Indlela Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko Akhusela Ngayo Abemi Ngamaxesha Engxaki

Ukukhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko kuyila isiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi, kodwa ezi ziqinisekiso zivavanywa kakhulu ngamaxesha ongxamiseko yesizwe. Enoba kujongwe nemfazwe, nezifo ezimandundu, okanye ukuwa kwezoqoqosho, oorhulumente basoloko befuna ukwandisa amandla abo egameni lokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. UmGaqo-siseko, kunye neBhili yamaLungelo kunye nokubuyiselwa kwawo kolawulo lwedemokhrasi, unika isiseko esisemthethweni esikhusela abemi kurhulumente ekuqhathakatheni naxa uloyiko nokungaqiniseki kulawula ubomi babantu. Ukuqonda indlela la malungelo asebenza ngayo ngexesha lokhuseleko kumntu ngamnye onqwenela ukulondoloza inkululeko ngoxa egcina ukhuseleko kunye nokhuseleko.

Ukuguquka Kwamalungelo Ngembali Phantsi Kwengcinezelo

Ukusuka kwiXesha lokuFunywa ukuya kumhla wangoku, imbali yaseMerika ityhila ungquzulwano oluphindaphindiweyo phakathi kokhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya, uMongameli uAbraham Lincoln wabek'edeka i-habeas corpus, evumela ukubanjwa kwamajoni. [[[FLT:]] Inkundla zamajoni azinakuphinda ziqinisekise ukuba iinqobo azinakuzama apho iinkundla zamapolisa zazisebenza khona, zimisela ikhondo langaphambili lokuba amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ahlala ekho phakathi kwemfazwe. Ngokufanayo, ngexesha le mfazwe yehlabathi, i-Ex e-Flappagean [[FLD] [[FLT] [12] [12] i-FT] ibonise kwakhona ukuba iinkundla zemfazwe ezikhohlayo ekungeneni kwemfazwe, kodwa zikhomba lula. [4]

Imfazwe yehlabathi II yazisa ukuvalelwa kwelizwe lase-Japan ngelidume kakubi phantsi koMthetho oLawulwe ngoLawulo oluPhezulu 906. Korimatsu v. United States [1944], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa imvume, isigqibo esigwetyelwe kakhulu namhlanje njengokungafezeki komgaqo-siseko. Eli tyala libonisa ukuba kwanenkundla ephakamileyo ingenza impazamo phantsi koxinzelelo. Iingxaki zakutshanje, kuquka imfazwe ye-CHOVAID nesageji, zivuse impikiswano ngokuhlola, ukuvalelwa, kunye nemiyalelo yempilo kawonke wonke. Isiganeko ngasinye sikhuthaza imfuneko yokufunda kwimbali kunye nokwakha imigaqo esemthethweni echasene nokurhoxilonga kwenkululeko.

Oko Sikufundayo KwiNtlanganiso Yamalungelo Abemi

I-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s inikela umzekelo onamandla wokuphikisana. Ngexesha elo xesha, urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa ubuchule bokuphelisa ukuqhayisa nokuthintela intlanganiso. Kodwa iinkundla zesizwe, ingakumbi phantsi kweNtloko yeJaji Earl Warren, ngokuzingisa amalungelo oMndululo Wokuqala wobuGqinisi. Imithetho enjenge DACP v. Alaba [1988] [1988]) yakhusela ilungelo lokunxulumana ngokungaziwayo, kwaye amawadi ee. South Caroline [197] [193] iqinisekisa ukuba kuhlangane ngokuthelelwa eluxolweni. Ezi zigqibo zibonisa ukuba amalungelo omgaqo-siseko asebenza ngokuchasene neenshophulo-yo.

Amalungelo angundoqo omGaqo-siseko kunye nokhuseleko lwawo

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Nokuxinana

ISinyuso sokuQala siqinisekisa ukuba “Awukho umthetho oza kwenza ukuba umkhosi ungabi nagunyaziswa ... iNkundla Ephakamileyo ibambe inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yokushicilela.” Kwizinto ezingxamisekileyo, eli lungelo lidla ngokuqala ukuhlaselwa. Oorhulumente basenokuyichaza into engahambi kakuhle njengengenaluvongo okanye eyingozi, kwaye iimpepha-ndaba zingajongana noxinzelelo lomntu oziphetheyo. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yabambelela ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwinkululeko yokuthetha, ayinakucinywa ngaphandle kokuba isongelo olukhawulezileyo lomonakalo onzulu. [[FLT: 0]] Le ngxaki isenokuthiwayibeka ikukuvavanyaniswa nokuvela kwesenzo esingeyo sokuzikhusela esingeyo somthetho esingekho mthethweni.[FLT] [FLD] [FLD] [12] [FLT] v.[FF][3][9][9]] [196]

