Table of Contents

UHlaziyo lweMigaqo-siseko yeshumi elinesine luye lumi njengenye yezona zinto zilandelayo zongezelelo eziphambili kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, ngokusisiseko luhlaziywa kolwalamano phakathi kwabemi ngabanye, oorhulumente besizwe, kunye norhulumente wesizwe. Ukuhlaziywa kweRhulumente ngoJulayi 9, 1868, kwiziphumo zeMfazwe yamakhaya, le nguqu yenzelwe ukusingatha isimo esisemthethweni sabantu ababengamakhoboka ngaphambili nokuthintela amazwe ekulahleni amalungelo abo nawuphi na umntu okhoyo. Kwinkulungwane edluleyo kunye nesiqingatha, uHlaliso lweshumi elinesine liye laba sisiseko sokhuseleko lwamalungelo angenakubalwaluntlukwano, luphembele yonke into evela ekudibaniseni umtshato. Olu khokelo luye lwaphula umgaqo oqhelekileyo, umgaqo wembali, ukucaciswa ngomthetho, kunye noluqhubekeyolwimi oluqhelekileyo olunokuqondwa ngummi.

Imeko - ngqangi Yembali: Isizathu Sokuba Kufuneke UMthetho Wokwenziwa We - 14

Ukuze siqonde ngokwenene uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine loMphetho-mva, kufuneka kuqala sihlolisise iimeko ezakwenza kwayimfuneko. Emva kokuphela kwemfazwe yamakhaya ngo1865, i-United States yajamelana nengxaki enkulu yomGaqo-siseko. UMthetho oweshumi elinesithathu wokuHlaziyiweyo wawusiphelise ubukhoboka, kodwa awuzange uthethe ngokusemthethweni ukuba abantu abamalunga nezigidi ezine ababekade bengamakhoboka okanye ubaqinisekise ukuba banelungelo elikhethekileyo. Amazwe asemazantsi aqalisa ukukhupha imithetho eyaziwa ngokuba yi-"Mithethotho" eyayivala kakhulu inkululeko yaseAfrika, ezama ukugcina inkqubo ephantsi kobuhlanga nangona kwakuphelile ubukhoboka.

Le mithetho iBlack Special Codes yayahluka-hlukene ngurhulumente kodwa yayithintela amaMelika aseAfrika ekuvoteni, ekusebenzeni kwimiqathango yejaji, engqina ngokuchasene nabantu abamhlophe enkundleni, ukuba nemipu, okanye ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo ngaphandle kwezivumelwano zemisebenzi. Amanye amazwe amisela imithetho engqwabalala evumela amagunya ukuba ababophe abantu abantsundu abangasebenziyo aze abanyanzele ukuba basebenze. Le mithetho ngokunempumelelo yazama ukuphinda ibangele iimeko ezininzi zobukhoboka phantsi kwesakhiwo somthetho esahlukileyo, ibonisa ukuba uHlamkelo lweshumi elinesithathu loMdalelo lodwa lwalunganele ukuqinisekisa inkululeko enenjongo.

IBhunga elilawulwa yiRiphabliki lavuma ukuba ukhuseleko olunamandla lwemGaqo-siseko lwalufuneka ukukhusela amalungelo abantu ababengamakhoboka nokuthintela amazwe ekudaleni uloyiso lwe-Union kwiMfazwe yamakhaya. UMthetho wokuHlaziya weshumi elinesine wavela kolu phawu, umela ukutshintshwa okusisiseko kumthetho-siseko waseMelika ngokumisela ngokucacileyo amandla karhulumente kunye negunya lorhulumente lokwandisa amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko kwakuyinxalenye ye-Reconstanmestrumentations, kunye ne-13thth Refempleteations, ezathi zifunela ukuseka umgaqo omtsha womgaqo-siseko osekelwe ekulingana nakuhlanganisweni bonke.

Umbhalo WoMthetho - melo We - 14

IsiHlamlisi seshumi elinesine siqulethe amacandelo amahlanu, ngalinye lithetha ngeenkalo ezahlukeneyo zobumi, amalungelo, kunye nolawulo lwasemva kwemfazwe. Ngeli Candelo 1 lingqineke lilelona candelo libalulekileyo nelisoloko licaciswe, ukuqonda onke amacandelo amahlanu anika umongo obalulekileyo wenjongo zantlandlolo kunye nezicelo eziqhubekayo.

Icandelo 1: Ubumi, Amalungelo, Inkqubo elindelekileyo, noKhuselo olulinganayo

Icandelo 1 lingundoqo woMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine kwaye liqulethe amacandelo amane ahlukeneyo aye abumba umthetho womgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Icandelo lifundeka ngolu hlobo: "Bonke abantu abazelwe okanye abadalwe eUnited States, kwaye abaphantsi kolawulo lwalo, ngabemi baseUnited States kunye noRhulumente apho behlala khona. Akukho rhulumente oya kwenza okanye anyanzelise nawuphi na umthetho oza kuvala amalungelo okanye ukukhusela abemi baseUnited States; okanye nawuphi na uMkhosi ongamhluphi na umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo esemthethweni elungele ukulawulwa nguye; okanye aphikise nawuphi na umntu ophantsi kolawulo lwakhe olulinganayo lokhuseleko lwemithetho."

Isigqibo ichaza ukuba ukuba ngummi kuxhomekeke ekuzalweni okanye ekuzinzeni, ukugqithisa ngqo kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo kaGawulayo 1857, esithi sikholelwa ukuba abantu bomnombo waseAfrika abanakuba ngabemi. Eli binzana liqinisekisa ukuba nabani na ozalelwe e-U.S. umhlaba, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngabazali babo, umisela umgaqo wokuba ngummi welungelo lobuzibulo ohlala usebenza namhlanje. Ibinzana elithi "imfanelo kumthetho wolawulo lwayo" litolikiwe ukukhupha abantwana bamanye amazwe angaphandle kunye namajoni angotshaba abahlala kulo.

[[Nkundla 1] I-Purgleges okanye ama-Immunities Claus yayijoliswe ekukhuseleni amalungelo asisiseko obumi besizwe ekungeneleni kwesizwe. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yowewaka elinamakhulu asibhozo anamashumi asixhenxe3 yawachaza ngokucuthayo la manqaku, isithiwa kwiseti encinane yamalungelo anxulumene nobumi besizwe, njengamalungelo okuhamba phakathi kwamazwe kunye nelungelo lokucela urhulumente wesizwe. Oku kutolikwa kunika ngokunempumelelo amalungelo okanye ukusetyenziswa kwe-Immagnome Claus ngokuqhelekileyo kwimbali yaseMelika, nangona abanye abaphengululi nabagwebi abasemthethweni baye bayibiza njengemvelaphi yokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko.

