uqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu zibonakalisa ukuvumelana kwenyani kwesizwe kunokuba zibonise iminqweno yezopolitiko yexeshana okanye izilangazelelo ezimxinwa. Abafaki-mthetho bazama ukuyidala inkqubo engenakuba lukhuni kakhulu okanye ethambeka kakhulu, ivumela utshintsho oluyimfuneko ngexa kuthintelwa utshintsho oluyimfuneko olunokudodobanisa ugcino-lwazi.
Ukucetyiswa Kohlaziyo
Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokulungisa umGaqo-siseko, zombini ezicaciswe kwiGatya V loxwebhu lokuqala neqhelekileyo elisetyenziswayo zifuna ivoti yoninzi kwiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeQela. Le mfuneko ibalaseleyo iqinisekisa ukuba ukunyuswa kwentelekelelo kuxhaswa kakhulu kubameli abanyuliweyo abanqamleza imigca yeqela kwaye ukusuka kumazwe ahlukeneyo anezilangazelelo neembono ezahlukeneyo.
Indlela yesibini yokulungisa imposiso ayizange isetyenziswe ngempumelelo kwimbali yaseMerika, nangona iye yafumana ingqalelo kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Phantsi kwale ndlela, iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezimbini eziziisithathu zendlu yowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zingabiza indibano esemthethweni ukucebisa ukubuyiselwa. Eli lungiselelo laqukwa ukunika amatyala indlela yokuyeka iBhunga ukuba imigaqo-mthetho-siseko yorhulumente ayizange ivume ukuthanda kwabantu. Ngelixesha amawaka ezicelo zendibano enjalo zinikezelwe ngamazwe ahlukeneyo kwiminyaka emininzi, umqobo ofunekayo awuzange udibane, kwaye imibuzo ebalulekileyo malunga nendlela indibano enjalo enokuthi iqhubeke ngayo.
Ukuhlaziya IsiHlomelo
Xa ulungiso lucetyiwe ngayiphi na indlela, kufuneka luvunywe ngamatyala amathathu-mane phambi kokuba abe yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko. Oku kunokwenzeka ngemvume yendlu yowiso-mthetho yorhulumente okanye ngeendibano ezikhethekileyo zokubophelela kwiphondo ngalinye, kunye neKhomishini yokumisela ukuba yeyiphi indlela eza kusetyenziswa. Imfuneko yokulungisa i-ratiation iqinisekisa ukuba ukubuyiselwa kunenkxaso ebanzi yendawo kwaye ayiyo nje imveliso yemisebenzi emikhulu yexeshana kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente.
Inkqubo yokwandiswa ingathatha ixesha elininzi. Ngelixesha ezinye izilungiso zivunyiwe ngokukhawuleza, ngokuncitshiswa kweSigqibo sokuvota, sithotywe sibe si-18, sagunyaziswa ngenyanga ezintathu nje. Ngokungaphezulu kweenyanga ezintathu.
IBhili yamaLungelo: IsiHlayiso sokuqala seMerika esilishumi
Izilungiso zokuqala ezilishumi zomGaqo-siseko, ezaziwa njengeBhili yamaLungelo, zagunyaziswa ngowe-1791, kwiminyaka emine nje emva kokuba umGaqo-siseko wamkelwe. Ezi zigqibo azizange zitshintshwe emva kokucingwa kodwa kunoko zazaliseka kwesithembiso esenziwe ngexesha leengxoxo zokwandiswa kwemiqathango. Amaphondo amaninzi aye avakalisa inkxalabo yokuba umGaqo-siseko wokuqala wawungenazo izikhuseli ezicacileyo zenkululeko yomntu ngamnye, kwaye aliqela lamkela uxwebhu kuphela ngokuqonda okokuba ukhuseleko olunjalo lwaluza kongezwa ngokukhawuleza.
IBhili yamaLungelo yaseka imigaqo esisiseko engundoqo efuna ukuzaziwa namagunya aseMerika. IsiHlaliso sokuqala sodwa sikhusela inkululeko ehlanu eyahlukileyo: unqulo, ukuthetha, ushicilelo, indibano, kunye nesicelo. Le nkululeko isisiseko sokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi kunye nesokuzilawula. Ukupheliswa okulandelayo kwiBhili yamaLungelo kuthetha yonke into ukusuka ekunene ukuya ekuthwaleni izixhobo nokukhuselwa okungekho ngqiqweni kwephu ekulisweni kwetyala nokukhuselwa kwisohlwano olunenkohlakalo nengaqhelekanga.
Into eyenza iBhili yamaLungelo ibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kukuba imisela umgaqo wokuba amalungelo athile abaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba kufuneka abekwe ngaphaya kokufikelela kobuphathi obuqhelekileyo bezobupolitika. Nokuba uninzi lwabemi okanye abameli babo abanyuliweyo banqwenela ukumisela inkululeko yokuthetha okanye ukuseka unqulo olusemthethweni, iBhili yamaLungelo ibathintela ekwenzeni oko. Le nkalo ichasene notshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ikhusela amaqela ambalwa neembono ezingathandwayo kwingcinezelo yabaninzi, iqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko ukhonza wonke umntu, hayi abo banegunya lezobupolitika kuphela ngalo naliphi na ixesha.
IziHlayiso Ezandisa Ulawulo - melo Nokulingana
Ngaphaya kweBhili yamaLungelo, utshintsho oluninzi olubalulekileyo lomgaqo-siseko lujolise ekunyuseni inxaxheba yedemokhrasi nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho. Ezi zindululo zimela umzabalazo oqhubekayo waseMelika wokuphila ngokuvisisana neenjongo zawo zokusekwa kwenkululeko nokulingana, ukulungisa ukwahlulwa kunye nokungekho sikweni okwathi kwafakwa kumGaqo-siseko wokuqala okanye okwavela njengoko uhlanga luphuhlisiwe.
