Imvume yokufuna kunye noMphetho-Mda wesine umela iziqinisekiso eziphambili zomthetho-siseko waseMerika, ukuseka imigaqo efuna ukulungelelaniswa kwamalungelo obuqu nawomthetho osemthethweni. Ukuqonda le migaqo isemthethweni kubalulekile kummi ngamnye, njengoko ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo indlela amagunya karhulumente anokunxibelelana ngayo nabantu ngabanye nempahla yawo. Olu khokelo lunentsingiselo luhlolisisa iinkcukacha ezintsonkothileyo zesiqinisekiso sokufuna, ukukhuselwa kweSine Solawulo soMphengululo, kunye nenkqubo engokwasemthethweni entsonkothile elawula ukupheka nokuxhuzula eUnited States.

Yintoni Iphulo Lokufuna Iphulo?

Isiqinisekiso sokuphengulula sixwebhu esisemthethweni esikhutshwe yijaji okanye imantyi egunyazisa abasebenzi bomthetho ukuba bakhangele indawo ethile ukuze bafumane ubungqina obunxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuze afumane isiqinisekiso sokufuna uphando, igosa lomthetho kufuneka licele umntu kwijaji lize licele isicelo sokholo oluhle kulwazi oluthembekileyo olusekelwe kulwazi olunokuthenjwa olubonisa isizathu sokuphengulula. Le mfuneko isebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla karhulumente, iqinisekisa ukuba igosa elizimeleyo lenkundla lihlola izibakala phambi kokuba umthetho uqhube ungene kwimicimbi yomntu othile.

Umthetho onyanzelisa ukuba kugcinwe isiqinisekiso sokukhangela kumphathi ongathathi cala nongamkhethe phambi kokuba angene kwindawo yabucala ukuze akhangele ubungqina. Inkqubo yokugunyazisa ifuna amagosa ukuba anikele ubungqina obufungiweyo okanye anike iziqinisekiso ezichaza iinkcukacha ezixhasa inkolelo yabo yokuba ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho buza kufumaneka kwindawo echaziweyo. Le nkqubo ikhusela abemi ekungeneleni ngokweempazamo okanye kwimicimbi yabo yangasese.

Amalungu abalulekileyo ophendlo olusebenzayo

Ukuze imvume yokuphendla isebenze ngokomthetho, kufuneka iqulathe izinto eziliqela ezibalulekileyo. IsiHlanzi soHlaziyo sithi akukho mvume izakupapashwa kodwa kwisizathu esinokwenzeka, ixhaswe sisifungo okanye isivumo, kwaye ichaza ngokukhethekileyo indawo eza kuphengululwa nabantu okanye izinto ezimele zibanjwe. Le mfuneko ikhethekileyo ithintela ukuphengululwa jikelele kwaye iqinisekise ukuba abaphathi-mthetho bazi kakuhle oko bagunyaziswe ukuphendla nokuthabatha.

Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze umthetho onyanzelisa ukuphanda kunye nezinto okanye abantu abafunayo. Le mfuneko ingqalileyo inemvelaphi enzulu yembali, ivela kumava obukoloni baseMelika agunyaziswe ngokubanzi kunye neemfuno zoncedo ezivumela amagunya aseBritani ukuba aqhube uphando olukhukulileyo, olungakhethiyo. OoTata Abasunguli abaFuneyo bafuna ukuthintela ukuxhatshazwa okunjalo ngokufuna imfuneko ezithiyekileyo zokuthintela ukuba zicuthe kwaye zingqale ngomlinganiselo othile.

Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze izinto eziza kubanjwa ngokwaneleyo kangangokuba umphathi angakhupha zonke ezinye izinto, kwaye ukungaphumeleli kwenkcazelo ukuba iphumele ngaphandle kwezinye iindawo okanye ukungaphumeleli ukuchaza ngokufanelekileyo into okanye umntu oza kubanjwa ungenza isiqinisekiso sophendlo singasebenzi kwaye uphendlo lungekho mthethweni. Lo mgangatho uqinisekisa ukuba abaphathi abanakusebenzisa isiqinisekiso sokuhlola into yomntu othile.

UMthetho Wesine Ohlaziyiweyo: Isiseko Sokufuna Nokwaphulwa Komthetho

UHlomelo lwesine loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. lunikela ukuba ilungelo labantu lokunqabiseka kubantu babo, kwizindlu, kumaphepha, nakwiziphumo, nxamnye nokuphanda okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula, lingayi kuphulwa. Eli lungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko limisela enye yezona zinto zingundoqo zokukhusela eMerika, ukukhusela ukuzimela kwabantu ngabanye nokuthintela ukuphazamisana kukarhulumente kubomi bangasese.