I-[[NTL:0] I-Duection Programme Claus iyalela ukuba kungaveli ukuhluthwa nabani na wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho. Eli binzana linamacala amabini: inkqubo efunekayo kunye nenkqubo efunekayo. Inkqubo efunekayo eququzelelayo ifuna ukuba urhulumente alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba enze isenzo ngokuchasene nomntu ngamnye, njengokunika isaziso nethuba lokuviwa. I-Substanticed system ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekuphazanyisweni ngurhulumente, kwanaxa iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zilandelwa. Iinkundla zisebenzisa inkqubo encinci ekufuneka ziqonde ukungathotyelwanga amalungelo, kuquka amalungelo okungasese, ukutshata kwasekunene, nokufumana amalungelo obuzali.

I-Equal Protection Clause ifuna amazwana okunikezela ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho kubo bonke abantu abakwigunya labo. Eli binzana liye laba ngowona mthombo ubalulekileyo wokhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu kumthetho waseMelika, lisebenza njengesiseko somgaqo-siseko sokucel ’ umngeni imithetho noqheliselo. Ukhuseleko olulinganayo luka-Claus lusebenza kubo bonke abantu, hayi kubemi, intsingiselo yokuba kwanabaphambukeli abangabhalwanga banelungelo lokuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho wesizwe.

ICandelo 2: Umelo namalungelo okuNika

Icandelo 2 indlela oorhulumente abamelwe ngayo kwiBhunga kwaye baquka amalungiselelo anxulumene namalungelo okuvota. Linika imvume yokuba umelo kwiNdlu yabameli luza kwahlulwa ngokusekelwe kwisizwe ngasinye, ukubala bonke abantu. Noko ke, ukuba urhulumente uyala ilungelo lokuvota nakuwuphi na ummi wamadoda oneminyaka engamashumi amabini ananye (ngaphandle kokuba nenxaxheba kwimvukelo okanye kwezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho), umelo lukarhulumente luya kuncitshiswa ngokulinganayo.

Eli candelo lenzelwe ukukhuthaza amazwe ukuba anike amalungelo okuvota amadoda awayefudula engamakhoboka ngokusongela ukunciphisa ukumela kwawo ubukhomfa ukuba ayala. Noko ke, eli lungiselelo lesohlwayo alizange linyanzeliswe, kwanaxa amazwe aseMazantsi ehlaziyiwe ngokucwangcisayo abaMfiliba ngerhafu yokuvota, iimvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala, kunye nogonyamelo. Imbekiselo ebhekiselwa ku "am" abemi kweli candelo yaphawula okokuqala ukuba umGaqo-siseko usungula ucalulo lobudoda, nto leyo eyadanisa abameli bamalungelo amabhinqa ngokucocaluzwayo kwaye yafak ’ isandla kwingxabano phakathi kombutho wamalungelo abantu.

Icandelo 3: Ukungavisisani okuvela e-Ofisini

Icandelo 3 liyalela nabani na oye wenza isifungo sokuxhasa umGaqo-siseko njengegosa likarhulumente okanye elingurhulumente, angene ekuvukeleni okanye ekuvukeleni iUnited States ekubambeni isikhundla sikarhulumente okanye sikarhulumente. Eli lungiselelo lajoliswe kumagosa angaphambili agunyazisayo kwaye lenzelwe ukubathintela ekubuyeleni kwabo ngoko nangoko kurhulumente wasemva kwemfazwe. IBhunga linokususa esi siphene ngovoti-zimbini zezindlu.

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, iCandelo 3 lathathwa njengelibalulekileyo, lisebenza kuphela kwixesha lasemva kwemfazwe. Noko ke, eli lungiselelo lafumana ingqwalasela entsha emva kwengxoxo esemthethweni kaJanuwari 6, 2021, ukuhlasela kwe-Capitol yase-U.S. kunye nabaphengululi nabasemagunyeni baphikisayo ukuba ingabalulanga abantu abathabatha inxaxheba okanye abaxhasa eso siganeko ekubambeni isikhundla. Umlinganiselo othe ngqo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweCandelo 3 kuhlala kungumbandela wengxoxo eqhubekayo esemthethweni, kuquka imibuzo yokuba ngabakuzibulala okanye kufuna inyathelo lokunyanzelisa.

Icandelo 4: Ityala likawonke-wonke

Icandelo 4 lithetha ngokubaluleka kwamatyala kawonke-wonke, lichaza ukuba ukufaneleka kwamatyala kawonke-wonke eUnited States, kuquka amatyala ahlawulweyo eempesheni kunye nemali ehlawulwayo yeenkonzo zokuthintela imvukelo okanye imvukelo, akuyi kubuzwa. Noko ke, likwathi iUnited States okanye naliphi na ilizwe aliyi kuthabatha okanye lihlawule okanye lihlawule naliphi na ityala okanye imbopheleleko eyenzekayo ekuncedeni ukuvukela okanye ukuvukela iUnited States, okanye nayiphi na into efunekayo yokulahlekelwa okanye ukukhotyo kwabantu abakhotyo.

Eli candelo laqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente wengingqi ufanele ukuwahlonela amatyala akhe emfazwe yamakhaya ngeli xesha egatya amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho kwaye ethintela abo babephethe amakhoboka ukuba bafune imbuyekezo yokulahlekelwa ngabantu abangamakhoboka. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, isigwebo sokuqala seCandelo lesi-4, sichaza ukuba ukufaneleka kwamatyala kawonke-wonke "akuyi kuthandatyuzwa," kucatshulwe kwiingxoxo ezingontsi zophahla lwetyala likarhulumente, abanye besithi ayikwamkeli iBhunga ekungavumini ukuhlawula amatyala asele enziwe.

Icandelo 5: Amandla okunyanzelisa

ICandelo 5 linika iNkqutyana amandla okunyanzelisa amalungiselelo oMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine ngomthetho ofanelekileyo. Eli gunya lokunyanzelisa ubukho bemithetho emininzi yamalungelo abantu, kuquka uMthetho wamalungelo abantu ka-1964, iSiko samaLungelo sama-Ofisi, kunye namaMerika anikwe iMpatho weNkundla ePhakamileyo we-1990. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibeke imida ekwalawulweni kokugcinwa kwamandla eMbutho, ibambe ukuba iBhunga linokuwanyanzelisa amalungelo njengoko iNkuntlungela ithelela ichaza kwaye ayinakwandisa ummiselo wamalungelo omgaqo-siseko ngomthetho.

Ummi UnguClaus: Ukuchaza Ukuba Ngubani OngowaseSihlalweni

ISizwe sika-Claus eSihlaziyi se-14th Amendment samisela umthetho ocacileyo, ofanayo wokumisa ubumi obusebenza kulo lonke elaseUnited States. Ngaphambi kokuba kulungiswe le ngxaki, ubumi yayiyingcamango enzima, imimandla eyayilawula ukuba ngubani ogqalwa njengommi. Isigqibo sikaGqrde Scott sabangela ingxaki engokomGaqo-siseko ngokuthi amaMerika aseAfrika angenakuze abe ngabemi, kwanokuba azalwa ekhululekile kumaphondo awamkela njengabemi.