IsiHlanziso Sokwakha: Ukuphelisa Ubukhoboka Nokumisela Ukhuseleko Olulinganayo
ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithathu, seshumi elinesine neseshumi elinesihlanu, savunywa emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, saguqula ngokusisiseko umGaqo-siseko kunye nobumi baseMerika. Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesithathu, lwagunyaziswa ngo1865, lwaphelisa ubukhoboka nobukhoboka obungavumelekanga kulo lonke elaseUnited States, ekugqibeleni lwaphelisa ilungiselelo elalisisono sokuqala sohlanga nono olunobangela wegazi kakhulu.
IsiHlanziso seshumi elinesine, esavunywa ngowe-1868, mhlawumbi sesona siphendu sesigqibo sotshintsho esakha sadityaniswa kumGaqo-siseko. Saqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu abazelwe okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States ngabemi kwaye siqinisekisa ukuba akukho rhulumente onokuthi ahluthe nabani na umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo elindelekileyo yomthetho okanye akhanye nabani na olingana nemithetho. La malungiselelo aye esisiseko sezigwebo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ezikhusela amalungelo abantu kunye nenkululeko yamakhaya, ukuphelisa ukwamkeleka komtshato.
UHlaliso lweshumi elinesihlanu, olwavunywa ngowe-1870, lwalela oorhulumente bakarhulumente norhulumente ukuba bangavumi ukuvota abemi belizwe ngelungelo elisekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, okanye kwimeko yobukhoboka bangaphambili. Nangona oku kulungisa kwakumela inyathelo elibalulekileyo, idinga lalo alifezekiswanga ngokupheleleyo phantse inkulungwane ngenxa yezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezifana nerhafu, iimfekethi zerhafu, iimvavanyo zokufunda nokumoyika. Umzabalazo wokunyanzelisa ukuhlaziywa kwemimiselo yeshumi elinesihlanu, nangona kubalulekile, akufuneki ukuzibophelela nokuhlala bephaphile ukuze baqinisekise ukuba bakhuseleke.
IsiHlanzi seshumi elinesithoba: Isigunyaziso samabhinqa
ISichithi seSigqibo seshumi elinesithoba, esagunyaziswa ngowe-1920, salela oorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente ukuba bangavumi ukuvota ngesiseko sesini. Oku kulungiswa kwaba yisiphelo somlo othabatha amashumi eminyaka owenziwe ngababhanki abalungiselela, babhikica, babhikishe, yaye bakhuthala ngokungaxhathisi ukulingana kwezobupolitika zamabhinqa. Intengiselwano yaphinda kabini ukurhoxiswa kwedemokhrasi eMelika, iqonda ukuba ukuthathi-nxaxheba kwezobupolitika akumele kupheleliswe ngokwesini.
Umlo wokulwela ukuphembelela amabhinqa ubonakalisa amandla kunye nokusikelwa umda kokulungisa umGaqo-siseko. Nangona uHlaziyo lweSinesithoba yayingumsebenzi omkhulu, awuzange ngoko nangoko uqinisekise amalungelo okuvota kuwo onke amabhinqa. Amabhinqa amibala, ingakumbi kuMzantsi, aqhubeka ejongene nemiqobo emininzi efanayo ethintela amadoda ukuba akhethe imibala. Oku kubonisa ukuba inguquko mayingaqondwa njengesiphelo kodwa njengencopho yohambo oluqhubekayo oluya kulingana ngokupheleleyo nonxulumano.
IsiHlahlo seNkcitho seMaphu amabini anesine: Ukuphelisa Irhafu Engcoliswayo
Ngo-1946, uMmiselo wesiXhobo wangamashumi amabini anesine owalelweyo kwirhafu yonyulo lonyulo. Irhafu yokubhexa yasetyenziswa kakhulu kumaphondo aseMazantsi ukukhusela amaMerika kunye nabamhlophe abangamahlwempu ekuvotelweni, njengoko abaninzi bengenakukwazi ukuhlawula irhafu. Ngokususa lo mqobo wezoqoqosho kwimicimbi yezopolitiko, ukurhoxa kwanceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo okuvota akazuxhomekeka kwimali okanye kumgangatho wezoqoqosho. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo yandisa lo mthetho kunye nonyulo, iqonda ukuba ilungelo lokuvota liyimfuneko kwinkqubo yethu yedemokhrasi kwaye akufanele kuphelwe ukuhlawula.
Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu: Ukuthotywa kweNkcubeko
Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu eminyaka, olwagunyaziswa ngo-1971, lwathoba iminyaka yokuvota ukusuka kuma-21 ukuya kwi-18 kulo lonke urhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni. Oku kulungisa kwaqhutywa kakhulu yimfazwe yaseVietnam kunye nempikiswano yokuba ukuba iminyaka eli-18 ubudala yayisele imdala ngokwaneleyo ukuba i-odoli ilweze i-odole yokuvota iinkokeli ezigqibele ngemfazwe noxolo. Oku kupheliswa kwavunyelwa ngesantya esiphawulekayo, kuthabatha nje iinyanga ezintathu ukusuka kwisicelo sokuya kulwa, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba abantu abadala abakhulileyo babekufanele ukuvotelelwa kwezobupolitika.
Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu lwandisa unyulo lwezigidi zabantu kwaye lwanika ulutsha intetho engqalileyo kwimigaqo yokubumba eya kuchaphazela ikamva lazo. Lwaqonda ukuba imiqathango esekelwe kwixesha eliphakathi kovote, njengaleyo isekelwe kwibala okanye kwisini, yayiyimiqathango engekho ngqiqweni ekuthatheleni inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi ekungathethekiyo kwibutho labantu elizinikele kumalungelo alinganayo ezobupolitika.
