Kuluntu lwanamhlanje, ulungelelwano phakathi kwegunya likarhulumente namalungelo omntu ngamnye luyimbambano ebalulekileyo elawulayo. Ukuqonda intsingiselo esesikweni yokumisela igunya likarhulumente kubalulekile ekukhuthazeni imekobume apho inkululeko, okusesikweni, nesidima soluntu zinokuphumelela khona. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iziseko zembali, iingcamango zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, iingxaki zexesha labanye, kunye nendima esebenzayo yabemi emele ibe nayo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba igunya likarhulumente lihlala linyanzelekile, linetyala, kwaye lilungelelane nemigaqo yebutho elinobulungisa.

Ukubaluleka Kokungalawuli Amandla Karhulumente

Imiqathango yamandla karhulumente ayiyonto nje ephambili; zizinto ezibangela inkululeko nokusesikweni. Ngaphandle kwemida ecacileyo, ukuxinezeleka kwegunya ngokungenakuphepheka kukhokelela ekukhukulisweni kwenkululeko yobuqu, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwentembelo kawonke-wonke, kunye nokucinezelwa kwemiqathango. Nazi izizathu ezingundoqo zokuba imiqathango enjalo ibalulekile:

  • Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo ngamanye: luthintela urhulumente ekuchaseni inkululeko esisiseko enjengentetho, indibano, unqulo, kunye nelungelo lobuqu. Ezi zikhuseli ziqinisekisa ukuba abemi bangaphila ngaphandle kokuphazamisana ngokungeyomfuneko nabo banegunya.
  • Imbali izele yimizekelo yamandla angathintelwanga ehla ekwigunya lolawulo. Ngokusasaza igunya kumasebe awahlukeneyo namanqanaba karhulumente, nangokudibanisa amalungelo kumthetho, ibutho linciphisa umngcipheko wengcinezelo kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu okanye iqela elinokulawula ezinye izinto.
  • Ukubekwa ityala: kuxhomekeke ekubonakaleni okusezantsi. Xa izenzo zikarhulumente ziphantsi kolawulo, uhlolo logwebo, kunye nophando lukawonke-wonke, amagosa kufuneka azithethelele izigqibo zawo aze ahlale esabela kubantu abakhonzayo. Oku kuphendula kubalulekile ukugcina ngokomthetho kunye nokuthemba.
  • Isiqinisekiso sobulungisa: Urhulumente onyanzelwe ngumthetho usengozini yokusebenzisa imithetho ngokusesikweni nangokungaguquguqukiyo. Ngaphandle kwegunya elizimeleyo, inkqubo engokwasemthethweni inokubaphatha bonke abantu ngokulinganayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bakwimeko okanye impembelelo. Oku kuqinisa ulawulo lomthetho njengenkuselo nxamnye nocalucalulo nocalulo.

Ezi ntsika zikarhulumente olinganiselweyo azizizinto ezingekho ngqiqweni; zizinto eziluncedo kulo naliphi na ibutho labantu elixabisa ukuzilawula nokulunga kwabantu. Xa amandla ehlolwa, ukuvela kwemisebenzi, uluntu, amalahle, kunye nokulungileyo okuqhelekileyo kuqhubekeka ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela.

Imbali Yokungalawuleki Kwamandla Karhulumente

Ingcamango yokumisela igunya likarhulumente akuzange kuvele ngaphaya kwesizathu. Imveliso yemfazwe, ukubila kobulumko, nokungaguquguquki komthetho. Ukuqonda le ngxelo yembali kukhulisa uxabiso lwethu ngesiseko esikhusela inkululeko namhlanje.

IMagna Carta Nemida YomGaqo-siseko

Ngo-1215, iqela lemibutho yamaNgesi uKumkani uJohn wanyanzelisa ukuba atyikitye iMagna Carta, uxwebhu olwamisela umgaqo wokuba ukumkani wayengengangaphezulu komthetho. Phakathi kwezona ngxelo zakhe zihlala zikho zaziziqinisekiso zenkqubela-phambili, ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni, kunye nokukhuselwa kokuvalelwa ngokungekho mthethweni. Ngelixa iMagna Carta ekuqaleni inceda izilangazelelo zolawulo, ilifa layo libekwe isiseko semibutho yamva yemithetho-siseko. Kwabonisa ukuba kwanegunya eliphezulu linokubotshelelwa ngemithetho esemthethweni //aagociciso elinolwazi eliphambili ngexesha. [FLT.:0] Ithala leencwadi laseBritani lingenisa umbhalo wokuqala kwaye linika ukuqonda okuhlala ixesha elide.