Ngokumisela ukuba bonke abantu abazalelwe eUnited States ngabemi, uMphetho weshumi elinesine wamkela umgaqo we-jus soli, okanye "kumgangatho ophezulu emhlabeni," onika ubumi ngokusekelwe kwindawo azalelwa kuyo. Oku kuyaphikisana ne-jucuinis, okanye "ilungelo legazi," enika ilungelo lokuba ngummi elisekelwe kubemi bomnye abazali. I-United States isebenzisa intlanganisela yemiqathango yomibini, kodwa ubumi obusuka kwi-juli buyindlela engundoqo yokufumana ubumi.

Ibinzana elithi "ophantsi kwegunya layo" belingumbandela wengxoxo. INkundla Ephakamileyo yathetha la mazwi kwityala le-United States lonyaka ka-1898 v. Wong Kim, iphethe ukuba umntwana ozalelwe eUnited States kubazali bamaTshayina abaphambukeli yayinguMmi wase-U.S., nangona abazali bakhe babengafanelanga ukuba babe ngabemi phantsi kwemithetho yokulawula indalo. INkundla yatolika ithetha ukuba "iphantsi kwegunya lomthetho wayo" ngokufutshane, ikhupha abantwana boorhulumente basemzini namajoni otshaba, kungekhona abantwana abaqhelekileyo abaphambukeli.

Ubumi obufanelekileyo bokuzalwa buye baphikiswa ngamathuba athile, abanye bephikisa ngelithi abufanele busebenze kubantwana abasuka kwilizwe elingaxelwanga okanye abatyeleli bokwexeshana. Noko ke, umbhalo wezomGaqo-siseko kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo zixhasa ngokunamandla ukuchazwa okubanzi kobuhlanga. Nakuphi na ukuguqulwa komgaqo-siseko kuya kufuna ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko, njengoko ulwimi lweMthethweni weshumi elinesine loLawulo lucacile kwaye lusoloko lutolikwa ngaphezu kwenkulungwane.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo: Ukhuseleko olukwiprocedual kunye nolusezantsi

I-System Processol Claus yenye yezona lungiselelo zibalulekileyo nezibanzi zoMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine, ukukhusela abantu kwisenzo sorhulumente sobuqu nokukhusela amalungelo asisiseko. Ingcamango yenkqubo efanelekileyo inemvelaphi enzulu kwisithethe somthetho wamaNgesi namaMelika, ilandela isithembiso sikaMagna Carta sokuba akukho mntu okhululekileyo oza kuhluthwa inkululeko ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Inkqubo efunekayo yenkcazelo ifuna ukuba urhulumente alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba ahluthe umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo ezifunekayo zixhomekeke kwisimo senzala esesibondeni nakumngcipheko wokungafunwa kwempazamo. Ubuncinane, inkqubo efunekayo ifuna isaziso sesenzo sikarhulumente, ithuba lokuviwa, nesigqibo somenzi wesigqibo sobundilele.

Kwiziko lolwaphulo-mthetho, inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukhuseleko olunzulu, kuquka ilungelo lokucebisana namangqina, ilungelo lokujamelana netyala, kunye nemfuneko yokuba urhulumente abonakalise ityala ngokungenakuphikiswa. Le nkqubo ibonakalisa ubuqatha bokuncitshiswa kwenkululeko okanye ubomi.

Inkqubo efunekayo ngokwenkqubo yesithethe ikwasebenza kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, njengaxa urhulumente efuna ukuphelisa amalungelo abazali, ukurhoxisa ilayisensi yobuchule, okanye ukuthabatha impahla. Iinkqubo ezifunekayo kule meko zisenokuba zincinane kakhulu kunakwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa urhulumente umele anikeze isaziso esinentsingiselo kunye nethuba lokuviwa. Kwanabafundi abajamelene nokugxothwa esikolweni soluntu banelungelo lohlobo oluthile lwenkqubo efunekayo, nangona iinkqubo zinokuba zingecwangciswanga.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Inkqubo esisiseko esisiseko ithandabuzeka kakhulu kunenkqubo efunekayo yokuyila ngenxa yokuba ibandakanya iinkundla ezichaza amalungelo asisiseko angakhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko. Ingcamango ekwinkqubo efunekayo engaphantsi kwe-costant isemgangathweni kumalungelo athile abaluleke kakhulu ukuze urhulumente angakwazi ukuwaphazamisa, kwanangeenkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi inkqubo efunekayo engaphantsi kwesiseko ivumela abagwebi ukuba banyanzelise amaxabiso abo phantsi kolu hlobo lokucaciswa komgaqo-siseko, ngoxa abaxhasi bemi ngelithi kuyimfuneko ukukhusela amalungelo abalulekileyo angenakulindelwa ngabakhemisi.

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yawamkela amalungelo asisiseko ahlukahlukeneyo phantsi kwenkqubo ephantsi, kuquka ilungelo lokutshata, ilungelo lokuba nabantwana, ilungelo lokukhokela imfundo nokukhuliswa kwabantwana, ilungelo lokuthembeka emzimbeni, nelungelo lokungavumi unyango olungafunekiyo. INkundla iye yamkela ilungelo eliqhelekileyo lokufumana ilungelo lokuba wedwa, eliye laba sisiseko sokukhusela amalungelo okuzala, nangona la malungelo ekufuneka echanelwe kwingxoxo enkulu kunye neenguqu.

Xa umthetho uphula umthetho kwilungelo elisisiseko elikhuselwe yinkqubo ephantsi, iinkundla zisebenzisa "ukuhlolwa kwecandelo," olona mgangatho ufunekayo wohlalutyo lomthetho. Phantsi kohlalutyo olungqongqo, urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba umthetho usebenza ngomdla onyanzelisayo karhulumente kwaye ulungiselwe ukufikelela loo mdla. Lo ngumgangatho onzima ukuhlangabezana nawo, kwaye inkoliso yemithetho ebekwe phantsi ngokucokisekileyo.

Kwimithetho engacaci malungelo asisiseko, iinkundla zisebenzisa "uhlolo lwesiseko sokwalathisa," oluthi phantsi kwesiseko esifanelekileyo, umthetho uza kuxhaswa ukuba unxulumene nengqondo nomdla ofanelekileyo karhulumente. Lo mgangatho kulula ukwanelisa, kwaye inkoliso yemithetho ehlaziywe phantsi kohlalutyo olufanelekileyo iyaxhaswa.

Ukhuseleko Olulinganayo: Isiseko Somthetho Wamalungelo Abemi

I-Acticome Protection Claus ichazwa njengelifa elibalulekileyo loMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine, njengesiseko somGaqo-siseko sokuvavanya ucalucalulo nokukhuthaza ukulingana. Eli binzana lifuna ukuba limisele ukukhusela okulinganayo imithetho kubo bonke abantu abaphantsi kolawulo lwabo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba urhulumente akanakubaphatha ngendlela efanayo abantu abakwimeko eyahlukileyo ngaphandle kokuzithethelela ngokwaneleyo.

