Amandla eKhongophela abumba isiseko solawulo lwamaMelika, abumba yonke into ukususela kwiirhafu ezihlawulwayo ukuya kwiimfazwe zesizwe. Kubafundi nabafundisi-lwazi, ukuwaqonda la magunya akuyonto nje ekwenziwayo kwintlalo-ntle, kuyimfuneko ukuqonda indlela esenziwe ngayo imithetho, indlela inkululeko ekhuselwa ngayo, nendlela urhulumente wesizwe asebenza ngayo phakathi kwemiqathango yemithetho-siseko. iKhomishini yaseUnited States, inkqubo yerhafu equka iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zabameli neNtsimbi, iphethe uludwe lwamagunya achazwa, angundoqo, angundoqo, kunye nesisiseko. Eli nqaku liqwalasela ngokusondeleyo oko kunokwenziwa ngabagwebi, ukugxuba kwimi, inkqubo yomthetho, inkqubo yokwa-omatshini, kunye nolungelelwano-mali, kunye novavanyo lwale mihla.

Isiseko SomGaqo-siseko Samandla Ombutho

Inqaku I lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. limisa isebe lowiso-mthetho lize lichaze amagunya alo angundoqo. Ngokungafaniyo namasebe alawulayo kunye nezomthetho, adweliswe kwinqaku lamva, iBhunga linikwa olona ludwe lunenkcukacha ezikhoyo ````iNkqutyana'' zokuzikhethela ngamabomu ngabalawuli ukuyenza indlu yowiso-mthetho ibe lisebe elilawula urhulumente omtsha. La magunya awela kwiindidi ezintathu ezibanzi: ezidweliswe, ezicacisiweyo, nezineliswe ngokwemo yefa.

Amandla Anempembelelo: IGcisa Elinamandla

Amagunya amiselweyo ngalawo abhalwe ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, icandelo I, La maqela aneshumi elinesibhozo anika iNkqutyana amagunya akhethekileyo asisiseko kulongamo lwesizwe nozinzo lwezoqoqosho. Amandla adwelisweyo aquka:

  • Amandla e-levy iirhafu – iBhunga linganyanzela liqokelele irhafu, imisebenzi, ii-apost, kunye nee-expostes ukuhlawula amatyala, ukulungiselela ukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo, nokukhuthaza intlalo-ntle jikelele.
  • Amandla okulawula urhwebo – The Commerce Claus enika iBhunga loMbutho kumazwe ngamazwe kunye norhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe, amandla aye achazwa kakhulu yiNkundla ePhakamileyo.
  • Amandla okubhengeza imfazwe - Kuphela iBhunga elingunobangela wemfazwe, nangona uMongameli engenza imikhosi ngaphandle kwesaziso phantsi kweemeko ezithile.
  • Amandla okunyusa nokuxhasa imikhosi – iiKhomishini zilawula imali yomkhosi kwaye zinganyusa zize zigcine amabutho axhobileyo, phantsi kwemida yezicelo.
  • Amandla okukhupha imali – iiKhompathimenti zivelisa iingqekembe zemali, zishicilela imali yephepha, kwaye zilawula ixabiso layo, ziqinisekisa inkqubo yemali yesizwe efanayo.
  • Amandla okuseka ii-ofisi zeposi – iPostal Claus yenza iBhunga loMbutho lokwakha nokugcina inkonzo yeposi.
  • Amandla okuseka iinkundla eziphantsi – iBhunga lenza iinkundla ezisezantsi zephondo phantsi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo.
  • Amandla okunika agunyazisiweyo namalungelo asemthethweni – ukukhuthaza inkqubela-phambili yenzululwazi nobugcisa, iBhunga lingakhusela amalungelo apheleleyo abasunguli nababhali.

La mandla adwelisweyo ayenzelwe ukuba angqale, kodwa amaFrames aqonda ukuba akukho luhlu lunokulindela nayiphi na imfuneko yexesha elizayo. Yiyo loo nto equka i-Claus efunekayo nefanelekileyo.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwamandla: Isenzo Sikanobangela KaThixo

I-Iact ne Seant Claus − idla ngokubiza iElastic Clausle +grants Congress ngokuthi ligunya ukwenza yonke imithetho "eyimfuneko nefanelekileyo" ukwenzela ukuphumeza amandla ayo adwelisweyo. Eli binzana lifunyanwa ekupheleni kweQumrhu I, Icandelo 8, Clause 18. Ayiwaniki amandla okuzimela kodwa kunoko ivumela iBhunga likhethe iindlela zokufikelela iziphelo zalo zomgaqo-siseko.