IziHlaliso Ezaguqula Ukwakhiwa Nocwangciso Lorhulumente
Nangona utshintsho oluninzi lujolise kumalungelo omntu ngamnye nakulawulo-demokhrasi, ezinye ziye zathetha ngeenkalo zobume bukarhulumente, ziguqula indlela abanyulwa ngayo amagosa, ixesha abasebenza ngalo, nendlela abasebenza ngayo oorhulumente. Ezi zindululo zibonisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko awungokukhusela amalungelo kuphela kodwa ukwathetha ngokudala ulawulo olunempumelelo nolunoxanduva.
UHlaziyo Lweshumi elinesibini: Unyulo Lotshintsho Lonyulo
IsiHlaliso seTwelfth, esagunyaziswa ngo-1804, saguqula inkqubo yokunyulwa koMongameli noMongameli. Ngaphantsi komGaqo-siseko wokuqala, umvoti owafumana olona voti zaba ngoyena Mongameli, kwaye imbaleki yaba nguMongameli osisiKhosi. Le nkqubo yakhawuleza yangqina ingxaki, ingakumbi kunyulo lwango1800, xa uThomas Jefferson no-Aaron Bur bamkela inani elifanayo leevoti zonyulo, bedala ingxaki engokomgaqo-siseko. Ulungiso lweshumi elinesibini lwafuna abavotisi bokhetho ukuba bafake amavoti ahlukeneyo kaMongameli noMongameli, ithintele amaqhina anjalo nokuvumela ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yangoku apho abaququququzeli babo bakhetha ukusebenza.
IsiHlanzi seshumi elinesixhenxe: Unyulo Oluthe ngqo Lwabaququzeleli
Ngo-1913, iSeventeth Amendment yaseka unyulo olungqalileyo lwe-United States Senacators ngevoti ethandwayo. Ngaphambili, abaququzeleli babekhethwe yizindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, inkqubo eyathi yabonwa njengengenademokhrasi kwaye ityekele ekumosheleni ukunganyaniseki. Isivumelwano sabangela ukuba iNdlu yeNtlanganiso iphendule ngokuthe ngqo kubantu yaza yanciphisa impembelelo yoomatshini bezobupolitika kunye nezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo kukhetho lwequmrhu lolawulo. Olu tshintsho lwamela ukulawulwa okuphawulekayo korhulumente waseMelika, inika abemi abaqhelekileyo amazwi angqalileyo ekukhetheni izindlu zombini zeBhunga.
ISindululo saMaphuthu: UMthetho weSiphendu
I-1970th Amendment, eyagunyaziswa ngo-1933, yatshintsha imihla apho amabinzana omongameli kunye nengqungquthela aqala khona kwaye aphela ngayo. Ngaphambili, amagosa amatsha anyuliweyo awazange athathe ofisi de kube nguMatshi, eshiya ixesha lenyanga ezine apho amagosa oyisileyo ahlala elawula. Eli xesha "lameth" labonwa njengelingenademokhrasi kunye nelingenamsebenzi, ingakumbi ngexesha lentlekele. Ukupheliswa kwabangela ukuba kuqaliswe amagunya kamongameli ukuya kuJanuwari 20 kunye nemithetho yokuqululela ukuya kutsho kuJanuwari 3, ukucuba okucutheza okucutheyo nokuqinisekisa ukuba amagosa amatsha anyuliweyo anokusabela ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi ekuthandeni kwabavoti.
Uhlaziyo oluMatshi 20: Imida yeMiqathango yoMongameli
Ngo-1951, iSinyuso esinguMangalelwano esisiSiphengululo esingamashumi amabini nesisigxina sabona balawuli abaqingqiweyo kwimithetho emibini echongiweyo. Oku kulungiswa kwaba kukuphendula kuFranklin D. Roosevelt kunyulo kumagama amane, ukwaphula isithethe sexesha elibini esamiselwa nguGeorge Washington. Abaxhasi besingqino sokulungisa baphikisa ukuba imida yegama yayiyimfuneko ukunqanda ukuqokelelwa kwamandla agqithisileyo kwisebe eliphetheyo nokuqinisekisa ukuguqulwa rhoqo kobunkokeli. Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi laluthintela ukhetho lwedemokhrasi ngokunqanda umongameli kwakhona abamkeli abamthandileyo. Ngaphandle kwale ngxoxo, i-antentente yamisa umda omeleleyo kumongameli weshumi leminyaka eMelika elungele ukusetyenziswa kwezobupolitika ngaphezu kwamashumi asixhenxe eminyaka asixhenxe.
Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesihlanu: Ukuphumelela koMongameli nokungafezeki
UHlaliso lwamashumi amabini anesihlanu, olwagunyaziswa ngo1967, lwacaciswa ngendlela yokulandelana komongameli kunye nobuchule obumiselweyo bokuqhubana nokukhubazeka komongameli. Utshintsho lwabangelwa yinkxalabo eyabangelwa emva koMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy ukubulawa koomongameli kunye nemeko zangaphambili apho oomongameli babengasakwazi ukugula. Yaseka iinkqubo ezicacileyo zokuba uMongameli uPrimente athathe i-Centimension ukuba uMongameli uyafa, uyarhoxa, okanye uyasuswa eofisini, kwaye yayila inkqubo yokususa igunya okomzuzwana ukuba uMongameli akakwazi ukuhambisa imisebenzi ye-ofisi. Umva ucelwa amaxesha amaninzi, okuqhelekileyo xa umongameli eqhuba iinkqubo zonyango ezifuna ukubulala i-athomony.
Ukungagqibeleli Nokuphikisana Okuqhubekayo
Asizizo zonke izilungiso ezicetyiweyo eziphumeleleyo, kwaye imbali yokusilela kwezindululo ityhila okuninzi ngemilinganiselo yaseMelika, izinto eziza kuqala, kunye namacandelo ezobupolitika. Amawaka eenguquko aye acetywa kwiBhunga ukutyhubela iminyaka, kodwa angama-7 kuphela aye avunywa. Ezinye iinguquko aziphumelelanga ziye zathetha ngemibandela eyaconjululwa kamva ngezinye iindlela, ngoxa ezinye zihlala zihleli ziphantsi kwengxoxo eqhubekayo.