Imizekelo esebenzisekayo iquka ilungelo lokugxeka ukusabela kwesifo esibengezelayo sikarhulumente, ukupapasha amaxwebhu avulileyo malunga neenkqubo zokuhlola, okanye ukulungiselela ukuqhankqalaza okuziinyani ngexesha lokuvala izithuba. Abami kufuneka baqonde ukuba uMphengululo Wokuqala ukhusela kungekuphela nje amazwi athethwayo kodwa kwanamazwi okomfuziselo, njengokunxiba isigqubuthelo okanye ukubonisa uphawu. Ngexesha lesifo se-CHOVAD-19, iinkundla eziliqela zawisa imiqathango ebanzi kwiintlanganiso zonqulo nakwimibhiyolelo kawonke-wonke, ziqinisekisa ukuba kwanengxaki yempilo kawonke wonke ayiwaniki mandla angenakuthintela ukuchasana.

Inkululeko Yendibano Neyonxulumano

Ilungelo “lokuhlanganisana, kunye nokubongoza uRhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo” zibaluleke ngokufanayo ngexesha leengxaki. Xa oorhulumente bebeka ingxubusho kwimiyalelo yekhaya okanye kuvinjwe iimbutho ezinkulu, indibano ingangqubana neemfuno zoluntu. Iinkundla zisoloko zixhasa ixesha elifanelekileyo, indawo, kunye nemiqathango, kodwa ziye zamisela ukuba oorhulumente bangayisebenzisi imijelo ethile okanye iimbono zokucinezela. Ngomzekelo, ebudeni bemiqathango yomthetho wobuhlanga engama-2020, ezinye izixeko zizama ukuvala zonke iintlanganiso, kodwa iinkundla zelizwe zakhawuleza zayalela imiyalelo enjalo yemigubo. Umgaqo ongundoqo ngulokuba naluphi na umgaqo osisithintelo oluncinane, umele ushicineze ushiye imijelo yonxibelelwano oluvulekileyo, njengoluluhlu lweentlanganiso ze-intanethi okanye iintlanganiso ze-pluntluntlu.

Ilungelo Lenkqubo Elindelekileyo NeHabeas Corpus

IsiHlanziso sesihlanu neseshumi elinesine siqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uza kuhluthwa “ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” Oku kuthetha ukuba kwanakwimeko enzima, urhulumente kufuneka anikele isaziso kunye nokuvalwa kakuhle ngaphambi kokuba enze izenzo ezingalunganga ebantwini ngabanye. I-writ of habeas corpus/akpus, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ikhuselekile kwiQumrhu I, iCandelo 9-ethiwe i-Bhouedeeat. Ngexesha lemfazwe e-Trit, ulawulo lwamaTrough lwaphikisa ukuba abathwali baseGuankam Bay babengenalo lobugrabhas, kodwa iNkundla ePhaka ulawulo lwesizwe. [FLDUPG: 0] iBMbuth.[FLPlat: 200]

Kwizinto ezingxamisekileyo zempilo kawonke-wonke, kuvela inkxalabo efunekayo xa oorhulumente behlalisa abantu ngabanye, begunyazisa amachiza, okanye bemisela imiqathango yokuhamba. Iinkundla zembali ziye zaxhasa amanyathelo anjalo phantsi kwamandla amapolisa (jonga ] Jacobson v. Massachusetts], 1905), kodwa zikwafuna ukuba amanyathelo abe afanelekileyo, ayimfuneko, kwaye angabi nako ukunyanzeleka. Umzekelo, ngexesha lesifo se-COVID, amanye amazwe ajongene neemiyalelo enyanzelo enyanzelekile abasebenzi abanolwazi ngezonyango, kunye neenkomkhulu imiyalelo ehlola enoba iquka ukukhulula iinjongo zonyango okanye ezonqulo. Isifundo sisithi asiyo inkqubo ekufuneka inyanzelwe nje ilungele ungxamiseko lwemeko.

Ukukhuselwa Kwizinto Ezingekho Sikweni Nezingekho Mthethweni

ISichibiyelo sesine sikhusela ukungenelela korhulumente ngaphandle kosizathu esilindelekileyo. Kwiimeko, eli lungelo lingakhutshwa ngobuninzi bokhangelo, ukusetyenziswa kweminxeba, kunye nokuqokelelwa kwedata. UMthetho wePatriot, ogqithwe emva kwe-9/11, ogunyazisiweyo wolawulo olubanzi, kuquka “imvume kunye nokuhlola” nengqokelela yemida enzima. United States v. Jones [20], iNkundlalo ePhakamileyo ebambe imoto yeGPS isenza uphatho lwemoto ekhapheliphaza phantsi kweSihla soMfungcelo, efuna isiqinisekiso. Ngokukhawuleza, i-Milightial Surveill (FCC] [FFF]]]], i-octivesterocrogs processidecs zobugnents processs zolwazi oluthenjiso lobugcisa, i-onele ezithenjiweyo, ifuna ukuphendukulungisa, i-onele kakhulu kuba

Ucelomngeni Kumalungelo Ngexesha Lobunzima

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ntaba zikhuselwa ngumgaqo - siseko, iingxaki zibangela uxinezeleko olunokukhokelela ekuphelisweni kwamalungelo abantu.