Eyona njongo iphambili yalo lungiselelo kukukhusela ilungelo labantu lokuzifihla nokukhululeka ekuphazanyisweni ngurhulumente okungekho ngqiqweni. UMthetho-goqwe wesine ubonisa ukuqonda kwabasebenzi ukuba ukuzimela kwabantu kuyimfuneko kwisidima nenkululeko, kwaye ukuba ulawulo lukarhulumente nokuphanda akuthintelwanga kuyingozi kwinkululeko.

Imbali Nenjongo

Ngoxa yayiphantsi kolawulo lweBritane, amathanga aseMntla Merika ali-13 ayephantsi koncedo oluninzi, olwanika amagunya asekuhlaleni amandla okufuna ukupheliswa kwenqanawa, kwaye abagwebi baseBritane kwakungadingeki ukuba bavelise naziphi na izibakala ngokuphathelele umsebenzi ongekho mthethweni ngaphambi kokuba kukhutshwe impenduka kwaye uphando lwalunokuqhutywa nje ngokukrokrelelwa nakweyiphi na indawo. Ezi ndlela zobukrwada zashiya impembelelo ehlala ihleli kuma-American kolonenti kwaye zaphembelela ngokungqalileyo ukuqulungela i-Rhulumente yeSine.

Emva kweMvukelo yaseMerika, abemi belizwe elitsha babenomdla ekuthinteleni ukuphanda kukarhulumente, yaye iBhili yamaLungelo, eyavunywa ngowe - 1791, yayiqulethe uMphetho-Mdathiso wesine, owakhusela abantu ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni. Lo mbandela wembali unceda ekuchazeni isizathu sokuba uMmiselo weSine woHlaziyo ugxininise ngamandla kangaka kwimithetho efuna isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo nekhutshwe ngoomantyitha.

Umda kunye nokuMiselwa kwenkqubo kwiKhompyutha

Noko ke, uHlaziyo lweSine aluqinisekisi ukukhuselwa kuko konke ukuphengululwa nokuxhuzula, kodwa kuphela ngabo bakwenziwa ngurhulumente nababonwa njengabangenangqiqo phantsi komthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba uHlomelo lwesine alusebenzi ekuphengululeni okuqhutywa ngabantu okanye amaqumrhu, ngaphandle kokuba besebenza njengabameli bakarhulumente. Ngaphezu koko, akufuni mvume qha, kodwa abo bagqalwa njengabangenangqiqo" phantsi kwemigangatho yesiseko.

Uphando phantsi kweSine SoHlaziyo luyenzeka xa umqeshwa okanye ummeli karhulumente engqubana nolindelo olusengqiqweni lomntu ngamnye lokuba yedwa. Olu "luvavanyo olusengqiqweni lwe-scheme" luye lwaba sisixhobo esiyintloko sokugqiba xa kusetyenziswa ukhuseleko lweSine SoMthetho-misinyu. Iinkundla ziqwalasela enoba umntu ulindele ukuba angabonwa okanye akabon ’ iliso elifanelekileyo kusini na, nokuba ngaba ibutho labantu liyalugqala olo langazelelo njengolusengqiqweni kusini na.

Unobangela Ofanelekileyo: Umgangatho Wokukhupha Abahambi Ngemfazwe

Unobangela ofanelekileyo ngumqobo womgaqo-siseko omele uhlangatyezwane nawo phambi kokuba ijaji ikhuphe isiqinisekiso sokufuna. Igosa lomthetho elinomthetho limisa isizathu esinokwenzeka ukuba indoda enobulumko ezaziyo izibakala neemeko ezaziwayo kwigosa ingakholelwa ukuba ikrokrele lenze ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Lo mlinganiselo ufuna okungaphezulu kokukrokrela nje kodwa okungaphantsi kwesiqinisekiso esifunekayo setyala lezaphuli-mthetho.

Ukuze afumane isiqinisekiso sokufuna, amagosa omthetho kufuneka abonise ukuba anokuthenjwa kwaye anenkcukacha ezaneleyo eziya kubangela umntu osengqiqweni akholelwe ukuba kwenziwe isenzo solwaphulo-mthetho nokuba izinto okanye umntu ophathwe lixhoba lempambano ukwindawo eza kuphengululwa. Isizathu esinokwenzeka sibhekisa kukuzimisela kwazo zonke iimeko ezaziwayo ekunyanzelweni komthetho ngexesha abafuna ngalo isiqinisekiso.

Uhlaziyo Lweemeko

Xa igqiba ukuba imvume i-affidavit imisela isizathu esilindelekileyo, imajistati ujonga kwimo ezichazwe kwi-affidavit, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo ichaze isizathu esilindelekileyo sommantyi njengesigqibo esisebenzisekayo, sobulumko obuqhelekileyo. Le ndlela iphawula ukuba isizathu esinokwenzeka asinakuncitshiswa kwifomu echanekileyo kodwa kufuneka sivavanywe ngokusekelwe kwizibakala zetyala ngalinye.