Abacingisisi Bokukhanya Nengcamango Yokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Ngenkulungwane ye-17 neye-18 kwabonwa izithandi zobulumko zicacisa iingxoxo ezingokwesiko nezisebenzisekayo kurhulumente olinganiselweyo. UJohn Locke, kwi- yakhe , waphikisa ukuba abantu banamalungelo emvelo obomi, inkululeko, kunye nempahla, kwaye urhulumente wenziwe ngesivumelwano soluntu sokukhusela la malungelo. Ukuba urhulumente uyawaphula amalungelo abantu abathembayo, banelungelo lokuxhathisa. UMontesquie, kwi- Umoya woMthetho wendalo , uxhasa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya emicimbi yezomthetho, ulawulo lwezolawulo, kunye namasebe eenkundla, ejonge ukuba abantu bathintele ukulawulwa kwegunya. Ezi ngcamango ziphembelela imigaqo-mthetho ye-ogralitikithi eUnited States kunye nezinye iinkqubo ze-odemokhtiki ezilungiselelwe urhulumente ngokubanziwayo, imbono yezopolitiki, engaxhaswanga, imbono yezo ezopolitiki, elungelelanywayo.

Imvukelo YaseMerika NeyaseFransi

Zombini iMvukelo yaseMerika (1776) kunye neMvukelo yaseFransi (1789) zakhuthazwa yimfuno yemida elawula igunya lobukumkani nokusekwa korhulumente ongummeli. IBhili yamaLungelo yase-U.S. (1791) yabala imiqathango engqalileyo engolawulo lukarhulumente. Ngokufana noMmiselo Wokuqala wokuLandlwa kwentetho nonqulo, kunye nokukhuselwa kweSindululo sesiNwe seSine sokuHlazithayo ekuphengululeni nokuxhwaxhwaleka. ISindululo samaFrentshi samaLungelo oMntu kunye nowaseMongameli savakalisa ngokufanayo ukuba “umgaqo wolongamo lonke uhlala ngokusisiseko kuhlanga” kwaye“ ungumGawula uyakwazi ukwenza nantoni na engamenzi omnye. La maxwebhu akhuthaza ingcamango yokuba amandla karhulumente amele asetyenziswe ngaphakathi kwimiqatha.

Iingcamango Zoomatshini Ezixhasa Izithintelo

Ngaphandle kwembali, imigaqo emininzi yokuziphatha inikela ulwalathiso olunamandla ngesizathu sokuba igunya likarhulumente lifanele lisikelwe umda.

Utilitarianism

Ubugqeba obungalawulwayo, obunxulunyaniswa noJeremy Benham noJohn Stuart Mill, buthi izenzo zilungile ukuba zikhuthaza eyona ngxaki ibalaseleyo yolonwabo kwinani elikhulu. Ngokwembono ephezulu, ukumisela amandla karhulumente kusoloko kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingcono. Igunya elingalawulwayo lingaphumela kwingcinezelo, ukungafezeki kwezoqoqosho, kunye nezidubedubedube zentlalo, ezithi ngokunjalo zinciphise intlalo entle. Ngokuchasene noko, urhulumente onyanzelekileyo ukhuthaza intsebenziswano yokuzithandela, kunye nokuchuma kwabantu ngabanye. I-Mill’s ([FLT: 0]]] ikhokelela kwiziphumo ezingcono zonke. [[FLTLT:]]]] ngokucacileyo ingxube ngokuchasene nomthetho wobugciso, isilumkiso esithe ngqo, ukuba kwanelo olunelwayo, lungacinwa nolwano lwe-Foffin.[3]

