Isizathu Sokuba Wonke Ummi Afune Ukuqonda Umgangatho Karhulumente

Oorhulumente abakumgangatho ngamnye babumba phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla kususela kumgangatho wamanzi empompo yakho ukuya kukhuseleko lweendlela ohamba ngazo, ukusuka kwizifundo abantwana bakho abazifunda esikolweni ukuya kwiinkonzo zongxamiseko ezikhusela ikhaya lakho. Kodwa abemi abaninzi abakaqondi ukuba liliphi iqondo likarhulumente elilawulayo elibangela ukukruquka, okukhokelela ekuphembeleleni, izikhalazo ezingalunganga, kwaye baphoswe amathuba okuphembelela izigqibo ezichaphazela ngqo. Ukuqonda ithala elingundoqo likarhulumente ($85federal, urhulumente, urhulumente, kwaye ummandla wasekuhlaleni) asilo nje isiseko sobuhlalindo olusebenzayo, ukunceda amagosa aphendule ngokufanelekileyo, iinkonzo zokungenisa ulwazi, kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwidemo-demokhrasi.

Xa wazi ukuba ngubani obekek'ityala kwinkupho ethile yezonyango, ungenza into echaphazelekayo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba isalathisi somjelo siphukile kummandla ohlala kuwo, ukuqhagamshelana nelungu lebhunga lesixeko sakho kuphumelela kakhulu kunokubhalela umlinganisi wequmrhu lakho okanye umongameli. Ngokufanayo, ukuba ufuna ukuxhasa utshintsho kwinkqubo yonyango, ukuqonda ukuba isigqibo sixhomekeke kwiSebe lezempilo likarhulumente kunye neSebe lezempilo okanye kwisebe lezonyango lorhulumente wakho kugqiba eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokuqhuba. Eli nqaku liphul ’ umgangatho ngamnye karhulumente, lichaza indlela abasebenza ngayo kunye, kwaye linikela ukhokelo olusebenzisekayo kwindlela olu lwamfanele lusetyenziswe ngayo ukuze ube ngumminyanzelo othelekelelweyo nonempembelelo.

Amanyathelo Amathathu Asisiseko Karhulumente

EUnited States (nangezinye iinkqubo zedemokhrasi ezininzi), igunya likarhulumente lahlulelwe phakathi kweemaleko ezintathu ezahlukeneyo kodwa ezidityanisiweyo: urhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nommandla. Ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko okanye umgaqo-siseko wakhe, unyulwe ngamagosa, uqingqo-mali, kunye neseti yamagunya. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika urhulumente wesizwe amagunya athile, ngelixa uMphengululo weshumi elinesi-10 ubeka onke amanye amagunya kumaphondo okanye kubantu. E-United States, ngokulandelayo, inika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ii-ongingqi, ii-ongingqi, namaphondo akhethekileyo.

Urhulumente woManyano: Ulawulo kumgangatho wesizwe

Urhulumente wengingqi usebenza eWashington, D.C., kwaye ujongene nemicimbi echaphazela lonke uhlanga.

  • I-Legislati (Icala) – Imithetho, ivakalisa imfazwe, ilawula urhwebo phakathi kwelizwe nakwamanye amazwe, kwaye ilawula ukurhafu nokuchitha kwemali karhulumente. IBhunga liquka iNdlu yeNtlanganiso (amalungu ayikhulu) kunye neNdlu yabameli (435 amalungu).
  • I-Exective (Umphathi kunye norhulumente) – imithetho enyanzelisayo, inkqubo yezorhwebo, ilawula imikhosi yamanye amazwe, iyalela imikhosi exhobileyo, kwaye ijonge amasebe karhulumente asekuhlaleni.]
  • Judicial (Inkundla yeNkundla ePhantsi kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zezemali) – utolika imithetho, uhlola ubugqeba bayo, kunye nokusombulula iimpikiswano ezibandakanya umthetho wezwe.

Urhulumente wesizwe ulawula ukukhusela ilizwe, ukufuduka, ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe, imali, imvume kunye nokhuseleko, ushishino oluphakathi kwemimandla, kunye nokugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Urhulumente: UMaleko Ophakathi

Ngamnye kumazwe angama-50 unorhulumente wawo, ofuziselwe kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente kodwa olungelelene nezinto eziza kuqala zengingqi. Oorhulumente bamazwe banamandla angaqhelekanga.