EIllinois v. Ityala elibandakanya ukwazisa okungaziwayo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba ubunyani, isiseko solwazi, kunye nokuthembeka komphathi zezinye izinto ezinxulumeneyo umantyi okhuphayo angacinga ngazo, nangona ileta yomamkeli engenagama kulo mbandela ibisenokuba yayingeyonto yanele, iNkundla igqibe kwelokuba ummangaleli okhuphayo unokuba ufumene unobangela osekelwe kwezinye izinto, njengesibakala sokuba uphando lokuqala olugunyaziswe ngumthetho luqinisekise ukuxelwa koqikelelo oluninzi oluqulekileyo kwileta.

Indima Yokungathobeli

Ngoxa iingcaciso zingaxhasa ukufunyanwa kwesizathu esilindelekileyo, uqikelelo nje ludla ngokungabi njalo. Lo mahluko ubalulekileyo ekuboneni ukuba isicelo sogunyaziso sihlangabezana na nemigangatho yomgaqo-siseko. Amagosa omthetho angafumana intsingiselo esengqiqweni kwizibakala ezaziwayo, kodwa akanakusekela isiqinisekiso kwimisebenzi yokuthelekelela okanye kwimiqathango ecacileyo.

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kungaxhomekeka kuqeqesho nakumava ukuxhasa ukufunyanwa konobangela onokwenzeka. Ulwazi lobuchule nobuchule bamagosa bunganceda ekumiseni intsingiselo yezibakala ezithile ezingazukucaca kumntu onegunya. Umzekelo, umphathi weziyobisi onamava angaqaphela imilinganiselo yokuziphatha okanye imiqondiso ecebisa ukurhweba ngeziyobisi.

Unobangela ocacileyo wesiqinisekiso awunakusekelwa koko ukuphendla okulandelayo kutyhila, kuphela kwizibakala ezaziwayo xa isiqinisekiso sikhutshwa. Le mfuneko iqinisekisa ukuba isiqinisekiso sisekelwe kubungqina obukhoyo obukhoyo kunokuba igwetyelwe emva kwento eyenzekayo ngabaphathi.

Imfuneko Yemfazwe Nezantlukwano Ezingathathi Nto

Ukugxininisa ekufuneni imfuneko yokugunyaziswa kwemvume kubekwa umgwebo wejaji ezimeleyo phakathi kwamagosa asebenza ngokusemthethweni namagosa azimeleyo asebenza nabemi, kugunyazisa ukuhlasela kweso sabelo kuphela xa kuboniswa oko kungunobangela olindelekileyo, kwaye imida yokuhlasela ngocalulo lomntu ofanele abanjwe, indawo ekufuneka kuphengululwe, kunye nobungqina obufunayo. Oku kubekwa kwegosa lejaji elingoondiswayo kusebenza njengesivikelo esiqatha nxamnye nezenzo zomthetho zokunyanzelisa inzondelelo okanye ezinekhethekileyo.

Nangona uHlaziyo lweSine lungachazi ukuba imvume iya kukhutshwa ngumgwebi ongathathi cala nongamkelwanga, idla ngokugqalwa njengelifa, njengoko enye yeenjongo zemvume ingukuvumela iqela elingoondileleyo ukuba ligqibe enoba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunokwenzeka kusini na ukuba kuqhube uphando, kwaye kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yokufuna isiqinisekiso sokuba iqela elizimeleyo lihlole izibakala ze linikezele isiqinisekiso kuphela ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kukho isizathu.

Ukungaphumeleli ukuba nesiqinisekiso esikhutshwe liqela elingakhethi buso kwaye elingacocekiyo kuza kuphelisa isiqinisekiso kwaye kuphengululwe ngokungekho mthethweni. Oku kufunekayo kuqinisekisa ukuba isigqibo sokugunyazisa ukuphengulula senziwa ngumntu ongenaso isiphazamiso kwisiphumo sophendlo kwaye ngokunyanisekileyo iyakwazi ukuqwalasela ukuba imigangatho yomgaqo-siseko ihlanganisiwe kusini na.

Ukuzimela Ngokufanelekileyo Imfazwe

Nangona isiqinisekiso sikhutshwa njengenxenye, ukuthembeka kwaso kungancitshiswa kwityala elilandelayo ukuba kufunyenwe ubungqina obuchopheleyo kwaye kuziswa umtshutshisi, kwaye abamangalelwa bangawabuza amandla egosa elikhupha isiqinisekiso okanye ubunyani bento efunekayo. Olu hlolo lwasemva kohlolo lunika uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwinkqubo yemvume, luvumela abamangalelwa ukuba bacel ’ umngeni iisiqinisekiso ezikhutshwe ngokungafanelekanga.

Abameli bangacela umngeni kwizizathu ezininzi, kuquka nesizathu esinganelanga, ukunqongophala kokuchaza indawo ekufuneka iphandwe okanye izinto ezimele ziphathwe, okanye iingxaki ngobundilele bamajaji akhuphayo. IiNkundla zihlolisisa ngenyameko ezi ngxaki ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko loMgaqo-nkqubo wesine luhlala lunentsingiselo.

Abahlukileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

Ngokuqhelekileyo, uphando olungekho mthethweni lwezakhiwo zabucala luyekwa phantsi koMgaqo-nkqubo wesine, ngaphandle kokuba kusetyenziswe umahluko okhethekileyo. Ngelixesha imfuneko yogunyaziso ingumthetho jikelele, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele iindidi eziliqela eziye zamiselwa kakuhle ezivumela ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuba kuphandwe ngaphandle kokuqala kufumane isiqinisekiso. Ezi zibalaselise izinto eziluncedo kwaye zikhuphisana ngemiba ekufuneka ukuba zifumane isiqinisekiso esingekho ngqiqweni okanye ezingeyo.

Ukuqonda le mithetho kubaluleke kakhulu kumagosa omthetho nakubemi, njengoko bechaza imida echaza ukuba amapolisa anokuyikhangela ngaphandle kwemvume ephambili.

Iimeko Ezibi Zahluka

Kukuchasana okufanelekileyo nemfuneko yokuba iimeko ezichaphazelekayo zingakuthethelela ukuphengululwa okungagunyaziswanga okuvisisanayo noMgaqo-nkqubo wesine. Oku kukhetha kuqonda ukuba kwiimeko ezithile zongxamiseko, ixesha elifunekayo ukufumana isiqinisekiso linokuba nengozi kubantu ngabanye, ukutshatyalaliswa kobungqina, okanye ukusaba izikrokrele.

KwiMissouri v. McNeely (2013), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yacacisa ukuba iimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo zisenokubangela ulwahluko olwaneleyo lokuthethelela ukuphengululwa okungenasiqinisekiso, kuquka imfuneko yokunyanzelisa uluntu ukuba lunikeze uncedo olungxamisekileyo kumntu ohlala kwikhaya, ubandakanyeke kwiphulo elishushu lomntu orhanelwayo, okanye ungene kwisakhiwo esitshayo ukuze atshise umlilo aze ahlole unobangela waso.

Lo mahluko uneemfuno ezimbini: ukuba umphathi wayenonobangela ofanelekileyo wokuphendla okanye wokubanjwa, kwaye ezo meko zicacileyo zigweba ukungenelela okungenasizathu. Zombini iziqalelo mazibekho ukuze kusetyenziswe u-(/ukungagqibeki zizathu zodwa zokungabikho kwemeko yongxamiseko, kwaye imeko kaxakeka ayikuthetheleli ukuswela konobangela olindelekileyo.

Iimeko ezixinzeleleyo zikhona kwiimeko apho abantu besengozini ekufuphi, apho ubungqina bujongene nentshabalalo ekufuphi, okanye phambi kokuphuma kwekrokrela. Igama elingundoqo lingu "lokuphuma""""""" usongelo kufuneka lube lolukhawulezileyo noxinzelelo, hayi nje ukuba lunokwenzeka okanye lungaqikeleli.

Iindidi Zeemeko Ezimanyumnyezi

Iinkundla ziye zachaza iindidi eziliqela zeemeko ezixeliweyo. Imfundiso yoncedo longxamiseko ivumela amagosa ukuba angene kwiindawo ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso xa enesiseko esisengqiqweni sokukholelwa ukuba umntu othile ongaphakathi ufuna uncedo olukhawulezileyo. Oku kusenokuquka iimeko apho amagosa eva ukumemeza, abone iimpawu zokulwa kogonyamelo, okanye adibane nomntu obonakala egula ngengozi.

Le mfundiso ishushu ivumela abaphathi ukuba balandele umntu orhanelwayo ukuba asabe kwindawo yabucala ngaphandle kokuqala afumane isiqinisekiso. Oku kukhetha kuqonda ukuba kufuna amagosa ukuba ame aze afumane isiqinisekiso siza kuvumela abarhanelwa abayingozi ukuba basabe kwaye babangele umonakalo kwabanye.

Utshabalaliso olukufuphi lomahluko wobungqina luvumela ukungena okungena ngokomthetho xa abaphathi benosizathu esilindelekileyo sokukholelwa ukuba ubungqina buza kutshatyalaliswa. Noko ke, iinkundla zihlolisisa ngenyameko la matyala ukuqinisekisa ukuba amagosa awazange azenze isiqinisekiso ngezenzo zawo, njengokusongela ukufumana isiqinisekiso kwaye ngaloo ndlela zixhobisa ukurhanela ukutshabalalisa ubungqina.

Iinkundla ziya kujonga kwixesha apho umphathi enza uphando olungekho semthethweni okanye ukuxhuzula ukuvavanya ngelo xesha enoba umphathi onobuchule kwisikhululo uya kukholelwa ukuba kungxamisekile ukuthatha inyathelo nokungancedi ukukhusela isiqinisekiso. Lo mgaqo ujolise ekucingeni ukuba igosa elinobuchule liza kuthini na ukuba likholelwe ukuba iimeko zixhomekeke kwiinkolelo okanye iintshukumisa ezinxulumene neenkonzo ezithile.