I-Unicality Rights Amendment (ERA), eyaya kulwalela ngokucacileyo ucalucalulo ngesizinzi sesini, yacelwa ngowe-1972 yaza yagunyaziswa okokuqala ngamaphondo angama-35, kuphela mathathu afunekayo kunyaka wama-38, phezu kwako nje ukwandiswa kommiselo, ukurhoxiswa kwesigqibo kwasilela ukufikelela kuqikelelo lwamazwe ngenani elifunekayo kwisigaba esichaziweyo sexesha elichaziweyo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amazwe amathathu angakumbi aye agunyazisa iERA, aphakamisa imibuzo entsonkothileyo engokuba ukutshintsha komGaqo-siseko kusenokuba kuseyinxalenye yexesha eliphelileyo naphantsi kommiselo. Imbali enzima ye-ERA ibonisa ucelomngeni lokufikelela ulwaniso olufunekayo kwi-astmementations, kwana kwiimeko ezinkozwana.
Ezinye izilungiso ezicetyiweyo eziye zasilela ukufikelela ekuphuculweni ziquka ezo zifuna uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente olulungeleleneyo, zivumela umthandazo kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, zithintele ukungcoliswa kweflegi, zize ziphelise iElectoral College. Nganye kwezi zicelo ineengcebiso ezinamandla nabaphikisi, kwaye iingxoxo ngale miba ziyaqhubeka zibumbanisa intetho yezopolitiko yaseMelika. Ukusilela kwezi ziphelo akuthethi ukuba imibandela abayichananga, kodwa kunokokuba azikhange zifikelele kumgangatho obalulekileyo wesivumelwano esifunekayo ukuze zitshintshe umGaqo-siseko.
Indima Yokwenziwa Kwezigwebo Ekukhuseleni Amalungelo Amancinane
Omnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yokulungisa umgaqo-siseko kukukhusela amalungelo abantu abancinane nxamnye nobundlobongela obunokwenzeka boninzi. Kwidemokhrasi ecocekileyo, uninzi lungavota ukucinezela okanye ukucalula amaqela amancinane. Iziphendu zomGaqo-siseko, ngokubeka amalungelo athile kunye nemigaqo engaphaya kokufikelela kwiinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zezobupolitika, ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko esisiseko kunye nonyango olulinganayo luqinisekisiwe kungakhathaliseki ukuba kukho umoya wezobupolitika oguqukayo okanye ikhethe eliqhelekileyo.
IziHlanziso zoQokelela zinikela umzekelo ocacileyo walo msebenzi wokukhusela. Ngokuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa okufanayo kwemithetho nokuthintela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni, ezi zindululo zamiswa ukuba amalungelo athile akanakukhanyelwa kwanokuba uninzi lwabavoti kwilizwe elithile okanye kwindawo ethile benqwenela ukwenza oko. Ngoxa ukunyanzeliswa kwezi migaqo yokukhusela bekungaguquguquki kwaye kusoloko kunganelanga, umGaqo-siseko unika isiseko somthetho osemthethweni kwimibutho yamalungelo abantu kunye nezigqibo zenkundla eziye zanwebela ngokuthe ngcembe ukulingana nokusesikweni.
Ngokufanayo, uMmiselo wokuqala ukhusela intetho engathandwayo, iinkonzo ezincinane, kunye neembono eziphikisanayo ekucinezelweni ngabaninzi. Ngaphandle kokhuseleko olunjalo lomgaqo-siseko, iintlanga ezincinane zezobupolitika, iinkonzo ezincinane, nabo bangenazimvo zingekho mthethweni, bekuya kuba lula ukutshutshiswa nokungavumelani. Ngaloo ndlela ingcinga yokulungisa inkqubo ayincedi nje ukuvisisana noMgaqo-siseko namaxesha aguqukayo kodwa ikwanokuqinisekisa ukuba ukuchachacha kwenzeka ngeendlela ezikhusela amalungelo asisiseko nesidima sabantu.
IziHlaliso Nemibutho Ekhoyo
Uninzi lweziphendu eziphambili zomgaqo-siseko ziye zaba ngumphumo wemibutho eqhubekayo yoluntu elungelelanisiweyo, exhasa, neyilungele ukuguqulelwa kwiminyaka emininzi okanye kwamashumi eminyaka. Inkqubo yokulungisa, nangona isesikweni nemithetho, ekugqibeleni iphenjelelwa yimibutho edumileyo eguqula uluvo lwabantu kwaye ibangela ingcinezelo yezobupolitika yokuguqula umGaqo-siseko.
Umbutho wokwahlukana nomthetho, owalwa nxamnye nobukhoboka bezizukulwana, ekugqibeleni walufikelela usukelo lwawo ngoMphengululo weshumi elinesithathu. Umbutho wamabhinqa, owaqalisa ngokunyanisekileyo kwiNgqungquthela yeSeneca Falls ngo1848, awuyibonanga imigudu yawo ivuzwa de kwaza kwadityaniswa uMphetho weshumi elinesithoba ngowe-1920, ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-70 kamva. Umbutho wamalungelo abantu wonyaka wama-1950 kunye nowee1960 wakhokelela kwiNguqu-Phondo engamashumi amabini anesihlanu ekwalayitini ukuphelisa irhafunxa kwaye wanceda ukusungula imo yezopolitiki yokunyanisa iGqikelelo yeshumi elinesine neshumi elinesihlanu neMinyaka yeSihlanu.
Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lufuna okungaphezulu kuneengxoxo ezingokwasemthethweni okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezobupolitika ."ifuna ukutshintsha okusisiseko ekuqondeni uluntu kunye namaxabiso abalulekileyo. Iintsebenziswano zoluntu zifundisa uluntu, zicel ’ umngeni iingcamango ezikhoyo, kwaye zivelisa ingcinezelo yokuziphatha. Ziguqula imigaqo engekho mgaqo-siseko ukuba iphilele imfuneko yokusesikweni nokulingana. Inkqubo yokulungisa inika inkqubo esesikweni yokuguqulela le migaqo-ntlalo kutshintsho olusisigxina, iqinisekisa ukuba ulo olunzima aluphenduzwa lula zizinto ezinkulu zezobupolitika zexesha elizayo.