Imilinganiselo Yokweyisa

Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yezobukho bendalo, ingakumbi isithethe saseKantian, igxininisa imisebenzi, imithetho, kunye nokubaluleka komntu ngamnye. I-Immanuel Kant waphikisa ngelithi abantu abanengqondo abamele baphathwe njengendlela yokuphelisa isiphelo, kodwa ngalo lonke ixesha njengesiphelo kubo ngokwabo. Lo mgaqo ubeka imida engqongqo koko urhulumente anokukwenza kubemi bakhe. Umzekelo, nokuba ukuthuthunjiswa komnqolobi orhanelwayo kungasindisa ubomi, iingcali zenzululwazi zinokuphikisa ukuba kuphosa isidima somntu ngamnye. Ngokufanayo, ukujongelwa okanye ukuchola akunanzelwa ngenxa yokuba abalawuli abanakukwazi ukuhlonela ulawulo lobuqu. Umthetho ulinganisela amandla karhulumente ahambisana nomsebenzi wokuhlonela amalungelo abantu nokuxhasa imithetho yokuziphatha esetyenziswa emhlabeni wonke. Urhulumente oziphethe ngokokuba ugwetyelelo lomnye uluntu oluzi lwezi lwemali oluzilo lwenzuzo.

Ingcamango enxulumene neNtlalo

Isivumelwano soburhulumente esisuka kwiHobbes ukuya kuRousseau ukuya kuRowls siye sahlola iimeko apho abantu bevuma ukulawulwa. Kule mbono, igunya elisemthethweni likarhulumente lisuka kwisivumelwano phakathi kwabantu abanengqondo sokunikezela ngenkululeko ethile ukuze bafumane ukhuseleko nocwangco. Noko ke, isivumelwano sigunyazisa amandla afunekayo kuphela ekukhuseleni amalungelo nokukhuthaza ukulunga okuqhelekileyo. Xa urhulumente egqithisa oko kugunyaziswa ngabantu abavumayo kubomi bangasese, ukunqanda ukungavumelani, okanye ukuqokelela impahla ngaphandle kwendlela efanelekileyo yokuyilawula. Ingcamango yobulungisa ekrwadayo ilungele ukulingana kwenkululeko esisiseko nokulingana nokulingana ngokusesikweni, ifuna imiqathangomthetho-mthetho-siseko esemthethweni kurhulumente. Ngalo ndlela izivumelwano zentlalo-ntle zivumelanisa urhulumente kunye nemidanganiso ecacileyo.

Iingxaki Zexesha Elidlulileyo Kulawulo Olulinganiselweyo Lwamandla Karhulumente

Iingxoxo ezingoorhulumente ezingokwamandla zibaluleke ngakumbi namhlanje. Ukutshintsha kobugcisa, iingxaki zehlabathi nokutshintsha kwemilinganiselo yentlalo kuzisa ucelomngeni olutsha kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha yegunya likarhulumente.

Ingeniso Nemfihlo Yamanani

Ukwanda kobugcisa bamanani kuye kwanceda umgangatho ongenakuthelekiswa nanto wokujongana norhulumente. Ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi lwemaslamshe, ukuqwalaselwa kobuso, kunye nohlalutyo lwe-metameter kusenokusetyenziswa ekunyanzeleni komthetho osemthethweni kodwa kwakhona kusemngciphekweni ohlasimlisyo owehlayo kwaye kubangela ukuba kubekho ucalucalulo. Amaxhala abhekiselele ekulungelelaniseni nasekubonakaleni kweenkqubo ezinjalo. Izityhilelo zika-2013 zikaEdwa malunga neenkqubo zokuhlola ii-NSA ukudala iingxoxo ezithelekelela iimeko zomhlaba jikelele ngokunxulumene nokhuseleko olungekho mthethweni, ukuphikisa kokungalinganiyo. Iinkundla zesine zokuzikhusela zisebenza kwii-gxakene. [FFFT] [FFFFT]

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Neyokungxengxeza Ngekhompyutha