Khangelani Into Enokuninceda Nibanjwe

Noko ke, xa igosa libamba ikroti elirhanelwayo, eli gosa lingaqhuba isiganeko sokuphengulula ukubanjwa, iNkundla igqibe kwelokuba ngumntu kunye nendawo ekufuphi kuphela ofanele aphengululwe eChimel v. Califorian (1 969). Oku kukhetha kusebenza iinjongo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo: ukukhusela igosa ngokuqinisekisa ukuba ababanjwa abanazo izixhobo ezifikelelekayo, kwaye kuthintele ukutshatyalaliswa kobungqina.

Ukubanjwa makube semthethweni okanye ubungqina bungabonwa bungenakusetyenziswa phantsi komthetho wokubhaliswa. Oku kufunekayo kuqinisekisa ukuba amagosa akanakusebenzisa ukubanjwa okungekho mthethweni njengesizathu sokuqhuba uphando olungagunyaziswanga. Ukuba ukubanjwa okungaphantsi komthetho akusebenzi, nabuphi na ubungqina obufunyenweyo ngesiganeko sokuphendla ukuya kokubanjwa buza kuthintelwa.

Ubukhulu besiganeko sokukhangela ukubanjwa bulinganiselwe kumntu obanjwayo kunye nendawo ekulawulo olukhawulezileyo.

Isinxaxhi senqwelo - mafutha ezizenzekelayo

Ngaphantsi kwenqwelo - mafutha eyamiselwa nguCarroll v. United States (1925), ukuba amapolisa anokuba nesizathu sokukholelwa ukuba imoto inobungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho, isiqhamo solwaphulo-mthetho, okanye ukungekho mthethweni, ukuphengululwa kwemoto kungenziwa ngaphandle kwemvume. Oku kungafaniyo kubonisa indlela engokwemvelo yokuhamba kweenqwelo-mafutha kunye nokuncitshiswa kwethuba lokuzimela kwabantu abakwinqwelo - mafutha xa kuthelekiswa namakhaya abo.

Umahluko wenqwelo - mafutha uvumela abaphathi ukuba baphengulule nayiphina indawo yemoto apho ubungqina oburhanelwayo bunokufunyanwa khona, kuquka isiqu, ikhompathimenti yeglave kunye nezikhongozeli ngaphakathi kwemoto. Noko ke, abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka babe nesizathu esilindelekileyo sokuba bafumane inqwelo-mafutha esekelwe ekucingeni okanye kwisixhobo esinesantya esiphezulu.

Imbono Ecacileyo

Ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kuphawula ubungqina bolwaphulo - mthetho, yaye banelungelo elisemthethweni lokuba kuloo ndawo, basenokuphanda ngokungenasizathu phantsi kwemfundiso ecacileyo. Le mfundiso iyaqonda ukuba amagosa akafanele atyeshelwe ubungqina bolwaphulo - mthetho olubonwa ngokucacileyo kubo xa bekho ngokusemthethweni kwindawo ethile.

Ukuphanda okungenamdla kunye nokuthatyathwa kweempawu akungokwasemthethweni ukuba izinto eziphehlwayo zisembonweni ocacileyo. Ukuze imfundiso ecacileyo ukuze isetyenziswe, kufuneka kufikelelwe iimfuno ezintathu: igosa kufuneka libekho ngokusemthethweni kwindawo apho liqwalasela into, ubunjani bokuchophela into kufuneka bucace ngoko nangoko, kwaye umphathi makabe nokufikelela okusemthethweni kwinto ngokwayo.

Ukukhangela Okusemthethweni

INkundla iye yavuma ukuba ummi unokuwachasa amalungelo akhe oMphengululo wesine ngokuvuma ngokuzithandela nangobulumko ukuba kwenziwe uphando, livumele igosa ukuba liphengulule ngaphandle kwemvume esemthethweni. Xa umntu evuma ngokukhululekileyo ukuba amapolisa aphengulule umntu, imoto okanye impahla yakhe, akukho mvumo ufunekayo kuba umntu ude waluyeka ngokuzithandela ukhuseleko lwakhe loMphengululo wesine.

Ukhuseleko phantsi koMphetho-Mda wesi-5 lungalahlwa ukuba umntu uyavuma ngokuzithandela, okanye akabuchasi ubungqina obuqokelelwe ngexesha lokuphengulula ngaphandle kwemvume okanye ukuxhuzula. Noko ke, imvume imele ibe yeyokuzithandela ngokwenene, (ukunyanzelwa, ukusongelwa okanye ukukhohliswa. IiNkundla zihlolisisa ukugqibelela kweemeko ukuze zibone enoba imvume inikelwe ngesisa kusini na.