UmGaqo-siseko njengoxwebhu oluphilayo
Ingcamango yomGaqo-siseko "njengoxwebhu oluphilayo" maxa wambi ithanda ukuphikisana, ngengxoxo yokuba umGaqo-siseko ufanele ukutolikwa ngokwentsingiselo yawo yantlandlolo okanye ulungelelaniswa neemeko zale mihla. Noko ke, utshintsho lwenkqubo ngokwayo lubonisa ukuba abalawuli benkqubo babefuna umGaqo-siseko ukuba uzenzekele. Ngokuquka iGatya V kunye neenkqubo zalo zokulungisa, bayavuma ukuba izizukulwana zexesha elizayo ziza kujamelana neengxaki ezingenakuzilindela kwaye zifuneke zibenako ukuguqula isiseko somgaqo-siseko ngoko.
Iinguqu ezingama-77 ezivunyiweyo ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini zibonisa umGaqo-siseko olungelelanisa ukufikelela kubukhoboka bobukhoboka, ukwandiswa kwamalungelo okuvota, ukuhlaziywa kwezakhiwo zikarhulumente, nokukhusela ukuqonda okutsha kwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Le ndaleko iye yenzeka kwinkqubo esesikweni yokulungisa inkululeko kunokuba ichazwe ngokutsha, inika iinguqu zomGaqo-siseko ukufaneleka kolawulo-melo kunye nokuhlala ixesha elide. Xa umGaqo-siseko ulungiswa, ubonakalisa uvumelwano lwesizwe olubanzi olungaphaya kweentloko-zobupolitika zokwexeshana okanye iimbono zabagwebi ngabanye.
Kwangaxeshanye, ubunzima benkqubo yokulungisa buqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko utshintsha kuphela xa kukho isivumelwano sokwenyaniso nesasasaziwa esiyimfuneko. Olu lungelelwano phakathi kobubhetyebhetye nozinzo luye lwavumela umGaqo-siseko ukuba uhlale ufanelekile kwaye unegunya ukutyhubela utshintsho olukhulu lwezobugcisa, ibutho labantu, uqoqosho, kunye nenkcubeko. Uxwebhu olubhalwe ngexesha lezinto zokubhala iipeni ezimfutshane kunye nezithwalwa ngamahashe luyaqhubeka lulawula uhlanga lweminxeba kunye nendawo yokuhamba ngenxa yokuba lungalungiswa lukwazi ukuthetha ngezinto ezintsha ngexesha logcino lwemigaqo nezakhiwo zalo.
Iingxaki Nokugxekwa Kwenkqubo Yokulungiswa Komhlaba
Ngoxa inkqubo yokulungisa ibangele utshintsho olubalulekileyo lomgaqo-siseko, ayingekhoyo ngaphandle kwabagxeki kunye neengxaki zayo. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi le nkqubo inzima kakhulu, ikwenza kube nzima ukucombulula iingxaki zale mihla ngotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. I-United States inenye yeenkqubo ezinzima zokulungisa indalo ehlabathini, kwaye umGaqo-siseko uye watshintshwa kaninzi kunemiqathango yeendawo ezininzi zolawulo-melo. Oku kungqongqo kungadimaza xa kukho inkxaso enkulu yotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko kodwa hayi ezona zinto zibalulekileyo zifunekayo ekulungiseni identi.
Abanye baphikisa ngelithi inkqubo yokulungisa inika amandla amaninzi kumazwe amancinci, ekubeni ukusetyenziswa kwemijelo kufuna imvume ngoorhulumente abathathu-sine kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi na abemi. Oku kuthetha ukuba oku kuthetha ukumela iqaqobana elincinane labemi liphela lingathintela ukupheliswa okuxhaswe luninzi lwamaMelika. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba oku akunademokhrasi kwaye kuvumela uxanduva oluncinci ukuthintela utshintsho oluyimfuneko. Abakhuseli benkqubo yangoku baphendula ngokuthi umqobo ophezulu wokuzinziswa kwenguquko ukhusela kwiinguquko ngokungxamisekileyo kwaye baqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko uxhase nyanisweni kwimimandla nakuhlalo lwahlukeneyo.
Kukwakho nenkxalabo ngendima yemali kunye nezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo kwinkqubo yokulungisa. La maphulo okulungisa iRatiation anokubiza imali eninzi, kwaye inkcaso ekhutshiweyo ngamanye amaxesha ingasoyisa iinguqu ezixhaswe kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, ukuntsonkotha kwenkqubo nexesha elithatyathwayo kunokwenza kube nzima ukuphendula kwiingxaki ezingxamisekileyo okanye iingxaki ezifuna izisombululo zomgaqo-siseko. Ezi zingcebisa ukuba nangona inkqubo yokulungisa isebenza kakuhle kwiinkalo ezininzi, ingangenelwa ekuhlolweni kobuchule kunye nokuhlengahlengiselwa.
Ikamva Lokuhlaziywa KomGaqo-siseko
Njengokuba i-United States ijongene nocelomngeni olutsha kwinkulungwane yama-21, kuphakama imibuzo malunga nokuba kutheni ukubuyiselwa kwemeko-bume kwixesha elizayo kuyimfuneko okanye kunqweneleka. Abanye abameli bacela ukutshintshwa kwemali yezephulo eliya kunikwa inkxaso-mali, bephikisa ngelithi ukusetyenziswa kokungalingani konyulo kunciphisa ukulingana kwedemokhrasi. Abanye bacebisa ukuba ukupheliswa okunxulumene nokukhuselwa kokukhusela indalo, beqonda ukuba abanakulindela ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nemekobume entle. Sekunjalo abanye bacebisa ukuba kulungiswe ukulungisa iElectoral College, ukumisela imida yemiqathango yeNkundla Ephakamileyo, okanye ukuqinisekisa amalungelo athile entlalo nezoqoqosho.