Imigudu karhulumente yokulawula intetho ikhule ngokukhula kwemigangatho yezentlalo-ntle. Iingxoxo zigqugqisa ngokususwa kwentetho yentiyo, inkohliso, kunye nokuchasa. Ngoxa abanye bephikisa ukuba oorhulumente kufuneka bathathe inyathelo lokukhusela ucwangco lukawonke-wonke kunye namaqela angenaluxanduva, abanye balumkisa ukuba imigaqo enjalo inokwenziwa ikwazi ukuphelisa ukungavumelani. Uxinezeleko lwemithetho yokuziphatha luxhomekeke ekudweleni umgca phakathi kwentetho eyingozi noluvo olukhuselekileyo. Kumaqela edemokhrasi, umgaqo-demokhrasi wokungamela iimbono ufuna ukuba imiqathango yokuthetha isetyenziswe ngokulula kwaye incede isongelo sibe nomdla. Kodwa ke, umlinganiselo opheleleyo wokuqula i-intanethi kwe-intanethi yenza kube nzima, kwaye oorhulumente abaninzi bafune ukubetha imithetho exhaphakileyo enokuthi isetyenziswe kakubi. Ukwenza ulungelelwano olufanelekileyo phakathi kwabenzi bomthetho, iinkampani zezobugcisa, iinkampani zezopolitiko, kunye noluntu.

Amandla Angxamisekileyo Nenkululeko Yabemi

Isifo se-COVID-19 sazisa uxinzelelo oluthe ngqo lwamandla ongxamiseko. Oorhulumente abaninzi babeka umvalo, ukuvalwa komsebenzi wohambo, kunye nokugonya okunyanzelekileyo okungathandabuzekiyo okusindisa ubomi kodwa kwaza kwanciphisa inkululeko. Umbuzo wendlela yokuziphatha ngulo: urhulumente unokuba sengxakini engapheliyo namalungelo asisigxina? Amandla engxamiseko asoloko egwetyelwe ngokusemthethweni ngemfuneko, kodwa adala umngcipheko wokuzibamba xa kungekho xesha limisiweyo, yaye umbandela wokuhlola ngokucokisekileyo. Ukusetyenziswa komthetho wengozi ukuvala imigaqo eqhelekileyo yepalamente, abasebenzi ngabanye ngaphandle kokuvavanywa, okanye imiqathango yokucinezela inkululeko ekhoyo kumazwe amaninzi ngexesha elinzima. Isilumkiso somthetho siyimfuneko esifanelekileyo esilungele ukulingana, esingangeni-luphazath'uphulo, kwaye kufuneka silungise iindlela zokulungisa iimeko.

Amabutho Okusesikweni Kwezentlalo Notshintsho Lwamapolisa

Iinkampani ezinjengeBlack Lives Matter zibalaselise iindlela amandla karhulumente, ngokukodwa ngokunyanzelisa umthetho, anokuba yingozi ngazo ngokungenakulinganiswa kuluntu oluphantsi. Iimfuno zokuphendula kwamapolisa, ukuhlaziywa komzimba, ukuhlaziywa komzimba, kunye nokupheliswa kwamasebe amapolisa zithetha ngokubhekiselele ekunciphiseni amandla anxulumeneyo karhulumente. Iingxoxo eziphambili zisebenzisa amalungelo orhulumente, ngokukodwa ngokusetyenziswa kolawulo lobugxwayiba (ukungakhululi ekunyanzeleni) kunye neziphumo ezifanelekileyo (imfuneko yokuthemba uluntu nokukhusela uluntu nokukhusela). Imithetho-mthetho yezentlalo iphikisa iphikisa isithi ukhuseleko lokwenyaniso alufuni khuseleko olungakumbi kwizindlu zezindlu, iinkonzo zempilo, kunye nenkcalulo olusekelwe kwimiqatha yebutho labo abalawula igunya kunye nemigaqo-mthetho ezilawula abantu.

Indima Yabemi Ekuxhaseni Ukusikelwa Kwemilinganiselo

Imida yamandla karhulumente ayizibulali; ifuna ukuba uhlale uphaphile kwaye ube nenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kubemi. Amaziko edemokhrasi asebenza kuphela njengoko enziwe xa abantu kunye noluntu lubandakanyekile kwinkqubo yezopolitiko kwaye luba netyala kumagosa.