Kuphakama imibuzo ebalulekileyo xa abantu abaninzi benegunya kwindawo ethile. Ngokuqhelekileyo, nawuphi na umntu onegunya elifanayo kwiindawo ezithile angavuma ukuphengulula iindawo ezabelweneyo. Noko ke, ukuba omnye umntu ohlala apho uyala lo gama omnye okhoyo engavumi, ukhabayo udla ngokuxhathisa kwaye amagosa akakwazi ukuphanda ngaphandle kwemvume.

Ezinye Ezikhethekileyo

Ngaphezu koko, ukuphangwa kwezinto ezishiywe ngaphandle kwemvume, okanye izinto ezikummandla ovulekileyo azingqubani noMthetho wesine, kuba kucingelwa ukuba ukulindela ukuba umntu afumane imfihlo kwimpahla eshiyiweyo okanye kwizinto ezithile zentsimi evulekileyo akuyonto isengqiqweni.

Imfundiso ecacileyo ithi iindawo ezingekho mgangathweni okanye ezingaphucukanga ngaphandle kwemali (ummandla ojikeleze ikhaya ngokukhawuleza) azikhuselwa yiSimendo sesine soHlaziyo. Ngokufanayo, xa umntu eshiya impahla, alahla naliphi na ithemba elisengqiqweni lokuzifunela imfihlo kuloo ndawo, evumela amapolisa ukuba ayiphengulule ngaphandle kwemvume.

UMthetho Wokukhupha: Ukuqhuba Amalungelo OMphetho Wesine

Umthetho ohlulayo usebenza njengesixhobo esiyintloko sokwaphulwa koMphengululo wesine. Ngaphantsi kwalo mthetho, ubungqina obufunyanwa ngokuphanda okungekho mthethweni okanye ngokuthatyathwa kwamapolisa abunakusetyenziswa nxamnye nommangalelwa kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Lo mthetho waveliswa ziinkundla ukuthintela ukugcinwa komthetho ekuphuleni amalungelo omgaqo-siseko nokugcina ingqibelelo ngokuqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla azibhaliswanga ekuphuleni umGaqo-siseko.

Umthetho owenziwe ngaphandle usebenza kungekuphela nje kubungqina obufunyanwa ngokuphanda okungekho mthethweni, kodwa kwakhona kubungqina obuvelayo.

Noko ke, umthetho wokuzikhetha uneemeko ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Umahluko wokholo olungileyo uvumela ukuba ubungqina buvunywe ukuba amagosa athe ngokufanelekileyo axhomekeka kwisiqinisekiso esathi kamva sabonakala singasebenzi. Ukufunyanwa okungenakuphepheka kuvumela ukuvunywa kobungqina obunokufunyanwa ngokusemthethweni kungakhathaliseki ukuba kukho uphando olungekho mthethweni. Imfundiso egqithiseleyo inika ubungqina xa uqhagamshelwano phakathi kokuphendla okungekho mthethweni nokufunyanwa kobungqina kuthe kwaneliswa ngokwaneleyo.

Ukuqwalasela Okukhethekileyo Kumthetho Wanamhlanje Wokufuna Nokungawufuni

Imfihlo yamanani kunye nobuxhakaxhaka

Ubugcisa bale mihla buye badala ucelomngeni olutsha kumthetho wesine soMthetho ohlaziyiweyo. Iicell phone, iikhompyutha nezinye izixhobo zombane zinenkcazelo eninzi yobuqu, ziphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nokuba amapolisa anokuzikhangela nini yaye njani ezi zixhobo. IiNkundla ziye zaqonda ukuba izixhobo zamanani zifanele zikhuselwe ngamandla kwiSine Solawulo-Mbetho ngenxa yolwazi olunzulu nolunzulu analo.

ERiley v. eKhalifoniya, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yathi amapolisa afuna imvume yokuphengulula icell phone, kwanaxa kubanjwa isiganeko esithile. INkundla yaqonda ukuba icell phone inengxelo emalunga nayo yonke iinkalo zobomi banamhlanje yaye ukuyiphengulula kubandakanya imicimbi yangasese engaphaya kwaleyo ibandakanyekileyo ekufuneni izinto zomzimba.

Ngokufanayo, imibuzo ephathelele ukujongwa ngurhulumente, ukulandelelwa kweGPS nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano kuyaqhubeka kuhambela phambili kwezobugcisa.

Ukuzingca Okusengqiqweni Ngokuchasene Nesizathu Esifanelekileyo

Noko ke, kwezinye iimeko, ukunyanzelisa umthetho kusenokuphengulula xa benobungcathu obusengqiqweni besenzo solwaphulo-mthetho. Ukukrokra okusengqiqweni ngumgangatho ophantsi kunonobangela olindelekileyo kwaye kuvumela ukumiswa kophando olulinganiselweyo nokuphengululwa kwezixhobo, kodwa hayi ukuphengululwa ngokupheleleyo.