Iminyaka yamanani iye yaphakamisa imibuzo emitsha ngokuphathelele ukufihlakala, ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kunye nokuhlola kukarhulumente okungenakucingwa ngabasebenzi befreyim. Ngoxa iinkundla zitolike imigaqo ekhoyo yomgaqo-siseko ukucombulula le miba, abanye baphikisa ngelithi iinguqu ezicacileyo zomGaqo-siseko zisenokuba yimfuneko ukukhusela amalungelo afanelekileyo ngexesha lamanani. Ngokufanayo, inkqubela kwibhayoloji, ubukrelekrele obungeyo, kunye nezinye izinto zobugcisa eziqhambukayo zisenokufuna ukusabela komgaqo-siseko ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo asisiseko nesidima somntu zikhuselwe ngokukhuselwa kobugcisa.
Nokuba ngaba naziphi na kwezi zindululo zicetyiweyo ziza kwamkelwa ziseza kubonwa. Umnyango ophezulu wotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko uthetha ukuba utshintsho alufuni nje kuphela iingxoxo ezilungileyo kodwa lukwafuna ukukhuthaza unxulumano lwezopolitiko kunye nokuvumelana okubanzi. Noko ke, imbali yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko ibonisa ukuba xa imicimbi ibaluleka ngokwaneleyo kwaye xa intsebenziswano itshintsha uluvo lukawonke wonke, utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lunokwenzeka kwanakwimicimbi ephikisanayo.
Isizathu Sokuba Ukuhlaziywa Kuqhubeke Kubalulekile
Izilungiso zomGaqo-siseko zibalulekile kuba zimela uhlobo oluphezulu lomthetho kwinkqubo yamaMelika, olungaphezulu kunemimiselo, imimiselo, kwanezigqibo zomthetho. Xa umGaqo-siseko ulungiswa, umisela imigaqo kunye nemigaqo engenakususwa lula ngeenkqubo eziqhelekileyo zezobupolitika. Oku kuhlala njalo kwenza ukuba kulungiswe izixhobo ezinamandla zokukhusela nokuseka imithetho esisiseko yokulawula engaphaya kwezobupolitika neenkqubano zexeshana.
Kukwabalulekile nokuhlaziywa ngenxa yokuba kubonakalisa ukuqonda kwethu okuguquguqukayo kokusesikweni, ukulingana, kunye nedemokhrasi. UmGaqo-siseko wowe-1787 waba yimpumelelo ephawulekayo, kodwa kwakhona yayiyimveliso ngexesha lawo, ibonakalisa ulalanisa nobukhoboka nokususa abantu abaninzi ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwezobupolitika. Ngokulungisa, amaMerika aye andisa ngokuthe ngcembe izithembiso zomGaqo-siseko zenkululeko nokulingana ukuze aquke abantu abangakumbi kwaye akhusele amalungelo angakumbi. Le nkqubo yendalekomgamfa ibonakalisa isiqinisekiso sokuphuculwa nokuqonda ukuba umsebenzi wokwakha umanyano olugqibeleleyo asoze uphele.
Ngaphezu koko, iinguqu zibalulekile kuba zilungiselela utshintsho olusisiseko nolufanelekileyo. Kunokuba kufuneke iinguqulelo okanye ugonyamelo ukuze kulungiswe iintsilelo zomGaqo-siseko, inkqubo yokulungisa ivumela utshintsho olulungelelanisiweyo ngeendlela zedemokhrasi. Oku kuye kwafak ’ isandla kuzinzo nobude bobomi bomGaqo-siseko waseMerika, kuvumela inkqubo ukuba ilungelelanise ngaphandle kokwaphulwa.
Inkqubo yokulungisa iyasebenza kumsebenzi obalulekileyo wokufundisa nowokuvala ityala. Ukungalungisi komGaqo-siseko kuthetha ukuba ukulungisa okucetyiweyo kudala ingxoxo enkulu noluxulumano lukawonke-wonke. Ezi ngxoxo zinceda ekucaciseni amaxabiso, ukuchaza iindawo zokudibana nokungavisisani, kwaye zifundisa abemi ngemigaqo nezakhiwo ezisemthethweni. Kwanaxa kucetyiswe ukuba zilungiswe, inkqubo yokuzixubusha ingenza abantu baziqonde kakuhle kwaye zikhokelele kwezinye iindlela zotshintsho.
Ukufunda kwimbali yomgaqo-siseko
Imbali yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko inika izifundo ezibalulekileyo kwiingxoxo zale mihla ezimalunga nokuguqulwa komGaqo-siseko. Okokuqala, ibonisa ukuba utshintsho olubalulekileyo lomGaqo-siseko luyenzeka kodwa lufuna umgudu oqhubekayo, ulwakhiwo olubanzi, nomonde. Olona tshintsho luphumelelayo luye lwaba lolo luxhaswa yimibutho yoluntu eninzi eyaqhubeka ifundisa uluntu nokwakha inkxaso yezobupolitika kangangeminyaka emininzi.
Okwesibini, imbali yokulungisa ibonisa ukuba utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ludla ngokuvela, ngamaxesha otshintsho olubalulekileyo lomsebenzi olandelwa ngamaxesha amade ozinzo. IBhili yamaLungelo, uhlaziyo, uHlaziyo, kunye neNkathi ehambela phambili imela iinguqu zomgaqo-siseko nganye ezichaphazeleka kwiimeko ezithile zembali. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela kunceda abaguquli benkqubo bamaxesha bacinge ngendlela elungeleleneyo malunga nokuba kuphi kwaye kuphi ukulandela iinguqulelo zomgaqo-siseko.