Amaqondo ophando kuhlalutyo lokhuseleko olulinganayo

Iinkundla ziye zavelisa isiseko esithe qokobhe sokuhlolisisa iingxelo zokhuseleko ezifanayo, ngomlinganiselo wokuhlola ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lokwahlulwa kohlobo olusetyenzisiweyo namalungelo achaphazelekayo. Oku kunceda iinkundla zilungelelanise imfuneko yokukhusela ucalucalulo ngolwazi lokuba maxa wambi urhulumente kufuneka enze umahluko phakathi kwamaqela abantu.

Uphando lwe-Sturtt lusebenza kwimithetho ebala abantu ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, kwimvelaphi yesizwe, okanye kwimithetho ekwindawo engaphandle, kwakunye nemithetho ethwele umthwalo wamalungelo asisiseko. Phantsi kohlalutyo olungqongqo, urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba ukulungelelanisa oku kusebenza kumdla karhulumente onyanzelisayo kwaye kulungiselelwe ukuba kufumaneke loo mdla. Ulwahlulo lobuhlanga lujongwa ngokukrokraza okukhethekileyo ngenxa yembali yocalulo lohlanga eUnited States kunye nendima yeGandulelo lwe 145 lokuphendula loo khethelo.

Ukuhlolwa okunentsingiselo kubhekiselele kuludwe olusekelwe kwisondo okanye kumthetho wokuzalwa. Ngaphantsi kovavanyo oluphakathi, urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba ulwahlulo lusebenza kumdla obalulekileyo karhulumente kwaye lunxulumene ngokunzulu nokufikelela loo mdla. Lo mgangatho awunyanzelisi kakhulu kunokuhlolwa okungqongqo kodwa uqikelelo olungqongqo kunesiseko esiqikeleleyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yasebenzisa kuqala uhlalutyo oluphakathi kwimiqathango yesondo kwii-1970, iqonda ukuba nangona ucalucalulo lwesini lungesiso esingundoqo soMgaqo-siseko weshumi elinesine, ucalucalulo olunyusiweyo olunyusiweyo.

Isiseko sesiseko sophindo olukwimeko sisebenza kuzo zonke ezinye izigaba, kuquka ezo zisekelwe kubudala, ukukhubazeka, ubutyebi, okanye izilangazelelo zezoqoqosho. Phantsi kwesiseko esizinzileyo, urhulumente kufuneka abonise kuphela ukuba ulwahlulo lunxulumene ngokomthetho womdla osemthethweni. Oku kungumgangatho obekelwe ixesha eliphezulu, kwaye iinkundla zizakuxhasa umthetho ukuba zinokuqonda nasiphi na isizathu esivakalayo sokwahlulwa, nokuba eso sizathu asingososizathu somthetho.

Amatyala okhuselo olulinganayo lophawu lwasezweni

ICommont Claus Ethelect ikwisazulu sezigqibo ezininzi zeNkundla ePhakamileyo eMadolophini. KwiBrown v. IBrown Board yemfundo (1954), iNkundla yathi ukwahlukana kweentlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke kwaphula uKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Clausleas, ukugqithisa imfundiso "ehlukeneyo kodwa elinganayo" esungulwe kwiPlessy v. Ferguson (1896). Isigqibo sikaBrown saqonda ukuba ngokugqibekileyo idlulisela umyalezo wobuncinane kwaye ukhatyiwe ngamathuba alinganayo okufundisa abantwana baseAfrika, nokokuba izakhiwo zokwemvelo zilingana ngokulinganayo.

KwiLoving v. Virginia (1967), iNkundla Ephakamileyo yawisa imithetho ekwalela ukutshata kwabantu abahlukeneyo, isithi imithetho enjalo yaphula umthetho woKhuselo olulinganayo lukaClaus noMsebenzi weCelas. INkundla yasichasa isigqibo sikaVirginia sokuba umthetho wawungumGaqo-siseko kuba wawusebenza ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke iintlanga, iqonda ukuba umthetho wenzelwe ukugcina ubungangamsha obumhlophe yaye wawungenanjongo ifanelekileyo.

ICentulote Protection Claus ikwasetyenziswa ukucel ’ umngeni ucalucalulo ngesondo. EUnited States kunye neVirginia (1996), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ukwahlukana kukaVirginia namabhinqa kwi-Virginia Military Institute yayaphula i-Unime Protection Claus. INkundla yafumanisa ukuba iVirginia ayizange ibonise "ukuthethelela ngokulula" ukubekwa ngokwesini kwaye iingxoxo zikarhulumente zazisekelwe kwizithethe eziphelelwe lixesha ezinxulumene nobuchule bamabhinqa.

Kutshanje, i-Auncime Protection Claus ekwimeko ezibandakanya indlela yesini kunye nokuzichaza kwabantu ngokwesini. E-Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), iNkundla ePhakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba izibini ezitshatileyo ezingokwabelana ngesondo zinelungelo lokutshata, zixhomekeke kwi-Sest Procestion Clause nakwiSikhuseliso se-Lingano sika-Celastime. INkuNkundla yafumanisa ukuba ukukhanyela izibini ezifanayo ezinelungelo lokutshata zaphula ilungelo lazo elisisiseko lokutshata kwaye zizenze zinyanzele ekuphathweni ngendlela engafaniyo ngokwesini.

Isivumelwano: Ukusebenzisa iBhili yamaLungelo kuMazwe

Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwiMimiselo-mthetho yeshumi elinesine yoLawulo oluHlaziyiweyo ibikukuququzelelwa kweBhili yamaLungelo ukuba asebenze nxamnye noorhulumente bamazwe. IBhili yamaLungelo, equka iinguquko zokuqala ezilishumi kumGaqo-siseko, ekuqaleni yayiqondwa ukuba ibeke umda kuphela kurhulumente wesizwe, hayi koorhulumente borhulumente. Oku kuthetha ukuba, ngokwenkcazelo, ukuseka iinkonzo ezisemthethweni, ukwenza uphengululo olungekho ngqiqweni nokuxwa, okanye ukukhanyela iimfa zejaji ngaphandle kokuphula umGaqo-siseko worhulumente.

Imfundiso equkwayo ithi i-Ustry Procession Claus eMthethweni we-14th Amendment yenza ukhuseleko oluninzi kwiBhili yamaLungelo lusebenze kumaphondo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaquka amalungelo ngokukhetha ngexesha elithile, ihlolisisa enoba ilungelo ngalinye lisekelwe "kwizimvo zethu zenkululeko eyayalelweyo" okanye "elisekelwe ngokunzulu kwimbali nesithethe salo hlanga." Ngenkqubo, iNkundla iye yaquka phantse yonke iBhili yamaLungelo, ngaphandle nje kweminye, njengamalungelo kwinkundla ephakamileyo yabachopheli-tyala nakunelungelo lokugweba abagwebi abaphezulu.