  • Imfundo kawonke-wonke (imilinganiselo yenkcubeko,
  • Izithuthi (oohola bendlela basentla, ukubhalisa abaqhubi, ukubhalisa iinqwelo-mafutha)
  • Ukhuseleko loluntu (amapolisa aseburhulumenteni, izilungiso, iinkundla zamatyala amaninzi olwaphulo-mthetho
  • Impilo kawonke-wonke (iihospital, iinkqubo zokugoma, umgaqo-nkqubo wemeko-bume)
  • Ukusebenza kwe-intwalarference (oogqirha, amagqwetha, abafundisi-
  • Ulawulo lokhetho (ubhaliso lweziko, iindawo zokuvota)

Oorhulumente basebenzisa irhuluneli (engachaphazeliyo), indlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente (ngaphandle kweNebraska’s unmadral), kunye nenkqubo yenkundla yenkundla karhulumente. Amasebe karhulumente amisela imithetho nemimiselo echaphazela yonke into ukususela kwimithetho yokwakha ukuya kubandakanya ushishino.

Urhulumente Wasekuhlaleni: Usondelelane Kakhulu Nabantu

Oorhulumente bengingqi `ilizwe, oomasipala (izixeko, iidolophu, iidolophana), iilokishi, kunye nezithili ezikhethekileyo (isithili sesikolo, amagunya amanzi, amagunya okunika izithuthi).

  • Ukujika-jika kunye nomhlaba kusebenzisa ummiselo
  • Ukugcinwa komthetho wasekuhlaleni (amasebe amapolisa)
  • Ukhuseleko lomlilo kunye neenkonzo zonyango
  • Iipaki zikawonke-wonke, amathala eencwadi, neenkqubo zokuzonwabisa
  • Ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma eqinileyo kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe
  • Iindlela zasekuhlaleni, iindlela, nezibane zesitrato
  • Imvume yokwakha nokugcinwa kwemithetho

Amagosa asekuhlaleni aquka oosodolophu, amalungu ebhunga lesixeko, ookhomishinari bengingqi, amalungu ebhodi yesikolo, kunye nabasebenzi abahlukahlukeneyo abamiselweyo. Ngenxa yokuba urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ufumaneka kakhulu "eziintlanganiso" ezidla ngokuqhutyelwa eluntwini, kwaye amagosa asoloko efumana umnxeba nje kuphela xa engekho.

Isizathu Sokuba Kube Kukwahlula Phakathi Kwemibandela Yokusebenza Nokukhuthala

Enye yeengenelo ezibonakalayo zokuqonda umgangatho karhulumente kukwenza izigqibo ezibukhali kwibhokisi yokuvota. Xa wazi ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe imisela iiprojekthi zemfundo kwaye ibhodi yesikolo yasekuhlaleni iqesha umphathi, ungavavanya abathathi-nxaxheba abakwizikhundla ezisekelwe kwimiba enxulumene nee-asethi zamahlelo angenantsingiselo. Uqikelelo olufanayo lusebenza kumlinganiselo we-colot: unyuso lwerhafu kwithala leencwadi le-ofisi zakho lasekuhlaleni lingaxhasa ithala elitsha, ngexa inyathelo lombutho karhulumente linokutshintsha indlela izikolo ezixhaswa ngayo lizwe lilonke.

Ukulungisa, ukuchanabeka yiyo yonke into. Ukuba uxhalabele ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ungaqhagamshelana nomeli wakho worhulumente malunga nemigangatho ye-octive yesizwe, umgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe omalunga nezikhuthazo zamandla ezivuselelwayo, kunye nebhunga lesixeko sakho malunga nemeko yobulali yokutyala imithi okanye ibhayisekile. Isifundo seZiko lophando lwasePew lophando sifumanise ukuba ngama-24% ama-American kuphela anokuthi ngokuchanekileyo aqabe amasebe amathathu karhulumente, kwaye aqonde ukuba ngowuphi umgangatho olawula imigaqo ethile (] uphazaliso lophando lweziko lobulali. Olu lwazi lunciphisa ukusebenza kweziko loluntu kwaye lushiye izigqibo ezigxekayo kwizandla zoluntu eziphambili.