Okwesithathu, imbali yokulungisa ityhila ukuba utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ludla ngokuba lungaphelelanga kwaye kufuneka luqhubeke lunyanzeliswa kwaye lucaciswe. Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesihlanu aluzange lwawaqinise amalungelo okuvota ama-Afrika, yaye ukuhlaziywa kweSigunya leshumi elinesithoba akuzange kuqinisekise amalungelo okuvota onke amabhinqa ngoko nangoko. Ukupheliswa komGaqo-siseko kumisela imigaqo ebalulekileyo kunye nokukhuselwa, kodwa ukuguqulela loo migaqo kwinyaniso kufuna ukuhlala uphaphile, ukulawulwa kwesizwe, kunye nokuhlaziywa kwequluko.
Ekugqibeleni, imbali yokulungisa ibonisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko ungowabantu, hayi nakwesiphi na isizukulwana okanye iqela elithile leenkokeli. Isizukulwana ngasinye sinelungelo noxanduva lokuqwalasela ukuba iinguqu zomGaqo-siseko ziyimfuneko kusini na ukucombulula iingxaki zale mihla nokuqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko usebenza kuwo onke amaMelika. Le nkqubo yokulungisa yindlela esesikweni eqhubekayo le ngxoxo yomgaqo-siseko eqhubekayo eyenzeka ngayo, ivumela isizukulwana ngasinye ukuba sixhase kwindaleko yedemokhrasi yedekhrasi yesiseko somGaqo-siseko saseMelika.
Imeko yomhlaba wonke yoMgaqo-siseko
Ukuhlolisisa inkqubo yokulungisa i-U.S. kumongo wehlabathi lonke kunika imbono exabisekileyo kumandla nobuthathaka bayo. Inkoliso yamazwe edemokhrasi inemigaqo-siseko enokutshintshwa, kodwa iinkqubo ezithile ziyahluka ngokubanzi. Amanye amazwe afuna kuphela amagunya alula owiso-mthetho, ngoxa amanye aneemfuno ezifana okanye ezithe zaqina ngakumbi kunalawo ase-United States. Eminye imimiselo iye yatshintshwa amaxesha amaninzi, ngoxa eminye inqabile ukutshintshwa.
UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ubalulekile ngenxa yobudala nozinzo lwawo. Ngumgaqo-siseko wesizwe omdala obhaliweyo osasetyenziswa, kwaye uguqulwe ngokunqabileyo ngokuthelekiswa neminye imimiselo yesizwe emininzi. Olu luzinzo luneengenelo, lunika inkqubela phambili kwaye luthintela ukuguquka komgaqo-siseko. Noko ke, kwakhona kuthetha ukuba ezinye iinkalo zomGaqo-siseko waseMelika zisenokuphelelwa lixesha okanye zifaneleke kancinane kwiingxaki zale mihla. Ezinye idemokhrasi ziye zakwazi ukuguqula iinkqubo zazo zomgaqo-siseko ngokulula ngakumbi, zivumelanisa iimeko ngokutshintsha ngojikelelo.
Umthetho wamalungelo abantu kunye nophuhliso lomgaqo-siseko kwamanye amazwe angazisa iingxoxo zomGaqo-siseko waseMerika. Amazwe amaninzi anemimiselo yezomGaqo-siseko ekhusela amalungelo entlalo kunye nezoqoqosho, amalungelo okusingqongileyo, okanye amanye amalungelo angakhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko we-U. nangona le mizekelo yezizwe ngezizwe ingakulawuli oko i-U.S. inokuthi, anganika imizekelo eluncedo kunye nempembelelo kwabo bafuna ukwandisa ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko ngenkqubo yokupheliswa. Ukuze kufumane ulwazi olungakumbi olungomthetho othelekisa umGaqo-siseko, oovimba abafana neprojekthi yeprojekthi ye- i-CONSP
Ubandakanyeko lwe-CPF nolungomGaqo-siseko
Ukuqonda izilungiso zomgaqo-siseko kunye nokulungisa inkqubo kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokufundiswa kwezentlalo. Abahlali abaqonda indlela umGaqo-siseko onokutshintshwa ngayo baxhotyiswe ngokulunge ngakumbi ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwiingxoxo ezingendlela yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko nokuvavanya iizicelo zokulungisa izindululo ezintsha. Olu lwazi lunika abantu amandla okubandakanyeka ngokunentsingiselo kwimibuzo esisiseko ephathelele amalungelo, ulawulo-lawulo-siseko, kunye nenkqubo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika.
Amaziko emfundo, imibutho yezemfundo, kunye namajelo eendaba zonke adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ukubhalwa komGaqo-siseko. Ukufundisa abafundi ngenkqubo yokulungisa iinguqulelo nembali yenguqulelo yomGaqo-siseko kubanceda baqonde ukuba umGaqo-siseko asiluxwebhu oluzinzileyo kodwa kunoko luyinkqubo edityanisiweyo encedayo ekumisweni. Le ngcamango isenokukhuthaza ukubhalisana kwezentlalo nokuzimela ulawulo-demokhrasi.
Imibutho ezinikele kwimfundo yomGaqo-siseko, enjenge Iziko loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe , ibonelela ngobuncwane obuxabisekileyo bokufunda ngembali yokulungisa kunye nembali yezomGaqo-siseko. Ezi zinto zinceda abemi baqonde kungekuphela nje oko kuthethwa ngumGaqo-siseko kodwa nendlela oye watshintsha ngayo kwixesha elizayo. Ngokusenza ulwazi lomgaqo-siseko lufikeleleke kubo bonke abantu baseMelika, le migudu yemfundo iqinisa ukuthatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi kunye nobumi bamazwe olwazi.