Imfundiso equkiweyo iye yandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukukhusela komGaqo-siseko wesizwe kunye nolwandiso lwenkundla yezomthetho karhulumente. Amalungelo aye aqukwa kuquka inkululeko yokuGqiniswa koMchiza wokuqala wokuthetha, yokushicilela, yonqulo, kunye neyombutho; isiHlanziso sesine soMmiselo ekuphandeni nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni; ilungelo leSihlanu lokuHlaziywa koMphengululo lokuzilungisa lokweSithandathu lokucebisa, ukuvavanywa kwetyala, nokuxatyiswa kwamangqina; kunye nomthetho weSixengxengxe-e ngeso sobundlongo nesohlwayo esingekho mthethweni.

Ukuthatyathwa kombutho kuye kwaphikiswana, abagxeki bephikisa ngelithi imela ukuphamba nokuthotywa kwemithetho yezomthetho ngokubeka imigangatho yesizwe efanayo kumazwe ahlukeneyo. Abaxhasi baphikisana ngokuthi ukuququzelela kuyimfuneko ukukhusela amalungelo asisiseko nokukhusela amazwe ekuphuleni inkululeko esisiseko. Ngaphandle kwembono yomntu kule mfundiso, ukuqulunqwa komthetho-siseko waseMerika kuye kwaba luphawu olumiselwe ngokuqinileyo, ngokusisiseko luguqula ulwalamano phakathi kwabantu, amaziko, urhulumente, norhulumente worhulumente.

ISinyathelo Sikarhulumente: UMthetho Wokwenziwa KweziHlomelo We - 14 Usebenza Nini?

ISindululo seshumi elinesine siqala ngebinzana elithi "Akukho Mbuso," elibonisa ukuba lisebenza kuphela kwisenzo sikarhulumente, hayi kwihambo yangasese. Lo mda waziwa njengemfundiso yesenzo sikarhulumente, kwaye kuthetha ukuba abantu ngabanye kunye nemibutho ayinako ukwaphula uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine, kwanokuba ihambo yabo ibingayi kuxhomekeka kumthetho ukuba isenziwa ngurhulumente.

Inyathelo elifunekayo lesizwe libonakalisa isiseko somGaqo-siseko sorhulumente olinganiselweyo kunye nomgaqo-siseko wokuba umGaqo-siseko ulawule ulwalamano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye norhulumente, hayi ulwalamano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo. Ucalucalulo lwangasese, ngeli xesha lusenokuba lungekho mthethweni phantsi kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu karhulumente, alulwaphuli umgaqo-siseko weSinyusi seshumi elinesine ngaphandle kokuba kukho inxaxheba eyaneleyo kurhulumente ekwenzeni inyathelo lombuso.

Ngoko, umgca phakathi kwesenzo sikarhulumente nehambo yabucala awusoloko ucacile. Iinkundla zifumene isenzo sombuso kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo apho abadlali bobuqu banxulumene ngokusondeleyo norhulumente. Umzekelo, isenzo sorhulumente singafunyanwa xa urhulumente enyanzela okanye ekhuthaza ukuziphatha kwabucala, xa abadlali babucala besenza imisebenzi karhulumente wesithethe, xa kukho ukuthandeka okukhulu phakathi korhulumente nabadlali babucala, okanye xa urhulumente enikela inkxaso yemali ephawulekayo kubadlali babucala.

Imfundiso yesenzo sesizwe iye yagxekwa ngokuvumela ucalucalulo lwabucala lukhule ngaphandle kokusicombulula ngokusemthethweni. Ekuphenduleni kwezi zinto zixhalabisayo, iBhunga liye lamisela imithetho eyahlukahlukeneyo ekwalela ucalucalulo lwabucala kwimimandla enjengemisebenzi, izindlu, neendawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke. Le mithetho izalisa eminye yeminye yemiqathango eshiywe ngumthetho, nangona inganikezeli ukhuseleko olubanzi olufanayo noMgaqo-siseko ngokwawo.

IsiHlaliso seshumi Elinane kwiingxoxo zomGaqo-siseko zale mihla

UMthetho - siseko we - 14 uyaqhubeka ungowona uphambili kwiingxoxo ezininzi eziphikisanayo zomGaqo-siseko kuMerika yanamhlanje.

Isenzo Esiqinisekisayo Nokhetho Lobuhlanga

Enye ingxubusho eqhubekayo ibandakanya iinkqubo zomthetho-siseko zokuvuma izenzo eziqwalasela uhlanga kumagxamesi aseyunivesithi okanye ekungeneni kukarhulumente. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba iinkqubo ezinjalo ziyimfuneko ukucombulula ucalucalulo oludlulileyo nokukhuthaza iinguqu, lo gama abachasi bephikisa ukuba nakuphi na ukusetyenziswa kobuhlanga kuchasene nesithembiso soKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Celasmeus kodwa ibeke imida ebalulekileyo kwindlela ukrulaniso olulinganayo. Izigqibo eziphezulu zeNkuNkundla eziPhakamileyo ziye zakuthintela ukuba iinkqubo zokuvuma uhlanga zifanele zanelise ngokungqongqo, zibonise ukungavumelani okuqhubekayo ngentsingiselo yokukhusela okulinganayo.

Amalungelo okuvelisa kwakhona kunye ne-autonomy e-Bodily

Umlinganiselo wenkqubo efunekayo yokukhusela amalungelo okuzala uye waba yenye yezona mbambano zomGaqo-siseko ezahlulayo kangangamashumi eminyaka. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo kwiRoe v. Wade (1973) savuma ilungelo elingokomGaqo-siseko lokuqhomfa ngokusekelwe kwi-Sective Proces Claus, kodwa esi sigqibo sawiswa phantsi kwamalungelo angenagunya leDobs v. Jackson's Health Organization (2022), eyayikholelwa ukuba umGaqo-siseko awukhuseli lungelo lokuqhomfa. Isigqibo seDobbs siye sadala impikiswano enzulu ngendima efanelekileyo yenkqubo efunekayo, umlinganiselo wokungalawuleki, ulwalamano olukhoyo phakathi komthetho-orhulumente kunye nokwenza izigqibo ze-demokhrasi.

Ukhuseleko olulinganayo

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesine sifezile indima ephambili ekunyuseni ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lwe-LGBTQ. Ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa komtshato ongokwasemgaqweni omnye e-Obergefell, iinkundla ziye zaqwalasela ukuba ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo okanye yobufanasini luye lwabangela ukuba kuqaliswe ngakumbi phantsi kwe-Manial Protection Clauslease. Ngoxa iNkundla Ephakamileyo ingawucombulula ngokuqiniseki lo mbuzo, iinkundla ezisezantsi ziye zaqonda ngakumbi ukuba ucalucalulo olunjalo lunyusa inkxalabo enzulu yomgaqo-siseko. Impikiswano iyaqhubeka kwiimbambano ezinjengamalungelo alwayo, ukukhulula konqulo kwimithetho elwa nomthetho elwa nomthetho ochasene nohlanga, kunye nomgangatho wokukhuselwa komgaqo-mthetho-siseko we-LGBTQ.