Phantsi kweTerry v.Ohio, abaphathi bangabamba umntu kancinci baze baphathe isikrokro esisikelwe phantsi kwezixhobo ukuba banokukrokra ngokusengqiqweni ukuba umntu ubandakanyekile kumsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye usenokuba nezixhobo kwaye uyingozi. Oku "Unyaka" okanye "Yima kunye nefrisk" makusekelwe kwizibakala ezicacileyo, ezobugcisa qha, hayi nje ukukrokrela okanye ukukrokrela okuqhelekileyo.

Ukukhangela Umda Neemfuno Ezizodwa

Ezinye imo-mongo zibandakanya ukuncitshiswa koMgaqo-nkqubo wesine. Uphengululo lweMda, umzekelo, lungaqhutywa ngaphandle kwemvume okanye unobangela olindelekileyo ngenxa yomdla onamandla karhulumente wokulawula ukuba ngubani na ongena kwelo lizwe. Ngokufanayo, uphando lolawulo lwemizi-mveliso elawulwa kakhulu, ukhuthuzo lokhuseleko lwesikhululo seenqwelo-moya, kunye nophando oluthile lwesikolo lungaqhutywa phantsi kwemigangatho ekhululekileyo.

"Iimfuno ezikhethekileyo" imfundiso ivumela ukuphengululwa okungenasiqinisekiso xa urhulumente eneenjongo ezibalulekileyo ezingaphaya komthetho oqhelekileyo. Oku kungaquka ukuvavanywa kweziyobisi zabasebenzi abathile, iipoyinti zokuxilonga ukunxiba, okanye ukuphengululwa kwabafundi ngamagosa esikolo. Oku kuphengulula kumele kube nokusengqiqweni, kodwa akufuni mlinganiselo ofanayo wokuthethelela njengophando lwesithethe lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo: Oko Abahlali Bafanele Bakwazi

Amalungelo Akho Ngoxa Uphanda

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho oMbetho wesine kuyimfuneko ukuze uzikhusele ngexesha lokuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uyagcinwa. Ukuba amapolisa eza ekhayeni lakho nesiqinisekiso sokufuna, unelungelo lokubona isiqinisekiso uze uqinisekise ukuba siyasebenza. Kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba isiqinisekiso sichaza idilesi yakho kwaye uchaze ukuba ngawaphi amagosa agunyazisiweyo ukukhangela.

Ukuba amapolisa akanagunya lokufumana imvume, unelungelo lokungavumi ukuphengululwa. Ngokulula uthi "Andikuvumeli oku kukhangela" kukwenza kucace ukuma kwakho. Noko ke, khumbula ukuba iimfuno ezithile ezichasene nezo ziyimfuneko zisenokuvumela amapolisa ukuba aqhube uphendlo nangaphandle kwemvume yakho.

Ngexesha lokuphengulula, unelungelo lokuthula nokucela igqwetha. Awufanele uxhathise ngokoqobo okanye uthintele amagosa, njengoko oku kunokuthi kubangele ukuba utyholwe ngezaphuli-mthetho ezongezelelekileyo. Endaweni yoko, chaza ngokucacileyo ukuba uphikise okanye ubhale oko kwenzekayo ukuba kunokwenzeka.

Ixesha Lokufuna Icebiso Elingokwasemthethweni

Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho oMphetho-Mthethweni wesine aphulwe, kufuneka uqhagamshelane negqwetha ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Igqwetha elinamava elikhusela ulwaphulo-mthetho linokuhlola enoba uphando luqhutywa ngokusemthethweni na kwaye linokubhala iifayile ukucinezela ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni. Ixesha lidla ngokucinezelwa ngokungqongqo kwezi meko, njengokuba iingxaki ezithile ezingokwasemthethweni zimele ziphakanyiswe ngaphambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala.

Nokuba ngaba awumangalelwanga ngolwaphulo-mthetho, ukudibana negqwetha emva kokuphengulula okuthandabuzekayo kunokukunceda uqonde amalungelo akho nendlela onokukhetha ngayo. Igqwetha lingakucebisa enoba unezizathu zokumangalelwa kwamalungelo abantu okanye ezinye iindlela zokunyanga.

Ukubaluleka Kokubhala

Ukuba uphanda, zama ukubhala uxwebhu kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Phawula amagama namanani ebheji amagosa abandakanyekileyo, ixesha nomhla wokukhangela, oko kwakhangelwa, noko kwathinjwa. Ukuba kuyenzeka, thatha iifoto okanye iividiyo, nangona ungafanele uphazamisane nabaphathi ekwenzeni oko.

Ukuba amanye amaNgqina anokuwucinezela uphengululo olungekho mthethweni, afumane inkcazelo yawo ukuze anikele inkcazelo okanye ubungqina ukuba iyafuneka.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje Nempikiswano Eqhubekayo

Umthetho wesine woHlaziyo uyaqhubeka utshintsha njengoko iinkundla zithetha ngobugcisa obutsha kunye neemeko ezitshintshayo zentlalo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kwakho izigqibo ezibalulekileyo ngokuphathelele ukuphengulula icell phone, iGPS ukulandelela i-oyile, ukuhlola inqwelo-moya, nokufikelela kunxibelelwano lwamanani olugcinwe zicandelo lesithathu lecandelo.