Ulungelelwano lwegunya namandla exesha likaxakeka

Oomongameli kunye namabamba basoloko becela amagunya ongxamiseko ukuba enze ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho. UMthetho we-National Emertications (1997) kunye noMthetho Stafford] Stafford Act [ unika igunya elilawulayo eliphangaleleyo elinokusetyenziswa ngexesha leentlekele. Noko ke, la mandla anokusetyenziswa ukuvala ii-ehlolo-mgractial. Umzekelo, uPresidenti ka-Trump u-Trump ulu wino loxandulo lwemeko lokuxhasa udongalo lweemeko ngo-2019, umele ucelwe ngokwasemthethweni, yaye umele ulwenze ngokomthetho ofanelekileyo wokulawula imigaqo ye-gropublictive.

Ukungathobeli Isigwebo Nengozi ‘ Yento Yonke Ehambayo'

Iinkundla zisoloko zivumela amasebe alawulayo ngexesha leengxaki, ingakumbi kwimicimbi yokhuseleko lwesizwe. umbuzo wezepolitiki] imfundiso yemfundiso ye- kunye nengcamango ye-“imfuno ezikhethekileyo” ezisuka kwiSine Soguqulo-guqulo ziye zavumela amaqumrhu obuchule obubanzi. Kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ilumkisa ukuba ukuthomalalisa akumele kube kukuchaphazelwa kwemithetho. [[FLT]] Trump v. Hawaii[FLT][FLT] [(20:3]]] [2010]), iNkuqulumo luxhasa ukuvalwa kolawulo lwamathengwa kwamaSulubini kodwa yenza ngokusekelwe kwisigqibo solawulo oluqhelekileyo, ukuboniswa kwengxoxo elungele ukusetyenziswa kwe-Maslamsli.

Ingcinezelo Kawonke - wonke Nentsomi Yonqabiseko

Ngexesha leengxaki, uluvo lukawonke-wonke ludla ngokutshintsha ukuxhasa isenzo sorhulumente esinamandla. Oku kungenza “umahluko phakathi kweflegi” ophelisa ukungavumelani kunye nokubeka imiqathango yamalungelo aqhelekileyo. Ukuxhasa kwamaJaphani kwaxhaswe kakhulu ngexesha, njengoko kwakunjalo ngeMcCCarthy-era uluvo lokunyaniseka. Namhlanje, ucelomngeni lukugcina ulwamkelo olubalulekileyo naxa uloyiko lusasazekile. Umthetho we-Media, ukubhalisana kwesizwe, kunye noluntu olunesidima luyimfuneko ekulweni. [[FLT: 0] Amalungelo ozifaneleyokungaxengi;

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Esemthethweni Ekhusela Amalungelo

Uhlolo lwejaji kunye nokucaciswa komGaqo-siseko

Inqaku III leenkundla zomGaqo-siseko linegunya lokuchaza umthetho, kuquka umGaqo-siseko. ngophindo lwezomthetho , iinkundla zingawisa imimiselo, imiyalelo yolawulo, kunye nemithetho echasene namalungelo asisiseko. Iimeko zophawulo ezifana ulutsha olunoMgaqo-siseko we-Ofihlo & Lamp; Tube Co. v. Sayyer[ [1952] [152] uMongameli obekelwe umda wesitshebele, kunye nemithetho ethintela ukusetyenziswa kwemibhobhozo yentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea, ukuqinisekisa ukuba kwanamandla emfazweni anemidayo yomgcelo. Ngokuthe , iinkundla ezithe kratya zivingcisa ukuva ukuva ii-omgalelo ze-cellphone.

Inkxalabo yoluntu nokukhuthuzwa

Amaqumrhu anjenge Isibonelelo sobuni baseMelika somanyano lweJavani lweJaji, , [i-Exlectronic Foundation Foundation , kunye Brennan Center yeSiko loJaji [[[FLTL:5]] rhoqo iintelekiso zefayile zokuvavanya amalungelo okulwa ngexesha leengxaki. La maqela axhomekeke ekumeni, kwizenzo zodidi, kunye ne-amss ezifutshane ukuzisa imicimbi emimiselo phambi kwenkundla. Umzekelo, i-ACCUUU susten yokwahlulo lwentsapho, kunye ne-EFFFF ivavanyeze intelekelelo yomthetho kawonke. Intelelo lungamisela intelelo yemithetho yokhuseleko lwamalungelo amaqela ngeminyaka.