UKUTHETHANA ngemiba enxulumene nomgaqo-siseko kungathatha iindlela ezininzi, ukusuka ekubeni nenxaxheba kwiingxoxo zikawonke-wonke eziphathelele ukupheliswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo ecetywayo ukuya kwimibutho exhasa ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-siseko. Abami banokuqhagamshelana nabameli babo abanyuliweyo ukuze bachaze iimbono zabo ngokupheliswa okucetyiweyo, bathathe inxaxheba kumaphulo okuhluza umgangatho wesizwe, okanye bathelele imibutho yoluntu esebenza ukuguqula umGaqo-siseko. Oku kubalulekile kuba ukubhalisa okusesikweni ekugqibeleni kuxhomekeke kwinkxaso ethandwayo nakwintsebenziswano ezingomthetho okanye kwimibutho yezobupolitika kuphela.
Isiphumo: Iprojekthi eqhubekayo yokuphuculwa komGaqo-siseko
Ibali lokulungisa umGaqo-siseko liyimeko esisiseko yenkqubela nenkqubela. Ngenkqubo yokulungisa, amaMerika aye alungisa ukungabikho kokusesikweni okungcwatywayo, andisa inxaxheba yedemokhrasi, kwaye aguqula umthetho wawo osisiseko ukuba uvumela iimeko ezitshintshayo. UmGaqo-siseko uye waguquka usuka kuxwebhu oluvumela ubukhoboka nokuvotelwa kwabelungu ukuba babe ngabamhlophe abafumana izinto ezithile ukuba babe yimeko eqinisekisa ukukhuselwa okulinganayo kwaye unyusele amalungelo okuvota kubo bonke abantu abadala kungakhathaliseki ukuba bobaluphi uhlanga, isini, okanye imeko yezoqoqosho.
Le ndaleko ayibanga lula okanye izenzekela. Utshintsho ngalunye olubalulekileyo lufuna umgudu othe rhoqo owenziwe ngabaxhasi abazahluleleyo, ukwakhiwa kombutho ophangaleleyo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo, kwaye ekugqibeleni ukuphunyezwa kwesivumelwano esingaqhelekanga kumazwe namazwe awahlukeneyo. Ubunzima benkqubo yokulungisa buye baphazamisa abaguquli, kodwa bukwaqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu zomgaqo-siseko zibonisa ukuzinikela kokwenyaniso kwesizwe kunokuba zibonakalise iinkanuko zezokwexeshana zezobupolitika.
Njengoko iUnited States iqhubeka ijongene nocelomngeni olutsha kwinkulungwane yama-21, inkqubo yokulungisa isekhona njengesixhobo sokulungisa umGaqo-siseko. Nokuba ukulungisa okuzayo kuya kuchaza inkxaso-mali yelizwana, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, amalungelo okuvota, okanye imibandela engakavunywa ngokupheleleyo, inkqubo esungulwe kwiQumrhu V inika inkqubo yedemokhrasi nesemthethweni yokutshintsha okungundoqo. Isitshixo sibandakanya uluntu, ukucingisisa ngokucamngca, kunye nokuzimisela ukwenza umGaqo-siseko usebenze bhetele ngcono kubo bonke abantu.
Ekugqibeleni, iinguqu zibalulekile kuba ziquka umgaqo wokuba umGaqo-siseko ungowabantu kwaye unokuziphucula ngabantu. Isizukulwana ngasinye sinethuba kunye nembopheleleko yokuqwalasela ukuba iinguqulelo zomGaqo-siseko ziyafuneka kusini na ukucombulula iingxaki zale mihla nokuqinisekisa ukuba izithembiso zenkululeko, ukulingana, nokusesikweni ziyinyaniso kumntu wonke waseMerika. Utshintsho aluyonkqubo yobugcisa nje yomthetho kodwa luyinkqubo enzulu yedemokhrasi yokuzilawula ngokwayo kunye neprojekthi eqhubekayo yokwakha umbutho ogqibeleleyo.
Ngokuqonda imbali, injongo, kunye nenkqubo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko, abemi bangakuqonda bhetele oko kuphunyezwe zizizukulwana ezidlulileyo kunye namathuba okuzinziswa kokulungisa kwixesha elizayo. UmGaqo-siseko uye wenziwe ngcono ngokulungisa, kwaye uqhubeke uphuculwa logama nje amaMerika ehleli ezinikele kwiinjongo zedemokhrasi, ukulingana, nokusesikweni okulawula umsebenzi womgaqo-siseko. Ngale ndlela, ibali lokulungisa umGaqo-siseko aliyobali lotshintsho kodwa liyibali eliqhubekayo elinokubandakanyela kulo, ukubumba umthetho osisiseko olawula ibutho lethu nokhusela amalungelo ethu.
Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngomGaqo-siseko kunye nokulungisa kwawo, oovimba bobuzwe banika ukufumaneka kumaphepha angaphambili kunye noovimba bemfundo abaninzi. Ngokungakumbi, iZiko lolwazi loLuthalo kwiSikolo soMthetho we-Cornell linikela ulwazi olubanzi ngomthetho kunye notoliko. Ezi mithombo zinganyusa ulwazi ngendlela iinguqu eziye zayila ngayo idemokhrasi zaseMelika kwaye ziqhubeke ziphembelela iingxoxo zomthetho nezopolitiko zanamhlanje.
Inkqubo yokulungisa imela enye yezona mpawu zibalulekileyo zenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko waseMelika, ilungelelanisa uzinzo kunye nelungelo elingundoqo lokutshintsha, ukukhusela amalungelo amancinane ngexa kufunwa imvume ebanzi, kwaye ivumela isizukulwana ngasinye ukuba sinikele kwindaleko yedemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko. Njengoko sijamelene nocelomngeni kunye namathuba ekamva, inkqubo yokuzilungisa ihlala iyisixhobo esibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba umGaqo-siseko uyaqhubeka ufeza injongo yawo ebalulekileyo: ukumisela okusesikweni, ukuqinisekisa uxolo lwasekhaya, ukubonelela ukukhusela intlalo-ntle eqhelekileyo, ukukhuthaza intlalo-ntle, nokukhusela iintsikelelo zexesha elizayo.