Ukusetyenziswa kwawona magunya aphambili asetyenziswayo kwawathi afikela kwirepublic yamandulo. Xa iBhunga lesibini leUnited States laqesha iBhanki yesibini, kwacetyiswa ukuba imigaqo-siseko yalo ibe yeyomthetho-siseko. Mcculloch v. Maryland [1819], iJaji ePhakamileyo uJohn Marshall yagqiba ukuba ibhanki yayingumsebenzi osemthethweni wamandla afanelekileyo engqinisiweyo eBhunga kuba yayi "iyimfuneko kwaye ifanelekile" ukuthwala amandla adweliswe adweliswe njengerhafu, ukuboleka imali, kunye nokulawula intengiso. Elo sigqibo saqinisekisa ukuba i-Rogration i-odmignes.

Eminye imizekelo yamandla achazwayo iquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] ukusungula inkonzo yeNgeniso yangaphakathi (IIRS) – nangona umGaqo-siseko ungakhankanyi umbutho wokuqokelela irhafu, iBhunga le-IRS laseka inkqubo efunekayo yokufaka irhafu.
  • ulawulo lokufuduka – Amandla okulawula ukwenziwa kwendalo adweliswe, kodwa iNgqungquthela iye yasebenzisa igunya elibonisa ukuseka imigaqo-nkqubo yokufuduka ebanzi, kuquka ukunyanzelisa imida kunye neenkqubo ze-visa.
  • Ifaka imithetho yemivuzo encinci yesizwe [ – Phantsi koMsebenzi worhwebo uClaus, iBhunga limisele imiqathango yemiqathango yeKhawu leMsebenzi ePhakathi.
  • ikhupha amaqumrhu kazwelonke – phantse onke amasebe angundoqo karhulumente, ukusuka kwi-Evironmental Protection Agency ukuya kwiSebe loKhuseleko lwaseHomeland, adalwa yiBhunga elisebenzisa amandla achaziweyo ukuphumeza iimbopheleleko ezidweliswe.

IElastic Claus iqinisekisa ukuba iNgqungquthela ayiphelelwanga ngumbhalo ophelelwe lixesha, ivumela isebe lemithetho ukuba lilungelelanise iimeko ezitshintshayo ngoxa libambelele kwigunya elisemthethweni.

Amandla Emvelo: Izinto ezixabisekileyo

Ngalawo azalwa nawo iBhunga elinawo kuba nje iUnited States iluhlanga olulawulayo. Azibhalwanga kumGaqo-siseko kodwa zibalulekile ukuba nawuphi na urhulumente asebenze. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo isenokusebenzisa amandla emvelo kwiindawo ezinjengemicimbi yamanye amazwe, ukukhusela ilizwe, nokulawula ukufuduka.

Imizekelo iquka:

  • Ukuqulunqa imicimbi yamanye amazwe – iBhunga-ngqungquthela ingamisela izicwangciso, incoko yezivumelwano (noMongameli), kwaye iqaphele oorhulumente bamanye amazwe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukukhusela uhlanga [ – iBhunga lingazigxotha izihlaseli kwaye licinezele uvukelo ngaphandle kokubhengezwa okusesikweni kwemfazwe.
  • [ Ukulawula imida – iBhunga linegunya elingokwemvelo lokulawula ukungena kwabantu nempahla kwelo lizwe.
  • Intsimi ephicothayo – Ngamandla ukwamkela amangingqi amatsha nokulawula imimandla, iBhunga lisebenzisa igunya elilawulayo kumazwe aphantsi kolawulo lwe-U.S.

Amandla emvelo akasoloko ebheniswa njengamandla adwelisweyo okanye achazwayo, kodwa anika umnatha wokhuseleko womGaqo-siseko ukwenzela izenzo ezimele zithatyathwe ukuze kulondolozwe ubukho bohlanga.

Amandla Angengawo Asemthethweni: Ngaphaya Kwale Mithetho

Indima yeKhomishini ayipheleliselwanga ekudluliseni imithetho. UmGaqo-siseko unika amandla amaninzi angengowokunganikezeli avumela iKhomishini ukuba ihlole amanye amasebe ilawule nemicimbi yangaphakathi. La mandla abalulekileyo kwinkqubo yamaziko ahlukeneyo anegunya.