Ukuncedisana Nee-electoral

Eyona ndlela ingqalileyo abemi abanokuphembelela ngayo igunya likarhulumente ngonyulo. Ngokuvota kwabo bahlonela imida yemithetho-siseko, inkululeko yabemi, kunye nomthetho, abemi bathumela umyalezo ocacileyo malunga nohlobo lolawulo abalulindeleyo. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukuvota okuphantsi, kuvumela izilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo kunye notyekelo lobugocigoci-goci boomatshini ukuba zichume. Ukungenela kunyulo lokuqala, kwimizwano yasekuhlaleni, kunye neentyangalala zomdla wolawulo lwedemo-demokhrasi. Uvota kufuna ukuba kungabi lulwazi nje kuphela lwemigangatho yeqela kodwa kwaneengxelo zamalungelo abantu, ayimfihlo, kunye nokubonakala korhulumente.

Ukulawulwa Kwabantu

Abami bangaxhasa imithetho ekhuthaza ukubonakala ngokucacileyo kunye nomda wolawulo lukarhulumente. Oku kuquka ukuxhasa imibutho engangeni ngeniso echasene nokuhlola okungekho mthethweni, ukuhlaziywa kwezemali okunciphisa impembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika, kunye nezixhobo zokudubula ezikhuthaza abangaphakathi ukubhenca ukuxhatshazwa. Iinkqubo zoorhulumente bezincedile ekukhuseleni amalungelo okuvota, ukuphelisa ikhethe lobuhlanga, kunye nokwandisa ukhuseleko lwasese. Enoba ngemibutho ebhaliweyo, imibhiyo, imibhiyozo kawonke-wonke, okanye ukuphembelela i-mfa ye-mfamfa, inyathelo elidibaniweyo lingasetyenziswa ekukhuseleni amalungelo e-mthetho.

Imfundo Nemfundo Yamajelo eendaba

Ukukhulisa ukuqaphela ukubaluleka komda karhulumente kunceda ekukhuliseni izikolo, iiyunivesithi, kunye nemibutho yamajelo eendaba enendima ebalulekileyo ekufundiseni imbali nentanda-bulumko karhulumente olinganiselweyo. Ukubhala nokubhala kunceda abemi balapho ukuba bahlolisise ngokunzulu iimfuno zikarhulumente, baqonde ukungavumelani nemibandela yemithetho. Uluntu olufundileyo alunakukwazi ukukhupha imiyalelo encopho yokhuseleko ngexabiso lenkululeko.

Ubandakanyeko loLuntu noLawulo

Nangona imicimbi yezobupolitika yesizwe isoloko ibalasele kwimixholo ephambili, izenzo ezininzi zikarhulumente ezichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla zenzeka kwindawo yasekuhlaleni($hovern, polissal, komiti yesikolo, kunye nemithetho yezonyango loluntu. Ukuya kwiintlanganiso zeholo yasedolophini, ukusebenza kwiibhodi zokhuthuzo, nokuba nenxaxheba kwiintlangano zoluntu kunika abemi inkxaso engqalileyo kwimigaqo-nkqubo. Oku kubandakanyeka kumalungu oonotyani kuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uyaqhubeka esabela kwaye amandla asetyenziswa ngokwemvume yasekuhlaleni.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yemilinganiselo karhulumente yokusikelwa igunya akuyonto iphambili; kuyimfuneko ekugcineni ibutho labantu elikhululekileyo nelinobulungisa. Ngokuqonda imvelaphi yembali ekwiincwadi ezinjengeMagna Carta, isiseko sentanda-bulumko esisuka kwiinkcubeko ezikhanyiselweyo, kunye neengxaki eziqhubekayo kwimimandla efana nokuhlola, intetho, amandla ongxamiseko, kunye nokusesikweni kwezentlalo, sinokuqonda isizathu sokuba imida yegunya ibaluleke. Ngokunjalo, iimfundiso zezeligunya, ukulawulwa kwemigaqo yezoburhulumente, ukulawulwa kwendalo, kunye nesivumelwano sentlalo-ntlalo-ntle (* kunye nezizathu ezinyanzelisa izizathu ezinyanzelisayo zokuthintela urhulumente, ngoxa imicimbi yangoku ityhila ukungalungeleni phakathi kocwangco nenkululeko. Ekugqibeleni, imbopheleleko yokugcina le miqatha kuxhomekeke kubemi. Ngokungaze kuthetheki, ukuvocanda, imfundo, ukudibana kwemfundo, kunye nokuhlangana kwabantu, kuqinisekisa ukuba amandla eluncedo kwinkululeko esiqhelekileyo soluntu.