Ukuncomela Amalungelo Nengqibelelo

Nangona ilungelo lokuvota lingaqinisekiswanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko wokuqala, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba iSikhuseli esilinganayo sikhusela ilungelo lokuvota kwaye sifuna ukuba amavoti anikwe ubunzima obulinganayo. Umgaqo we "mntu omnye, omnye uvota" ufuna ukuba imimandla yemithetho yowiso-mthetho itsalwe ngokulinganayo nabemi abalinganayo, iqinisekisa ukuba uvoti ngamnye uthwale malunga nobunzima obufanayo. Noko ke, impikiswano iyaqhubeka kwimibandela efana nemfuno yokuvota, imiqathango yokuvota nokuvota, imiqathango yokurhola kwakudala, ukurhoxaba kwe-posi, ukurhoxabana kwe-mali, kunye nokurhoxatya okunga-mali okungaveliyo. Le ngxoxo isoloko ikhuthaza ukuqinisekiswa komthetho womthetho-Geneth Dementetion.

Ukufuduka Nokuzalwa Ngokufanelekileyo

Isiqinisekiso sobumi sikaClaussius sithandatyuzwe ngabanye abathi asifanele sisebenze kubantwana abafudukayo abangaxelwanga. Noko ke, umbhalo wenguquko nemizekelo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ekwixesha elide uxhasa ukuchazwa okubanzi kobuzwe. Nakuphi na ukuguqulwa kulo mgaqo kuza kujongana nemiqobo ebalulekileyo yesiseko somthetho kwaye kuya kubonisa ukuphambuka okuphawulekayo ukusuka kwinkulungwane yomthetho ozinzileyo.

UMthetho - siseko Weshumi Elinane Namalungelo Ezoqoqosho

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba neyeminyaka yamashumi amabini, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasebenzisa i-Accel Process ukhuseleko lweNdlela kaClaus, igawula imithetho elawula ushishino, ukusebenza, kunye nolwalamano lwezoqoqosho. Eli xesha, elaziwa njengexesha leLochner (elibizwa ngokuba lixesha emva kwetyala le-1905 Lochner v. New York), yabona iNkundla iphelelwa yimithetho yemivuzo encinane, imithetho epheleleyo yeeyure, neminye imithetho yezoqoqosho kumhlaba apho yaphula inkululeko ekhuselwe yi-Octive Classiasce.

IXesha leLochner lafikelela ekupheleni kwiminyaka yee-1930, njengoko iNkundla yaqalisa ukuthobela imigwebo yemithetho engomgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho yaza yagatya ingcamango yokuba iNkqubo kaClaus ikhusele ilungelo elibanzi lenkululeko yezoqoqosho. Ukususela ngelo xesha, iNkundla iye yasebenzisa ingqwalasela esengqiqweni kwimimiselo yezoqoqosho, iphakamisa phantse yonke imithetho enjalo logama inxulumene ngokufanelekileyo nomdla osemthethweni karhulumente.

Abanye abaphengululi nabagwebi baye bacela ukuba kuvuselelwe ukhuseleko olunamandla olungokomGaqo-siseko lwamalungelo ezoqoqosho, bephikisa ngelithi amalungelo empahla nenkululeko yezoqoqosho ngamalungelo asisiseko afanelwe lukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lwezomthetho. Noko ke, le mbono ayikhange ifumaneke kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, eqhubeka isebenzisa isiseko esifanelekileyo sokuhlola imimiselo yezoqoqosho. Ingxoxo engokwamalungelo ezoqoqosho ibonisa ukungavumelani okunzulu ngendima efanelekileyo yeenkundla ekuhloleni izigqibo zomthetho kunye nomgangatho wokukhuselwa komgaqo-siseko kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zenkululeko.

Ukugxekwa Nokusikelwa Imida KoMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo We - 14

Nangona iziphumo zokuguqula, uMbeko weshumi elinesine ubuphantsi kwemiqathango eyahlukeneyo kwaye unemiqathango ebalulekileyo. Abanye abahlalutyi bathi le ngxaki itolikwa ngokubanzi, ivumela iinkundla ukuba zinyanzele iinkqubo zazo phantsi kolu nkcazelo yezomGaqo-siseko. Aba bagxeki babonisa inkqubo efunekayo njengenkxalabo encinci, bephikisa ukuba ayinaso isiseko esicacileyo sombhalo kwaye banika abagwebi ubulumko obugqithisileyo.

Abanye abahlalutyi bathi inguquko ayichazwanga ngokuphangaleleyo kwaye iinkundla aziphumelelanga ukuzalisekisa isithembiso sokulingana. Abagxeki babonisa imfundiso yesenzo sorhulumente njengesithintelo esibalulekileyo, bephikisa ngelithi ivumela ucalucalulo lwabucala ukuba luphumelele ngaphandle konyango lomgaqo-siseko. Bakwaphikisa nokuba ukucaciswa okunciphileyo kweNkundla kwamalungelo okanye ukusetyenziswa kweNkundla uClaus kuthintele elo lungiselelo ekufezekiseni injongo yayo yokukhusela amalungelo asisiseko.

Ukunyanzeliswa koMthetho woHlaziyo weshumi elinesine bekungahambelani kuyo yonke imbali. Ekupheleni kweenkulungwane zeshumi elinesithoba kunye nasekuqaleni kwamashumi amabini, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yatolika ukulungiswa ngokufutshane, ivumela amazwe ukuba asebenzise uJim Crow ukwahlukana kwaye ngokucwangcisiweyo awawakhanyeli amalungelo abantu base-Afrika. Kwakungade kube kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesine yeminyaka eliphakathi apho iNkundla yaqalisa ukunyanzelisa ukulingana kokulungiseka ngokunamandla. Le mbali ibonisa ukuba umbhalo wesiseko wodwa awuwaneli ukuqinisekisa amalungelo; ukunyanzeleka kuxhomekeke kumbandela wezobupolitika nowentlalo kunye nokuvuma kweenkundla namanye amaziko ukuthatha iziqinisekiso ezinzulu ezingokomGaqonga.

IsiHla - mthetho Seshumi Elinane Sithelekiswa NoMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu Ezizwe Ngezizwe

Imigaqo equkethwe kuMphetho-Mgaqo weshumi elinesine ($“ukhuselo-mthetho, inkqubo efanelekileyo, kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo, ngokufanayo kumthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe ngezizwe. ISindululo Somhlaba Wonke samalungelo abantu, esamkelwa yiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngo-1948, siyaliqonda ilungelo lobuzwe, ilungelo lokulingana phambi komthetho, nelungelo lokulingana kwinkqubo efanelekileyo. Imimiselo emininzi yesizwe ehlabathini jikelele iquka ukhuseleko olufanayo, olubonisa ukuvumelana kwehlabathi lonke ngamalungelo abantu asisiseko.