Indlela Urhulumente Ayithintela Ngayo Imibutho: Amandla Abelanayo Nentsebenziswano

Ukuqhelisa, imigca ephakathi komgangatho karhulumente idla ngokuba ngcono. Iingingqi ezininzi zenkqubo zibandakanya zonke ezi maleko zisebenza kunye kwinkqubo esoloko ibizwa ngokuba “burhulumente bomanyano.” Ukuqonda ezi nxulumano kunceda abemi bakwazi ukunxibelelana nabo xa kukho ingxaki enqamlezayo.

Iimbopheleleko Ezabelwanayo

Zimbalwa iindawo ezingoorhulumente, urhulumente okanye ummandla. Imfundo ngumzekelo oyintloko: urhulumente wengingqi unika inkxaso-mali ngeSihloko I (kwizikolo ezifumana imali ephantsi) kwaye umisela iimfuno zamalungelo abantu ababanzi, oorhulumente baseka imigangatho yemfundo kunye neenkqubo zohlolo, kunye noorhulumente bengingqi abalawulayo abaqeshi, abaqeshi bokufundisa, abaqeshwa, nabalondolozi bezifundo. Ngokufanayo, izibonelelo zezithuthi zixhomekeke kwimali enikwe ngurhulumente (umz., iNg., iHighwayray Trust Fund), ukwakhiwa nokwakhiwa kwelizwe, kunye nogcino-omatilo-ndlela encinane.

IFederalism: Imali Ihamba Ngaphaya Kwamanqanaba

Ii-dola ezifumana imali eninzi zigoduka rhoqo ukuya kumazwe nakwimimandla ngenkxaso yeenkqubo zezemfundo. Ezinye izibonelelo “ziyimiqathango,” ezithetha ukuba kufuneka zisetyenziswe kwiinjongo ezithile (umz., izindlu eziphantsi ezifumanekileyo), ngelixa ezinye“ zinika izithuba” ezinika ulungelelwano oluthe vela. Kwakhona oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bafumana inkxaso yemfundo, iinkonzo zempilo, kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke-wonke. Oku kuthetha ukuba, ukuba ufuna ukuxhasa ukuxhaswa kwemali engakumbi yethala lakho leencwadi lasekuhlaleni, kungafuneka uqinisekise ukuba zombini ii-ofisi zakho zesixeko kunye nendlu ye-yokuxhasa i-ofisi ye-ofisi ye-ofisi ye-ofisi ye-ofisi yeso dolophu kunye ne-yokuxhasa i-RocesalbrayPreji yoRods.[10]

Ukuzalisekisa umgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokucinywa

Imithetho yengingqi isoloko imisela imigangatho encinane enokuthi idlule kodwa ingabi ngaphantsi. Umzekelo, uMthetho we-Cec Air ufuna iimeko ukufikelela imigangatho yomgangatho womoya wesizwe, kodwa iimeko zingasamkela imimiselo engqongqo ukuba zikhetha. Noko ke, umthetho wesizwe ungakhulula urhulumente okanye inyathelo lobulali ngokupheleleyo. Ngoko ke, umthetho worhulumente wokufuduka udla ngokuwulawula urhulumente okanye imigudu yoluntu yokumisela imithetho yokwandiswa kokufuduka kwabantu. Ingingqi eqonda ukukhutshwa komkelo lungaphumelela ngakumbi ukuxhasa oko kunokwenzeka kumgangatho ngamnye.

Uphando Ngetyala Kwizenzo Zoburhulumente

Isifundo Setyala 1: Impendulo ye-COVID-19

Eli bhabhathane labonisa indlela onke amaqondo amathathu karhulumente amele alungelelane ngayo, kwaye indlela ungquzulwano phakathi kwawo lungabangela ngayo ukudideka. Urhulumente wengingqi (CDC, HHS) wakhupha imigaqo-sikhokelo, ii-antioms, kunye nokusasaza iimpahla zezamayeza. Oorhulumente bamisela iinkqubo zokuvala, izigqubuthelo, kunye nomthindilili. Oorhulumente basebenzisa amajelo ombuso ukuvavanya kunye namanxulumanisa, ukunya imiyalelo yezempilo, kunye nokunyanzela imiyalelo yezempilo, kunye nemiyalelo yengingqi yenginya yabantu kufuneka iso sivale kunye ne-modiumnqonqola. Ingili yamazwe aqhagamshelana nomgangatho ongafanelekanga ayizange ifumane nyathelo.