Ukulawula Nophando

IBhunga linegunya elisisiseko lokuphanda imicimbi enxulumene nemisebenzi yalo yowiso-mthetho. Eli gunya lilawula livumela iikomiti ukuba zibe ngamangqina angaphantsi kwe-poena, zifune amaxwebhu, zize ziwaphathe amatyala. Ngolawulo, iBhunga liyakwazi ukuqwalasela ukuphunyezwa kwesebe eliphetheyo lemithetho, ukutyhila inkunkuma okanye ukunganyaniseki, nokuzisa umthetho wexesha elizayo. Ukulawula kusisinye sezixhobo zezona zibalulekileyo zeBhunga, nangona ukuphumelela kwalo kuxhomekeke ekubeni liliphi iqela elilawula igumbi ngalinye.

Ngokomzekelo, iKomiti yeNdlu yoLawulo noHlaziyo loRhulumente ingaphanda nangaliphi na ityala nangaliphi na ixesha, kwaye iikomiti zeBhunga leNtlanga zisoloko ziphethe uqinisekiso lwezimvo zolawulo kunye nezomthetho. Ityala lembali McGrain v. Daugherty [1927]) imisele ngokuqinileyo ukuba amandla eBhunga eliphandayo ayimfuneko kumsebenzi walo wemithetho-mthetho.

Uqinisekiso

IBhunga linamandla apheleleyo okuqinisekisa okanye ukungakufuni ukumiswa komongameli phantsi kweSiluleko noNcedo Claus (ISiluleko II, Icandelo 2). Oku kuquka onobhala-makhabhathi, abagwebi bephondo, abagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo, oomatiloshe, kunye namanye amagosa aphezulu aphakamisa izikhundla. Le nkqubo yokuqinisekisa inika iNtlanganiso ilizwi elinamandla ekuxonxeni amasebe aphetheyo kunye namasebe agwebayo. Ngoninzi oluqhelekileyo, iBhunga leNqila linokuvuma ukuba lingabi nanto, kodwa ngokuqhelisa, le nkqubo iye yaziphaka kakhulu.

Amandla Okuthenga

IKhomishini ilawula uqingqo-mali lwamaqumrhu lwamandla ayo ukuze kunikwe imali efanelekileyo. Akukho mali inokuthathwa kuNondyebo ngaphandle kokuba inikezelwe ngumthetho. Eli "gunya lemali" linguvavanyo olusisiseko kwisebe eliphetheyo. UMongameli angacela inkxaso yeenkqubo, kodwa iBhunga ligqiba ukuba kumele kunikelwe malini na kwaye kusini na. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, amadabi oqingqo-mali aye akhokelela ekuvalweni koorhulumente xa iBhunga lisilela ukugqithisa iindleko.

Ukungakhathalelwa Nokushenxiswa

Indlu yabameli inegunya elipheleleyo lokubeka ityala kumagosa karhulumente, kuquka uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, kunye nabagwebi. Ukungagqibeli kufana nokubekwa ityala ```igunya'', ukunyoba, okanye obunye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nabameli abangekho mthethweni.' Indlu yeQela ngoko iququzelela ityala, kwaye kufuneka uvotelo olubini lwesithathu ukuvalela nokususa urhulumente eofisini. Ngabo bathathu kuphela oomongameli (Andrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, kunye noDonald Trump) abagwetywa yindlu, nangona kungekho nanye eyagwetywa yiBriti yetyala ngenxa yokususwa.

UMthetho woKhuseleko noLongezelelo

IBhunga leNtsimbi kufuneka livume izivumelwano ezixoxwe nguMongameli ngezona zinkulu zikhulu ezibini. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba izibophelelo zezizwe ngezizwe zinenkxaso ebanzi. Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga lingacebisa ukutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko ngevoti yesithathu kuzo zombini iigumbi; ukurhoxiswa kwezivumelwano kufuneka zivunywe ngamaphondo amathathu anesine.

Inkqubo Yomthetho: Ukusuka KwiBhili Ukuya Kumthetho

Ukuqonda indlela iCongress esebenzisa ngayo amandla ayo okwenza umthetho kufuna ukujonga inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ngoxa la manyathelo echanekileyo kwingcamango, ukuqhelisela kubandakanya ukunxibelelana, ukulalanisa, yaye maxa wambi anokusetyenziswa ngokungqongqo.

Ukwazisa Ibhili

Naliphi na ilungu leBhunga lingangenisa isiBhodi. ENdlu, ityala lifakwa kwi "intelekelelo"; kwiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, amalungu enza iingxelo zomgangatho. Iibhunga zemali zivela ngeendlela ezininzi: amatyala kawonke-wonke, amatyala azimeleyo, izigqibo ezidibeneyo, izigqibo ezihambelanayo, nezigqibo ezilula. Kuphela ziindleko zikawonke-wonke nezigqibo ezidibeneyo ziba ngumthetho ukuba zidlulisiwe zize zityikitywe nguMongameli.