Noko ke, kukho umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi koMbetho weshumi elinesine nomthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe ngamazwe. UMthetho wokuHlaziya weshumi elinesine usebenza kuphela ekuthatheni inyathelo likarhulumente, ngoxa umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe ngezizwe unokuthi ubeke iimbopheleleko koorhulumente nakubadlali bobuqu. Ngaphezu koko, umthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe ngamazwe usoloko uwamkela amalungelo afanelekileyo, njengamalungelo emfundo, ukunyamekela impilo, okanye amakhaya, ngoxa uMmiselo weSibonelelo-mali weshumi elinesine utolikiwe ukukhusela amalungelo angalunganga kuphela ngokuchasene nokugxambuswano kukarhulumente kunokuba uvumele amalungelo karhulumente.

Umthetho othelekisa umGaqo-siseko unganika ingqiqo exabisekileyo ngendlela amanye amazwe asingatha ngayo imibandela efanayo yobumi, ukulingana, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo. Umzekelo, amazwe amaninzi aye abuchasa ubumi ngenxa yobumi obusekelwe kwimvelaphi yobumi ngokuyintloko, ngoxa amanye eye afumana inkxaso eninzi kakhulu kumalungelo entlalo nakwezoqoqosho kunokuba ibekho phantsi komthetho wezomgaqo-siseko wase-United States. Ukuhlolisisa ezi ndlela zahlukeneyo kungazisa iingxoxo ngokutolikwa nokusetyenziswa koMphengululi weshumi elinesine.

Indlela Abahlali Abanokusebenzisa Ngayo UMthetho We - 14 Wokulungiswa

Ukuqonda iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesine asiyonkqubo nje yemfundo kuphela, kodwa kubalulekile ukuze abemi bamanyane ngokukhutheleyo kunye nokuze bathembisene ngokwesizwe.

Hlala usazisiwe ngemiba yomgaqo-siseko: Landela izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye nenkqubela-phambili yomthetho enxulumene noMthetho we-14th Amendment. Imibutho emininzi inika izishwankathelo ezifikelelekayo zamatyala abalulekileyo nemibandela yomGaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda indlela inguquko etolikwa ngayo kwaye isetyenziswa ngayo kunokukunceda ukuba ube nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi kwiingxoxo zedemokhrasi eziphathelele amalungelo nokulingana.

qeqesha amalungelo akho: IsiHlanzi seshumi elinesine sikhusela amalungelo asisiseko onokuwasebenzisa kubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla. Oku kuquka ilungelo lakho lokuphatha ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho, ilungelo lakho kwinkqubo efanelekileyo ukuba urhulumente uthatha inyathelo elichasene nawe, nelungelo lakho lokuthabatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. Ukuba uyakwazi la malungelo anokukunceda uqonde xa ephulwa aze enze isenzo esifanelekileyo.

Abahlali bangaxhasa imigaqo nemithetho ebonakalisa imigaqo ye 14 yokulingana nokusesikweni. Oku kungaquka ukuxhasa umthetho wamalungelo abantu, imigaqo echasene nocalucalulo, okanye ukusebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu banokufikelela kwinkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho.

Imibutho esebenzayo kwimiba yomGaqo-siseko: Imibutho emininzi engangeni ngeniso isebenza ukukhusela nokuqhubekisela phambili amalungelo aqinisekiswe nguMphetho-weshumi elinesine. Le mibutho ibandakanyeka kwilixa, ukubhalisa, imfundo, kunye nenkqubo ukuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko iyaxhaswa. Ukuxhasa le mibutho ngeminikelo, ukunikela, okanye ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zayo kunganceda ekuqhubekisweni kwemiqathango yesiseko.

Icala elikwinkqubo yedemokhrasi: Ukutolikwa nokunyanzeliswa koMgaqo-siseko ekugqibeleni kuphenjelelwa yizoburhulumente bedemokhrasi. Ukudibana, ukudibana nabameli abanyuliweyo, ukuba nenxaxheba ekuchotshelweni kwabantu, nokuqhankqalaza ngoxolo zizindlela zonke abemi abanokuphembelela ngazo imigaqo-siseko eqondwayo kwaye isetyenziswe. Abagwebi abatolika umGaqo-siseko bamiselwa ngamagosa anyuliweyo, benza ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi kubaluleke ekulungiseni umthetho wesiseko.

Ukufundisa IsiHlomelo Seshumi Eline Esihlaziyiweyo Ezikolweni

Ukufundisa abantu abaselula ngoMthetho we-Dimension weshumi elinesine kubalulekile ekukhuliseni abemi abanolwazi abawaqondayo amalungelo abo neembopheleleko zabo. Utshintsho luchaphazela imibuzo esisiseko ngobumi, ukulingana, nokusesikweni okunxulumene nobomi namava abafundi.

Ootitshala bangenza uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine lube luhle ngokuwudibanisa kwiziganeko zangoku neembambano ezikhathalelwa ngabafundi. Ukuxubusha amatyala akutshanje eNkundla Ephakamileyo, ukuhlolisisa imizekelo engokwembali yocalulo nokungavisisani kwamalungelo abantu, nokuhlola indlela utshintsho olusebenza ngayo kumava abafundi lunganceda ekwenzeni imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko ibe nentsingiselo ecacileyo.

Imisebenzi yeklasi isenokuquka ukuvavanywa kweetyala okanye iimpikiswano zeNkundla Ephakamileyo, ukuhlalutya amaxwebhu asisiseko emvelaphi, iimpikiswano ngemibandela ephikisanayo yomgaqo-siseko, okanye uphando olumalunga nembali yamalungelo abantu.

Kubalulekile ukufundisa uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine ngendlela evuma ukuba lunokuguquka kunye neentsilelo zalo. Abafundi bafanele baqonde ukuba utshintsho lumela imbopheleleko esisiseko yokulingana nokuba ngummi kodwa kwakhona olu bophelelo alusoloko luzaliseka ngokupheleleyo. Ukuhlolisisa umsantsa phakathi kweengcamango zomGaqo-siseko nenkcubeko yembali kunokukunceda abafundi baqonde umsebenzi oqhubekayo ofunekayo ukuze bafikelele okusesikweni nokulinganayo.

Oovimba Bokufunda Okungakumbi

Kubemi abafuna ukunyusa ukuqonda kwabo ngoMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine, oovimba abaninzi bayafumaneka. [[FLT:] Ugcino-lwazi lwesizwe lunika ukufikelela kombhalo wokuqala wesiHlazo kunye namaxwebhu embali anxulumene nokukhutshwa kwayo. Iwebhsayithi yeNkundla ye- inikezela ngonikezelo kwiimbono kwiimeko zokutolika uLawulo lwe-1459, ivumela abemi ukuba bafunde indlela yeNkundla yamagama abo.

