I-Oath yeNkonzo ye Jury lilungu elibalulekileyo lenkqubo yokugweba yaseMerika. Imela imbopheleleko yejaji yokuphakamisa okusesikweni nokunika izigqibo ezifanelekileyo ezisekelwe kubungqina obunikezelwa enkundleni. Ukuqonda esi sifungo kubalulekile kuye nabani na onokuba ngumgwebi, njengoko ibeka isiseko sokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni kwaye iqinisa umgaqo wokuba okusesikweni kungumsebenzi owabelwe kunye phakathi kwesizwe nabemi baso. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imvelaphi, intsingiselo, kunye nentsingiselo esebenzisekayo yesifungo, linika ukhokelo olubanzi lwejaji nabani na onomdla kwinkqubo esemthethweni ye-U.S.

Yintoni Ingxowa Yenkonzo KaJury?

Isifungo seNkonzo kaJury sisithembiso esinzulu esenziwa ngabagwebi ngaphambi kokuba baqalise imisebenzi yabo ekucinyweni. Esi sifungo sigxininisa ukubaluleka kokungakhethi buso, ingqibelelo, nokuzinikela kwinyaniso. Ngokusenza esi sifungo, abagwebi bathembisa ukuvavanya ityala kakuhle, ngaphandle kocalucalulo okanye ikhethe. Ngoxa amagama achanileyo etshintsha ngokwasemthethweni, isifungo esingundoqo sihlala singaguquguquki: ukunikela isigqibo esiyinyaniso esisekelwe kubungqina obunikelwa enkundleni nakumthetho oyalelwa ngumgwebi.

Isifungo sisenziwa ngunobhala wenkundla okanye ngumgwebi emva kokuba inkundla yabachopheli-tyala ibekwe kwindawo yokuhlala. Kwiinkundla ezininzi, abagwebi bakwasenza isifungo esahlukileyo phambi kwe-voir brain (inkqubo yokukhetha abachopheli-tyala) ukuphendula imibuzo eyinyaniso. Isifungo esithatyathwe ekuqaleni kwetyala sisifungo esiyintloko esilawula isigwebo ukuqhuba lonke ixesha.

Imvelaphi Yesitya Esineengqayi

Ingcamango yesifungo ekuthethweni kwezomthetho iqala kwimpucuko yamandulo. Isifungo sabachopheli-tyala sale mihla sisekelwe kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, ingakumbi iAsterendon ekwiwaka lama-1166 phantsi koKumkani uHenry II, eyathi yamisela ukusetyenziswa kwamadoda asekuhlaleni ukufunga inyaniso yezityholo. Kwiminyaka emininzi, isifungo savela kwisixhobo sokutyhola sokukhusela ukungacaluli. EUnited States, iSinyusi-6th Remplite uqinisekisa ilungelo kwinkundla engakhethi, kwaye isifungo siyindlela ekwathi ngayo ukungakhethi buso sesikweni. Ibinzana elithi "so ke nceda uThixo" ekupheleni kwesifungo liqhelekile kodwa alinyanzeki; abagwebi bangaqinisekisa endaweni yokufunga, kunqulo okanye iinkolelo ezingezozacalucalucalucalucalulo.

Ukubaluleka Kwenkonzo KaJury

Inkonzo yeJury iyinxalenye engundoqo yedemokhrasi. Ivumela abemi ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni kwaye iqinisekise ukuba amalungelo abantu akhuselwe. Nazi ezinye izizathu ezingundoqo zokuba inkonzo yabachopheli-tyala ibalulekile:

  • Inkonzo ye Julthi inika abemi ilizwi elingqalileyo kwinkqubo yokugweba. Inika ingqwalasela kubagwebi abachwepheshi abangochwepheshe, iqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zibonakalisa ingqiqo nexabiso eliqhelekileyo loluntu.
  • [[NTL:0] Izixhobo kunye noManyano: Isebenza njengovavanyo kumandla karhulumente ngokuvumela abantu abaqhelekileyo ukuba bagqibe iziphumo zempikiswano engokwasemthethweni. Abagwebi bejaji benza njengokhuselo nxamnye nokunyanzelwa kwemithetho ngokungekho mthethweni okanye ngokucinezeli.
  • Ubucukubhede kunye noMthetho: Iqela labachopheli-tyala elibunjwe ngabantu abahlukeneyo linceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo ziqwalaselwe njengezifanelekileyo nezisemthethweni. Xa uluntu luthatha inxaxheba ekugwebeni, uluntu lunokuba nethuba lokuthemba iziphumo.
  • Ukusebenza kwiqumrhu labachopheli-tyala kufundisa abemi malunga nenkqubo esemthethweni kwaye kuqinisa umthetho. Yenye yemisebenzi embalwa efunekayo kubemi, ngaphandle kokuvota nokuhlawula irhafu.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko

Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala libekwe kwiGatya III, iCandelo lesi-2 loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kunye noMgaqo-siseko weSihlaziyo weSithandathu wamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, kunye noMthetho wokuHlaziya iSihlaziyo seSebendenge kumatyala asekuhlaleni. Oku kuthintela inkolelo yabagwebi yokuba iijaji zibalulekile kwinkululeko. Isifungo sisixhobo esisesikweni esiguqula iqela labasemzini libe liqumrhu elibotshelelwe ngumsebenzi ongcwele.

Isifungo: Umbhalo Nentsingiselo

Amagama angqalileyo eOath of Jury Service angahluka-hluka ngokwemithetho, kodwa aquka isibopho sokunikela isigqibo esiyinyaniso esisekelwe kubungqina. Nalu uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwesifungo njengoko sisetyenziswa kwiinkundla ezininzi zesizwe nezorhulumente:

" Uyafunga (okanye uqinisekise) ukuba uza kuphumelela kwaye uzame ngenene imiba kule meko, kwaye isigqibo sokwenyaniso sinikezelwe, ngoko ke nceda uThixo?[FLT: 1]]

Kwezinye iindawo, isifungo siquka ukuthetha nabanye ngetyala, ukungafundi amaphephandaba ngetyala, nokungavumeli iimvakalelo zobuqu ziphembelele isigqibo. Ngokomzekelo, iKhawunion Commin Procedia inika izifungo ezineenkcukacha ezingakumbi kubagwebi kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni.

Ukuqhekeza Isihlangu

Inxalenye nganye yesifungo inentsingiselo ebalulekileyo:

  • [[NTL: 0] I-Sray edityanisiweyo (okanye isigulo): ingqina ubunzulu bozibopho olwenziweyo. Isiqinisekiso sisehlabathini esithwala ubunzima obunye obusemthethweni. Igama "ii-olemne" imiqondiso yokuba esi asisosithembiso nje esiqhelekileyo.
  • Kulungile kwaye ngenene bazama: Abaququzeleli kufuneka babandakanye ngokukhutheleyo kulo mba baze baqwalasele bonke ubungqina obunikiweyo. "Kulungile" kuthetha ngokukhutheleyo nangokuthembeka; "ngokunyaniseka" kuthetha okokuba akukho nkohliso.
  • Isiqinisekiso senyaniso: Abavumi banomthwalo wokufikelela kwisigqibo esibonakalisa inyaniso esekelwe kubungqina. Igama "inyaniso" apha alithethi inyaniso yokwenyama epheleleyo kodwa kunoko ukufunyanwa okuxhaswa bubunzima bobungqina.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ngokuvisisana nobuBonelelo kunye noMthetho: Abalawuli kufuneka basekele izigqibo zabo ngokubhekiselele kubungqina obunikelwe enkundleni kunye nomthetho osebenzayo njengoko uyalelwa ngumgwebi. Le ndawo iyalela abagwebi ukuba bathembele kulwazi lwangaphandle okanye kulwazi lobuqu lwetyala.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ngoko nceda Thixo: Eli binzana lesithethe libiza igunya eliphezulu njenge dinga. Lingashiywa liba bani abaqinisekisayo, kwaye akukho jaji inyanzeleka ukuba iquke ukuba iyangqubana neenkolelo zabo.