Ingqwalaselo ephambili

Xa kuvezwe, kubhekiswa kwikomiti emileyo enegunya phezu kombandela. Iikomiti zilapho ukuphakamisa okunzima kwenzeka khona. Zibamba iindlebe, ziqokelela ubungqina obungochwepheshe, zihlanganise nengxoxo. Ikomiti ingavota ukuba "yiphawule" ityala" litshintshe ngaphambi kokulixela kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Imali-mali eninzi ifa kwikomiti; abo basindayo bathunyelwa phantsi.

IiKomiti nazo zineekomiti ezizibophelele eziziibhodi ezintywilisela nzulu kwimiba ethile. Umzekelo, iKomiti eProphrasties ineekomiti ezilishumi elinesibini eziphethe iinxenye ezahlukeneyo zoqingqo-mali lwesizwe. Inkqubo yeekomiti ivumela ukwenziwa khethekileyo kwaye inciphisa umthwalo kwilungu ngalinye ukuze libe ingcali kwimbambano nganye.

Impikiswano Ephathelele Umgangatho NeziHlaliso

Kwindlu, iKomiti yeMimiselo imisela imiqathango yengxoxo − kangaphi isiphelo, zingaphi izilungiso ezinokunikelwa, nokuba zingaphi iziko elinokutshintshwa konke konke. Indlu yendlu yeMacathene inemiqathango emincinci; ingxoxo isoloko ingenamda ngaphandle kokuba ikhutshelwe ngevoti ezingama-60. Le nkqubo ivulekileyo ivumela ama-firebusters, apho isihlanganisi sibamba umgangatho ukuba ulibazise okanye sivale ukuvota. I-Picibster iye yaba ngumqondiso ocacileyo weBhange leNtsina langoku, ifuna inkxaso ephambili yemiqathango yemithetho emininzi.

Ngexesha lengxoxo yomgangatho, amalungu anganika ulungiso. Abakhweli beenqwelo-moya ./_Utshintsho olunxulumeneyo longezelelwe kumatyala athandwayo ````aaqhelekile kwiNdlu yeeNdlu zeMali' kodwa athintelwe kwiNdlu yeNdlu. Injongo yengxoxo kukwakha umnqongo-nye omkhulu, kodwa ukudityaniswa kwemimandla ehlukeneyo kuye kwenza oku kwaba nzima ngakumbi.

Ukukhanyisa nokudlula

Emva kwengxoxo, kuthatyathwe ivoti. Kwindlu, amavoti adla ngokushicilelwa ngombane; kwiBhunga leNtsimbi, amavoti aqengqelekayo axhaphakile kumthetho omkhulu. Uninzi olulula luyafuneka ukuze ludlulise (ngaphandle kokuba ityala limlinganiso wolwahlulo loqingqo-mali okanye isivumelwano). Ukuba luye lwagqithiswa, ityala liye kwelinye igumbi, apho inkqubo iphinda iphinda khona. Ngokufuthi, amagumbi amabini adlula iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo; ikomiti yengqungquthela ivelelwa ukuxolelana. Ukuba ifikelelwa, omabini amagumbi avota kuguqulelo lokugqibela.

Isenzo soMongameli

Xa omabini amaziko evumelana, ityala lithunyelwa kuMongameli. UMongameli uneentsuku ezilishumi (ezigqitha iiCawa) ukuyisayina kumthetho okanye kwintsuku ezilishumi. Ukuba ithe yabekwa, iKhonglathe ingaqhubana nabaninzi ababini abakwisithathu kuzo zombini iigumbi . /a isiganeko esinqabileyo. Ukuba uMongameli akathathi nto kwaye iBhunga lisekho, umthetho uba ngaphandle kosayino. Ukuba iBhunga lithe lathi gqiza elo xesha, umlomo ufa ngengxowa.

Iingqinipho - ngcaso Nokulungelelana: Ukusikel ’ Imiqathango Amandla Engqungquthela

Abalawuli besakhelo bayila inkqubo apho isebe ngalinye linokuthintela ezinye. Amandla eBhunga avavanywa ngamasebe alawulayo nagwebayo, kwaye iKhonkxane iyawahlola.