Iiyunivesithi ezininzi nemibutho esemthethweni inikela izifundo zesisa ze-intanethi kunye nezinto zemfundo malunga nomthetho womgaqo-siseko kunye noMthetho-siseko weSigqibo seshumi elinesine. Imibutho enjenge-American Civil Liberteries Union, iNaACP Legal Defense Fund, kunye neZiko loBubhaliso bomGaqo-siseko zinika ubuncwane kunye nohlalutyo kwimiba yoMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko yangoku weshumi elinesine. Iincwadi zogcino-siseko kunye noolindixesha bemfundo zinikela amanqaku ahlola iinka ezahlukeneyo zembali yokulungisa, ukutolika, ukutolika, kunye nokusebenzisa.

Iincwadi ezithetha ngembali yomgaqo-siseko namalungelo abantu zinikela umongo obalulekileyo wokuqonda uMphengululo weshumi elinesine. Imisebenzi yababhali-mbali nabaphengululi bomthetho ihlolisisa imvelaphi yokulungisa imvelaphi, indima yalo kumbutho wamalungelo abantu, kunye nentsingiselo yayo eqhubekayo kwiingxoxo zomGaqo-siseko zale mihla. Ukufunda ezi misebenzi kunganika ingqiqo engakumbi ngendlela ukulungisa okuye kwawubumba ngayo umthetho nebutho lamaMelika.

Ukudibana [[Nkqutyana:0] kweSiko loMgaqo-siseko weSizwe kunye namaqumrhu afanayo anganika amava okufundisa ahambisanayo malunga noMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko weshumi elinesine kunye nobubanzi obungakumbi. La maqumrhu anikela imiboniso, iinkqubo, kunye noovimba bemfundo abayilelwe ukwenza imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko ifikeleleke kubantu babo bonke ubudala neemvelaphi.

Ikamva LoMthetho We - 14 Wokwenziwa Komthetho

Njengoko ibutho labantu baseMerika liqhubeka liguquka, ngokungathandabuzekiyo uMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine uza kujamelana nocelomngeni olutsha kunye nezicelo. Ubugcisa obudibanisayo, ukutshintsha kwezithethe zentlalo, nokutshintsha kokuqonda ukulingana nenkululeko, kuya kuphakamisa imibuzo emitsha engenakulindelwa ngabasebenzi benkqubo yokulungisa iprojekthi.

Impikiswano enjengokucalucalulwa kwemithetho-siseko, ukubekwa kweliso lomntu ngexesha lamanani, ulwazi ngemfuza kunye nocalulo, namalungelo obuchule bokuzenzela onke asenokufaka iziqinisekiso zenkqubo ye-14th Amendmentation ezifanelekileyo nezokhuseleko olulinganayo. IiNkundla ziya kufuneka zimisele indlela le migaqo-siseko yesithethe esebenza ngayo kwiimeko ezintsha nakubugcisa.

Iingxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga nokuchazwa okufanelekileyo koMphetho-mva weshumi elinesine () nokuba kumele kutolikwe ngokwentsingiselo yayo yantlalo, ngokweentsingiselo zayo zantlalo, okanye ngokudibanisa ezinye iindlela, ziza kuqhubeka zibumba umthetho womGaqo-siseko. Ezi mpikiswano zibonisa ukungavumelani okusisiseko ngendlela utoliko lomgaqo-siseko oluyiyo kunye nendima yeenkundla kwibutho ledemokhrasi.

Into ehlala ingaguquki luzibopho olungundoqo lweSichibiyelo seshumi elinesine soMphetho-mvandedwa, ukulingana, nokusesikweni. Le migaqo, efakwe kumGaqo-siseko kwiminyaka engaphezu kweyi- 150 eyadlulayo, iyaqhubeka ikhokela umthetho waseMerika kwaye ikhuthaza imigaqo yokusesikweni nokulingana. Ukuqonda iGaqo-mva-mvano leshumi elinesine leMithetho-ethetho-siseko (imbali yeMithetho-ne) nemigaqo yayo, kunye nezicelo zayo zibalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuba nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika, kwaye usebenzelel-ntle kwaye ulungelelene.

Isiphelo: Ilifa Eliphilayo LoMthetho - melo We - 14

IsiHlamlisi seshumi elinesine simi njengenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwimbali yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika, ngokusisiseko iguqula ulwalamano phakathi kwabantu norhulumente nokuseka isiseko somGaqo-siseko sokulingana nobumi. Ukusuka kwimvelaphi yaso kwiMfazwe yamakhaya ukuya kwindima yayo eqhubekayo kwiingxoxo zomGaqo-siseko zale mihla, ukutshintshwa kwalo kuye kwaguqula umthetho nebutho labantu baseMerika ngeendlela ezinzulu.

Iziqinisekiso zesindululo zobumi, inkqubo efunekayo, kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo bezisisiseko senkqubela-phambili engathethekiyo kumalungelo abantu nenkululeko yabo. Iye yacelwa ukuphelisa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga, ukukhusela amalungelo okuzala, ukuqaphela umtshato omnye, ukuqinisekisa iinkqubo zobulungisa zolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokucelw'imbambano ngeendlela ezininzi. Nangona isithembiso sokulungisa besingasoloko sifezekiswa, siye salungiselela isiseko somgaqo-siseko ukwenzela imilo eqhubekayo yokusesikweni nokulingana.

Ukuqonda uMphetho weshumi elinesine akuthethi nje ngokwazi imfundiso engokwasemthethweni okanye izibakala zembali, kungoko ukuqonda imigaqo esisiseko echaza idemokhrasi yaseMerika. Utshintsho luquka ukubotshwa kwesidima nokubaluleka okufanayo kwabantu bonke, ukuvunywa kokuba igunya likarhulumente limele lilinganiselwe kwaye limele liphendule, kwaye kunqwenele umanyano olugqibeleleyo ngakumbi apho bonke abantu benokunandipha iintsikelelo zenkululeko.

Njengabemi, sonke sinomngcipheko kwindlela uMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine ochazwa ngayo kwaye usetyenziswa ngayo. Imigaqo yayo ichaphazela ubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla, amalungelo ethu, kunye nolwalamano lwethu norhulumente. Ngokuqonda utshintsho, ukubandakanyeka kwiimeko zomGaqo-siseko, nokuba nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi, singanceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba isithembiso sawo sokulingana nokusesikweni siyaqhubeka sizaliseka kuwo onke amaMelika. Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesine asiyo nje inxalenye ekhoyo yenkqubo yesiseko, eqhubeka ihlangabezana neengxaki ezintsha ngoxa ihleli kwimigaqo ehlala ihleli kwisidima somntu kunye nobumi obulinganayo.