Iimbopheleleko Zomngcwabi

Xa abagwebi besenza isifungo, bathabatha iimbopheleleko eziliqela ezibalulekileyo eziquka ukuvavanywa nokucamngca:

  • I-'mt'engakhethi':[ Abalawuli kufuneka bahlale bengenalucalulo kwaye baphephe ukwenza izimvo phambi kokuva bonke ubungqina. Oku kuquka ukuphepha incoko nomntu othile ngemeko, kuquka intsapho, abahlobo, okanye uqhakamshelwano lwezentlalo-ntlalo.
  • I-Imfihlelo: Abalawuli bayafuneka ukugcina iingxubusho ngetyala lasese de ukuvavanywa kudlule. Kwimimandla emininzi, oku kuquka ukungaquki kwi media yezentlalo okanye ukuqhuba uphando oluzimeleyo.
  • Ingqondo kunye nokuthatha-inqaku: Abaququzeleli kufuneka banikele ingqalelo esondeleyo kwimicimbi bathathe amaphetshana ukuba kuyimfuneko. Iinkundla ezininzi zivumela abagwebi ukuba bakhuphele imibuzo ebhaliweyo ukwenzela amangqina, nangona kungeyo yonke imimandla evumela oku.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isenzo sokuququzelela: Emva kwetyala, abagwebi kufuneka baxubushe ngobungqina kunye nabo basemagunyeni ukuze bafikelele isivumelwano. Ulwamkelo yinkqubo yeqela efuna ukuphandle nokuhlonela iimbono ezahlukeneyo.
  • Ukulandela uMthetho: Abalawuli kufuneka basebenzise umthetho njengoko ufundiswa ngumgwebi, nokuba bona ngokobuqu abavumelani nalo mthetho. Oku kwaziwa njengomsebenzi wokunyaniseka kwimiyalelo esemthethweni.

Ukubonakalisa Ukungakhethi Buso

Akuthethi ukuba abachopheli-mthetho kufuneka beze kwinkundla kungekho mbono okanye amava obomi. Kunoko, kuthetha ukuba kufuneka bakulungele ukubekela bucala naziphi na iimbono baze bagqibe ngetyala elisekelwe kubungqina obubodwa. Ngexesha elibi, abagwebi namagqwetha abonisa ukuba ikhethe licacile. Xa befungile, abagwebi balindeleke ukuba bajonge iimbono zabo. Uphando lucebisa ukuba ukuyiqonda kakuhle imbono enokubakho kunceda abachopheli benze izigqibo ezifanelekileyo. I-American Bar Association inikela izibonelelo kwicandelo lejaji elinokunceda abanokukwazi ukulungiselela ingcwaba.

Imfihlelo Nexesha Lobudala

Abagwebi bale mihla bajamelana nocelomngeni olukhethekileyo oluvela kwii-cell phone nakwizibonelelo zentlalo. Isifungo sathi singakuvumeli ukusebenzisa izixhobo ze-elektroniki uphando ngetyala, ukwabelana ngolwazi, okanye ukunxibelelana namaqela. Abagwebi abaninzi ngoku banika imiyalelo ecacileyo ekuqaleni kwetyala: akukho Googling, akukho mngxube, akukho mxhasi, akukho mbhalo ngetyala. Ukuyekelela oku kungakhokelela kwityala eliphosakeleyo okanye kwanokuba nedelelo lenkundla. Umzekelo, umgwebi ofake amagqabaza ngetyala uFacebook ngetyala wabekwa ngokudelwa kwaye wahlaziswa. ukhokelo lwe-judicary juderiary'ss kumsebenzi we-juver umphalal's trans translate transky the keywordmitteyworders symmental. [ipt]