  • Predétial chuto – uMongameli angawuchasa umthetho, kodwa iBhunga lingaqhubana nentlu ntathu ezimbini.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uhlolo lwe-judicial – iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingavakalisa imithetho engekho sigqeba, njengoko imisiwe ku Marbury v. Madison [183]]. Olu luvavanyo olunamandla kwingqungquthela.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ilungelo lokusebenza kunye neqhinga lokunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa komsebenzi – uMongameli angala ukunyanzelisa imithetho ngezizathu zomgaqo-siseko, nangona oku kuthanda ukuphikisana.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukususa nokususa – iBhunga lingasusa uMongameli kunye nabagwebi borhulumente ngenxa yehambo engafanelekanga.
  • Ukuqinisekisa [ – iNdlu yeeNtsimbi inokuthintela ukudibana komongameli kunye nezivumelwano.
  • amandla engxowa yemali [[FLT: 1] – Ingqungquthela ingawasusa amanyathelo aphambili.

Imizekelo yembali ibonisa ezi ngqikelelo zisebenza. UMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt's "ucwangciso lwekhombi-packing" lwayekwa yiKhonklare. Umongameli uRichard Nixon warhoxa emva kwemiqathango evunyiweyo yeKomiti yeNdlu Yomdindo. Ngo-2018, iKhomishini engaphezulu kakhulu kaMongameli Trump'sveto wenkqubo yokuzikhusela. Umlinganiselo uyasebenza kwaye uyaqhubeka uvavanywa.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Nekamva Lamandla Eengcelele

IBhunga lijongene nocelomngeni oluninzi oluchaphazela amandla alo okusebenzisa ngokunempumelelo amandla alo omgaqo-siseko. Ukungahambelani nokulawula kuye kwenza kwaba nzima ukumisela imithetho emikhulu, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni oomongameli basebenzise imiyalelo elawulayo kunye nezenzo zokulawula ezijongwa njengokwaphula umthetho.

Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali iye yaba yingxaki ephindaphindwayo. Ngokufuthi iKhonkxane iyasilela ukugqithisa zonke iindleko ezilishumi elinesibini zokuhlahlela ngexesha, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizigqibo eziqhubekayo okanye ekuvalweni kwemali. Ityala lesizwe liye lakhula lafikelela ngaphezu kweedola ezingamawaka ezigidi ezingama-3, liphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nokulondolozwa kwenkqubo yemali phantsi kolawulo lwengqungquthela.

Olunye ucelomngeni kukuthunyelelwa kwegunya kumaqumrhu olawulo. IBhunga lisoloko lidlulisela imimiselo emide enika abameli besebe abaphetheyo igunya, ebangela oko abanye abaphengululi bakubiza ngokuba yimeko "yolawulo". Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo engokomGaqo-siseko yokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo inikezela ngamandla ayo owiso-mthetho. "imfundiso yeNkundla ePhakamileyo" ifuna ukuba iNkundla ithethe ngokucacileyo xa inika igunya kwimicimbi emikhulu yezoqoqosho okanye yezobupolitika.

Ekugqibeleni, ubugcisa kunye nemfazwe yolwazi ziyingozi. IBhunga kufuneka lilwe nokulawula amajelo eendaba, ubukrelekrele obungeyoyamvelo, ukungakhuthazi ikhompyutha kunye nokungabonwa ngabantu abakwizicwangciso zeFramers. Umbuzo wendlela iBhunga elinokuwasebenzisa ngayo amandla alo kule nkulungwane yama-21 uhlala uvulekile.

Isiphelo

Amandla eBhunga makhulu kodwa angowona ungenasiphelo. Ukusuka ekudweleni kwezibonelelo kwiQumrhu I ukuya kumagunya athathwe kuMfaneleko noMhleko kaClaus, isebe lowiso-mthetho linendima ephambili ekwenzeni imithetho elawula uhlanga. Amandla angeyoyantlukwano afana nokuvelela, ukuqinisekisa, ulawulo, namandla emali yeSikhwathi semali anika iinkonzo ezongezelelekileyo zokuhlola amanye amasebe. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, nangona intsonkalhaka, nangona ngamaxesha okudinisa, iqinisekisa ukuba amazwi amaninzi athetha umthetho. Ukuqonda la mandla ayimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela urhulumente waseUnited States asebenza ngayo, kunye namandla okusebenza kunye namandla okuqhuba iCandelo. Njengoko uhlanga lujamelana neengxaki ezintsha, uCongressmente umele aqhubeke nokuhlala ngokuhlala ngokuthembeka kwisiseko somgaqo walo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga i- i-Anvocation kuhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwamandla ombutho ngamnye, uhlolo .Gov[ ukulandelela umthetho ngexesha lokwenene, kwaye phinda uhlole ukhuphelo oluqhelekileyo lwamaZiko oMgaqo-siseko [] ukubona umbhalo wokuqala.