Uhlolisiso lwamatyala Lokukhuselwa Kwamalungelo

Impindezelo YeNkundla Ephakamileyo YaseKorematsu

Ngo-2018, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yakhaba ityala lathi ngokucacileyo Korimatsu v. United States ku Trump v. Hawaii. IJaji enguMphathi uRoberts wabhala ukuba “Korematsu wayengalunganga kakhulu ngomhla ogqitywe ngawo,” ebonisa ukuba iNkundla ingafunda kwiimpazamo zayo. Lo ngumzekelo onamandla wamalungelo omgaqo-siseko esutha ixesha. IRetion ayibuyisi umonakalo ophakathi, kodwa imisela umzekelo omtsha wokuba ulungelelwaniso lobuhlanga nolukrokraniso olusekelwe kwiqela lomthetho-mthetho lungagqibeki, kwana kwiimeko ezingekho ngqiqweqweni.

Intetho Ekhululekileyo Ngethuba Le-COVID-19

Kuyo yonke indyikitya ye-COVID-19, iinkundla zajamelana nocelomngeni oluninzi kwimiyalelo yempilo kawonke-wonke. i-Diocese yamaKatolika e-Brooklyn v. Cuomo [2020], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yavala imiqathango yengingqi ye-mali ye-oktho ye-New York, elawula ukuba imiqathango ecalulwe ngokuchasene nonqulo. Ngokufanayo, Tandv. Newsom [201], iNkubonakalisa ukuba naluphi naluphi umlinganiselo wezempilo yasekuhlaleni emele isetyenziswe ngokungekho mthethweni kwimisebenzi yezonqulo. Le mimiselo ibonisa ukuba, kwana naseluntluntluntwini lonqulo olubulalayo, urhulumente alunakuqwalaselulo lwemisebenzi ephambili yezongxamiseko yoxaso.

Igalelo leMveli neNkcitho

Emva kwe-9/11, uMthetho wokujonga i-USA PATRIOTT, owenyulweyo ngaphantsi koMthetho wobuNcukubhede beMasipala obuNgwevu (FISA). Ngo-2013, ukuvuza kukaEdward Snowden kwatyhila ingqokelela enkulu yeminxeba yefowuni ye-NSA ngaphantsi kwecandelo 215 loMthetho. Ulwandiso-jiyo, kuquka ACLU v. I-Clapper [2010], ikhokelele isekelo lwesibini lweNSUKU ukufumanisa ukuba inkqubo ayigunyaziswanga ngumthetho. Umthetho weSivumelo (20) ekugqibeleni kwaphela ukuqokelelwa kwembutho obuninzi. Olu hlolisiso lubonisa ukuba amalungelo omthetho obuqu, nangona isoloko ingasebenzi ngexesha lobunzima obuqhubekayo, inokuvuselelwa ngokhuthatho oluqhubekayo lomthetho noxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke.

Isiphelo: Imfuneko Eqhubekayo Yokuhlala Uthe qwa

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko akazibopheleleli ngokwawo; afuna ukhuseleko oluzimelayo nokuzichaza kwakhona. Iimeko zembali ziye zawavavanya la malungelo, maxa wambi aneziphumo ezimanyumnyezi, kodwa inkqubo yomthetho ikwabonakalisa ukukwazi ukumelana. Ulungelelwaniso phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko alupheli." Kufuneka luphinde ludityaniswe nongxamiseko ngalunye olutsha. Iintsebenzi zinembopheleleko yokuqonda amalungelo azo, ukubeka iliso kwiinkokeli, nokuxhasa amaziko akhusela imigaqo-siseko. Njengoko abafaki-nkqubo beqonda, “ukulinda okungunaphakade lixabiso lenkululeko." Kwixesha lokutshintsha kwemozulu, izifo ezimaxakeka emhlabeni wonke, kunye nezisongelo ezitshintshayo, oko kubaluleke ngakumbi kunanini nanini nanini.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, hlolisisa iphepha i-Anvocation ukusuka kwithala leencwadi lengqungquthela, i- 'ACLU'S CIS & Lamp; iLiberties translation translation translate transfer translatement , kunye [[FLT:] ne[FLT]SCOUSBOLMLORY yohlalutyo lwamandla ombane [[. Ukuhlala ulwazi linyathelo lokuqala ekuqinisekiseni amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ukuba ahlale ehleli ekhuselekile kubo bonke abemi.