Ucelomngeni Abajamelene Nalo Abaqhubi

Ukukhonza kwinkundla yabachopheli - tyala kusenokuzisa ucelomngeni olwahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka oluthi:

  • [[NTL: 0] Ukuxinezeleka okungalawulekiyo: Izilingo zingabangela uxinezeleko ngokweemvakalelo, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezibandakanya ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu okanye ubungqina obucacileyo. Abaqhubi bangafumana ungquzulwano olugqithisileyo okanye uxinezeleko olusuka kwizigqibo ezibotshwa ngoomatshini bobomi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuzinikela ngexesha: umsebenzi we Julthi ungafuna ixesha elibalulekileyo, elinokungqubana neemfuno zobuqu nezezomsebenzi. Ngelixesha abaqeshi abaninzi befuneka ngomthetho ukuvumela ixesha lokuyeka, hayi zonke iimbuyekezo zomvuzo olahlekileyo. Ezinye iiveki okanye iinyanga ezigqithileyo.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukuqonda IiNcapho ezingokwasemthethweni: Abaququzeleli bangazama ukuxakeka ngamagama anzima asemthethweni kunye neenkqubo. Abagwebi bazama ukwenza lula imiyalelo, kodwa iingcamango ezifana "nobunzima bobungqina," "ubuthandabuza obusengqiqweni," kunye "negligece" zinganzima ukusebenzisa ngokungaguqukiyo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukwahlukaniswa okuzenzekelayo: Abaququzeleli basoloko bequtyulwa ngexesha lokucinga, nangaphambi koko, bayalelwa ukuba bangathethi ngetyala nabangakholwayo. Oku kunokuvakala kukwahlukanisa, ingakumbi ngexesha lokuvavanywa okude.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uxinzelelo ngexesha loMqathango: ukungavisisani phakathi kwabachopheli-mthetho kungakhokelela kunxunguphalo okanye kwintloko efileyo (umgwebi ogwetyiweyo). Uxinzelelo lokufikelela kwisigqibo esidibeneyo sinokubangela uxinezeleko, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezidibeneyo ngokweemvakalelo.

Inkxaso yemijukujelwa

Iinkundla ezininzi zinikela izibonelelo zokunceda abasebenzi bejaji bahlangabezane noxinezeleko lwenkonzo. Ezinye iindawo zinika iinkonzo zokucebisa okanye iintlanganiso zokuthoba iipesenti emva kokuvavanywa okunzima ngokweemvakalelo. Iziko lesizwe leNkundla yeRhulumente lipapashe izikhokelo kulawulo loxinzelelo lwejaji. Ngaphezu koko, abagwebi abafuna indawo yokuhlala ngenxa yokukhubazeka okanye imiqobo yolwimi bangacela abatoliki okanye ezinye izilungiso ezifanelekileyo phantsi koMthetho we-Melika onobunzima. Iinkundla zinemsebenzi wokuqinisekisa ukuba inkonzo yejaji yejaji iyafikeleleka kubo bonke abemi abafanelekayo.

Imbono Eqhelekileyo Ngenkonzo Yeoath Neye Jury

Nazi ezinye zeengcamango eziphosakeleyo eziqhelekileyo ezicaciswe ngoku:

  • [[NTL:0]" Ukuchitha isigwebo kuvumelekile" Ngelixesha iijaji zinamandla akrwada okukhulula ngokuchasene nobungqina (ulwandiso), isifungo sifuna abagwebi ukuba balandele umthetho. Abagwebi abaninzi bazakuyalela ukuba basebenzise umthetho njengoko unikiweyo. Ukuchitha ityala ngexesha lokucazululwa kudla ngokudityanisiwa kwaye kungakhokelela kwimposiso.
  • [[NTL: 0]]" Ungaba ngujuli-mali ukuba wazi okuthile ngemeko" ukwazi okuthile ngetyala elivela kwiindaba okanye ulwazi lobuqu kusenokumenza angafaneleki umgcini-mthetho. Isifungo sifuna isileti esicocekileyo. Ukuba ijaji ifunda ngetyala ngexesha lokuvavanywa, kufuneka ixele.
  • Isifungo siphela xa ukutyala kuphela" Umsebenzi wokufihla imfihlo udlulela ngaphaya kwesigqibo. Abalawuli bakhululekile ukuxubusha ngetyala esidlangalaleni emva kokuvavanywa, kodwa abasayi kuchaza oko kwenzekayo xa becinga ukuba bathembise ukuba abathembisi. Amanye amagunya anemithetho ekhusela irhonya-msbe yobuqu emva kwetyala.
  • " Awunakuthatha amaphetshana"[ Iinkundla ezininzi zivumela ukuthatha amaphepha, nangona ezinye ziwathintela. Intsingiselo ingukuvumela amaphetshana ancede abachopheli bakhumbule ubungqina obungundoqo. Abanye abagwebi banika iipesenti kunye neepeni.

Isifungo Ezahlukahlukeneyo

Ngoxa isifungo esingundoqo sifana, umongo wemibandela. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, isifungo sigxininisa ukucinywa kokungabinatyala kunye nemfuneko yokuba ityala lingqine ityala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Kwizilingo zasekuhlaleni, umgangatho ngukuqwalaselwa kobungqina, kwaye isifungo sigxininisa ekulinganiseni ubungqina kakuhle. Amaqumrhu amakhulu anesifungo esahlukileyo esibhekisa ekuboneni ukuba kukho isizathu esilindelekileyo sokutyhola. Kurhulumente ulawulo lwejaji, iMimiselo ye- Faderal ye-Predal ye-Procedture sichaza izifungo eziqulethwe yi-'.

Umbuso vs. Federal Oats

Inkundla nganye yesithili yamkela isifungo sayo somgwebi, kodwa bonke balandela isikhokelo esivela kwiNgqungquthela yamatyala yaseUnited States. Iinkundla zezomthetho zohluka-hlukene kakhulu. Umzekelo, iTexas inesivumelwano sokugweba kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni esiquka isithembiso "sokungancokoli nomnye umntu kulo mbandela" ngaphandle kokuba kuxa kuqwalaselwe. IFlorida ifuna isifungo kubagwebi kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho eliquka isithembiso "kahle kwaye ngokwenene lizame ityala, kwaye lizame isigwebo sokwenyaniso, ngokwemithetho nobungqina." Ukuqonda amazwi angqalileyo akwimeko yakho kunokukunceda. Khangela imimiselo yesizwe sakho okanye [[FLT:] inkonzo yephepha lolwaphulo-mthetho [FLD]

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda iOath of Jury Service kubalulekile kuye nabani na ongaba kwinkundla yabachopheli-mthetho. Esi sifungo asingomthetho nje oqhelekileyo; simela isibopho esinzulu somgwebi kubulungisa nomthetho. Ngokufeza imisebenzi yabo, ubuchule, imfihlo, ingqwalasela, kunye nentlonelo. "Izifungo" zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusekeleni ingqibelelo yenkqubo yokugweba. Isifungo sibopha umgcini-jula-jula kwimilinganiselo ephakamileyo yokusesikweni kwaye siguqula ingqokelela yabantu babe lisixhobo sokusebenza ngokusesikweni. Njengoko uqwalasela inkonzo yakho yokugweba, khumbula ukuba ukuthabatha isifungo kusisigqibo esisebenzayo sinegalelo kwisigqibo esibaluleke kakhulu solawulo-melo. Ukukulungela kwakho ukuqinisekisa ingqibelelo kukulondoloza imilinganiselo elungele bonke abemi.