Isifundo semeko 2: Iprojekthi zokwakhela

Qwalasela ulwandiso olukhulu lwendlela ephakathi. Urhulumente wengingqi unika inkxaso-mali ephawulekayo ngeNgqongqotho yezemali kunye neMithetho yeSebe leMisebenzi, umisela iimfuno zokuhlola imeko-bume, kwaye ujonge imigangatho yokhuseleko. Isebe lezothutho lesizwe eliyilo, lifumana umhlaba, lize lilawule ulwakhiwo. Urhulumente wengingqi kufuneka avume utshintsho olubekwa kwindawo enye, i-oxiviced projectivestions, kunye nenkxaso yenkxalabo yengingqi yoluntu ngengxolo nenqwelo-nqwelo-mafutha. Ummi ofuna ukuqwalasela kwimpembelelo yeprojekthi yengingqi yasekuhlaleni kufuneka aqhagamshelane nebhusayinwe libhu kwibhusayithi yesixeko, ngoxa umntu oxhalabeleneyo iprojective i-menti kufuneka anikeze amagqate kwi-DOT ngexesha lokugqala uwonke-wonke.

Izithintelo Zokuqonda Iziphakamiso Zorhulumente

Phezu kwazo nje iinzuzo ezicacileyo, imiqobo emininzi ithintela abemi ukuba bangayiqondi ngokupheleleyo isakhiwo sikarhulumente. i-'i-demonth' ilelina licace kakhulu: inani lamagunya ahlukeneyo--ahlukeneyo/iindawo ezikuqatshelweyo/ezingalinganiyo ezikwimida yengingqi, iziqingatha zommandla wesikolo, iziqithi-mali ezikhethekileyo ukusuka ekulawuleni iingcongcongconi ukuya ekukhuseleni umlilo. iMelika yoqobo ingalawulwa noko-3 ukuya kwizinto ezine ezahlukeneyo, ngalinye namagosa anyuliweyo, uqingqoqingqo, nemimiselo.

Iphepha lolwazi olufikelelekayo liyayidibanisa ingxaki. Iiwebhsayithi zikarhulumente zisoloko zixinene, ziphelelwe lixesha, okanye kunzima ukuqhuba indlela. Iinkcazelo ezisemthethweni zoxanduva lwezibonda zisebenzisa ukhuni olusemthethweni olusoyikisa abafundi abaqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, umahluko phakathi kwengingqi nesixeko ungafihlwa: ubalo lwesithethe lunika iinkonzo ezinjengeenkundla kunye neentolongo, ngelixa amadolobha ephethe iinkonzo ezininzi zedolophu ezifumaneka kummandla wengingqi, kodwa kwimimandla emininzi imigca iye yafiphaza kakhulu.

Impumelelo yezobupolitika iyasebenza. Abanye abemi bakholelwa ukuba inxaxheba yabo ayinakwenza mahluko, ngoko abakhathazeki ukufunda izinto ezisisiseko. Ngokwengxelo ye KHNT, 26% kuphela yamaMelika akholelwa ukuba bangenza umahluko kuluntu lwabo ngesenzo sikarhulumente ([[FLT:]]K [[FLT]]] ).

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okuphucula Ukuqonda Nokuthetha Nawe

Akufuni zidangalo zomthetho ukuze ukwazi ukufikelela imilinganiselo karhulumente. Nazi izinto ezicacileyo onokuzenza:

  • [[FLT: 0] Sebenzisa abalawuli abasemthethweni. I webhsayithi USUSA.gov ikuvumela ukuba ufumane urhulumente wakho, urhulumente, namagosa asekuhlaleni anyuliweyo ngokungena kwidilesi yakho. Amanqaku encwadi eliphepha uze ulityelele phambi konyulo ngalunye.
  • Ifake intlanganiso karhulumente yasekuhlaleni. Inkoliso yebhunga lesixeko, ikomishini yengingqi, neentlanganiso zebhodi yesikolo zivulelwe uwonke-wonke. Kwanokubukela enye i-intanethi ingacacisa ukuba ziziphi iingxaki ezigqitywe kwindawo ethile. Uzakuva abasebenzi abakhoyo iingxaki kunye namagosa engxoxo echaza apho unokulathisela khona igalelo lakho.
  • Zibophelele kumaphepha-ncwadi karhulumente. Oomasipala kunye namasebe amaninzi karhulumente athumela uhlaziyo lwe-imeyili malunga neeprojekthi, ukuchongwa koluntu, kunye neenguqu zenkqubo. Ezi zikhululekile kwaye ziyakunceda ulandele izigqibo ezichaphazela ingingqi yakho.
  • Sebenzisa izixhobo zokufundisa zoluntu. Imibutho ye-Nonpartisan njenge-iCBICs (esekelwe kwiJaji yangaphambili uSandra Day O’Connor) inikela imidlalo yesisa efundisa amaqondo karhulumente nolwahlulo lwamagunya. Abafundi abadala bayakwazi ukuthatha izifundo ze-intanethi ngesisa kwi-intanethi ezifana ne-Cancera okanye ungcelele lweenginezo ze-Khan Academy.
  • Ziqhelise “imaphu ye-injini.” Xa udibana nengxaki yoluntu, umphandle wokufunda owaphukileyo kwisikolo somntwana wakho, okanye impikiswano edityanisiweyo---"bhala phantsi umgangatho karhulumente ocinga ukuba unegunya. Ngoko qinisekisa ngokuhlola i webhsayithi karhulumente enxulumene nemeko okanye ngokubiza umbutho. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, lo mkhwa wakha iimaphu zengqondo ezenza ulawulo loluntu lufumaneke.

Ukoyisa Iingxaki: Oko Oorhulumente Banokukwenza Ukuze Bancede

Ngoxa umgudu ngamnye ubalulekile, oorhulumente ngokwabo banembopheleleko yokuba ngabakhoyo kunye nobuhlobo. Bacacisa unxibelelwano lukawonke-wonke lubalulekile: umbutho ngamnye karhulumente kufuneka uchaze ngokucacileyo ulawulo lwawo noko uluntu lunokukulindela kuwo. Ezinye izixeko zidale “ivenkile yokuyeka" apho abemi banokunikela ingxelo yemiba kwaye batsalelwe ngokuzenzekelayo kwisebe lasekunene. [[FLT:]] imfundo ye-CIBC ezisezikolweni [ ayifundisi nje imigaqo ecacileyo kodwa iluncedo“ ukuba babhale njani ngenkcazelo yomthetho eceliweyo okanye indlela yokufumana ummeli wakho wasekuhlaleni. [[FLT:]

Amazwe ayakwazi ukunciphisa ukudideka ngokubeka imigangatho yamagama nemisebenzi yodidi lukarhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, ukuchaza umahluko phakathi kwe-borac, idolophu, idolophana, nesixeko kungadideka kwanakubemi abahlala ixesha elide. Imizobo yolwazi olulula kunye nezikhokelo zolwimi olucacileyo ezibekwe kwi-intanethi kwaye kwizakhiwo zikawonke-wonke zingavala umsantsa.

Isiphelo: Ulwazi Linyathelo Lokuqala Lokufumana Amandla

Ukuqonda intsalela karhulumente akuyonto yobunewunewu, oku kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukubumba ihlabathi elizingqongileyo. Xa wazi ukuba isigqibo senziwa yiBhunga, indlu yowiso-mthetho yakho, okanye ibhodi yolawulo yasekuhlaleni, uyeka ukuchitha amandla kwizikhalazo ezingasebenziyo kwaye uqalise ukujolisa imaphu yakho apho iza kuba nempembelelo. Uba ngumvoti onolwazi ongakumbi, umxhasi onamandla ngakumbi, kunye nomntu onegunya eliqinisekileyo kwidemokhrasi. Isakhiwo sikarhulumente, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni, ungathi usebenza njengesixhobo sogcino-lwazi olungasebenziyo, kodwa ngokwenene zikho iimaphu zamandla kwindawo ohlala kuyo. Funda ukuba ufunde loo maphu iza kuchaphazela, kwaye awusayi kuphinda uvakalelwe xa ufuna ukwenza umahluko.