Iingxoxo ziyaqhubeka ngokulungelelana okufanelekileyo phakathi kokhuseleko nokhuseleko, ingakumbi xa kuthintelwa ubugrogrisi nokhuseleko lwamazwe. Imibuzo ephathelele ubugcisa bokuphawula ubuso, ukufundwa kwelayisensi esetyenziswa yimoto nezinye izixhobo zokuhlola iziphumo zokonga intloko iphakamisa inkxalabo ebalulekileyo yokuba iinkundla zisasebenzela ukucombulula.

Imithetho-siseko yezorhulumente kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufuneni nasekuphaphameni. Amazwe angasoloko emisela imigaqo ephakamileyo yokukhusela ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula kunaleyo ifunwa luHlaliso lwesine, kodwa amazwe akanakukuvumela ihambo echasene noMthetho weSine woHlaziyo. Amanye amazwe aye amkela ukhuseleko olunamandla lwezobuqu ngaphezu kokuba umGaqo-siseko wesizwe ufuna, enika abemi bawo izikhuselo ezongezelelekileyo.

Indima Yengqungquthela Nomthetho

IKhomishini iye yandisa ukhuseleko loMgaqo-nkqubo wesine kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, noko ke, kuquka ngokumisela imithetho engqongqo yokusetyenziswa kweminxeba. Umthetho woManyano unganikela ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo olungaphaya kobuncinane bomgaqo-siseko, udala amalungelo omthetho alongezelelweyo oMgaqo-nkqubo weSine wokuLawulwa.

Imimiselo eyahlukeneyo karhulumente elawula uphando nochokoza. UMthetho we-Electronic Communications Ancy Act, umzekelo, ulawula ukufumaneka komthetho kwiingxoxo ze-elektroniki. UMthetho we-International Intriveillance Sturt umisela iinkqubo zokuhlola ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Le mithetho ibonisa izigwebo eziqulunqiweyo ezibonisa indlela yokulungelelanisa iindawo zobuqu nokugcinwa komthetho ezifuna imibandela ethile.

Iimbono Zezizwe Ngezizwe Nokuthelekiswa Kwazo

Ngoxa eli nqaku libhekisa kumthetho wase-U.S., kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba amanye amazwe aneendlela ezahlukeneyo zokufuna nokuphaphazela. Amanye amazwe anikela ukhuseleko olunamandla lwemfihlo kune-United States, ngoxa amanye enika igunya lokunyanzelisa umthetho. Uhlalutyo oluhlukeneyo lunganika imbono ebalulekileyo kwisigqibo esiboniswa kumthetho weMelika Yesine I Amereka Amendment.

Ngokomzekelo, iSivumelwano seZizwe Ngezizwe esingokwabantu namalungelo abantu sakhusela ukuphazamisana nokuzimela kwamalungelo abantu okanye okungekho mthethweni. Le migaqo yezizwe ngezizwe inokuba negalelo kwindlela iinkundla eziluchaza ngayo ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko wasekuhlaleni.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kokuhlaziywa Kwesine Komgaqo - melo

ISihlaziyo sesine kunye nemfuneko yokufuna imfuneko yokhuseleko olusisiseko oluchaza ulwalamano phakathi kwabantu norhulumente kwibutho elikhululekileyo.

Ukuqonda imfuneko yokuphanda namalungelo oMphengululo wesine kunika abemi amandla okuzikhusela nokubeka ityala kurhulumente.

Njengoko ubugcisa butshintsha yaye butshintsha uluntu, umthetho wesine Wokwenziwa kweMimiselo uza kuqhubeka ukhula. IiNkundla, iintlanga nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zonke zifeza indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni indlela ezi migaqo-siseko esebenza ngayo kwiimeko ezintsha. Ngokuhlala bezazile ngezi ngxaki nangokuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo azo afanelekile, abantu banokunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko loMhlaziz

Enoba ujongene nophando lolwaphulo-mthetho, uxhalabele ukujongwa ngurhulumente, okanye unomdla nje wokuqonda amalungelo akho omgaqo-siseko, ulwazi lokufuna imfuneko yokufuna iMpanzi-mvume nemigaqo yesine yoLawulo lubalulekile. Le migaqo ikhusela wonke umntu kwaye ikhusela inkululeko kwinkqubo yethu esekelwe kumgaqo-siseko.

Ukuze ufumane ulwazi olungakumbi ngamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, tyelela [[QUML:0] i-Legal Information Institute of Reconstruction with shorts's shorts's sescessiated okanye jongana negqwetha elifanelekayo egunyeni lakho. Ukuqonda nokusebenzisa amalungelo akho akuyonto nje yobuqu, kunceda ekulondolozeni ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko womntu ngamnye kwibutho lethu.