I-Acticome Protection Claus of the 14th Amendment itheth'enye yezona ntsika zinamandla neziphikiswayo zomthetho-siseko waseMerika. Sisekelwe kwisithembiso sokulingana emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya, esi sigwebo sinye sibumbe izigqibo eziphawulekayo ezingohlanga, ubufana, imbonakalo yesini, kunye nokukhubazeka. Ukuqonda imbali yaso, ukucaciswa kwaso, kunye nokubaluleka kwaso okuqhubekayo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukufikelela kwisiseko esisemthethweni samalungelo abantu eUnited States.

Umbhalo Nenjongo Yokuqala Yokhuseleko Olulinganayo LukaClaus

I-Ratived yabekwa ngo-1868, iSindululo seshumi elinesine soMphetho-mthetho sasiyimpendulo engqalileyo kukungabikho kokusesikweni okukhoyo okwaqhubeka emva kokupheliswa kobukhoboka. Icandelo 1 loMgaqo-nkqubo livakalisa oku: "Akukho Rhulumente... uya kukhanyela nabani na onegunya lokukhusela okulinganayo kwemithetho". Ingxelo yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaMelika aseAfrika asandul' ukukhululwa afumane ukhuseleko olufanayo olusemthethweni njengabemi abamhlophe. Kodwa umbhalo wawo ubanzi ngabom, usebenzisa ibinzana elithi " nawuphi na umntu" kunokuba "nammi," elivumele iinkundla ukuba zisebenzise iqela elibanzi ixesha.

Abafaki-freyithi boMphetho-Mphetho weshumi elinesine wesiThathu baqonda ukuba ukupheliswa nje kobukhoboka kwakungaqiniseki ukulingana. Imithetho emnyama ewiswe kumaphondo aseMazantsi emva kokuba imfazwe yamakhaya imisele imiqathango enzima kubantu abakhululekileyo, ilinganisela amalungelo abo kwimpahla, ingenele izivumelwano, ize ihambe ngokukhululekileyo. I-Uncimente Protection Claus, kunye namalungelo okanye amaImmunites Claus ne-Ser Proce Clausle, yayijolise kwiBhunga lowisom kugunya lokunyanzelisa ezi ziqinisekiso ezintsha zikarhulumente. Ukuqwalasela ngokunzulu kwimbali yokwahlulwa komthetho, bona [[FLT:] iziko lwesizwe]

Ukucaciswa Kwangaphambili Okuqatha

Phezu kwalo nje ulwimi lwayo olunamabhongo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqala yachaza i-Encilial Protection Clause ngendlela engqongqo kakhulu. Ityala lobuHlahlelo-ndlu [1896], iNkundla yathi ukhuseleko lwe145th Amend Amendment lwasetyenziswa kuphela kubemi bamazwe ozimeleyo, hayi ukumisela ubumi, ukukhupha ngokunempumelelo ukufikelela kwemithetho yesizwe. Kwaye [fLT] Pnety.v. Ferguson[FLT] [1866] [186], iNkuNkundla yaphakamisa irekhohlo ebekekileyo yesizwe ngokwe-mkhethelo-luvo phantsi “ko elinganayo kodwa imfundiso elinganayo.. Isigqibo savakalisa ukuba imithetho yokwahlukana kweentlanga nohlanga ayibonisi ubuncinane njengakuchazwa kwamashumi eminyaka angamashumi eminyaka angamashumi angamashumi angamashumi anesithoba.

Indaleko Yokhuseleko Olulinganayo: Ukusuka “Kukuthatha Icala Kodwa Kuyalingana” Ukuya Kukuqiqa Okungqongqo

Ukuqonda kwale mihla kwe-Folime Protection Claus kwaqalisa ukumila phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-520, okuqhutywa ngumbutho wamalungelo abantu kunye nothotho lwezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo. Esona siguquli siguquliweyo sasingu Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954], eyathi ngokuphandle yabhukuqa [[[FLT]]] P [[FLT]]] yavakalisa ukuba “engenakuba nandawo ebanzi. IJaji enkulu u-Earl Harrenton yabhala ukuba i-luventia i-luvolunt “ngokunjalo ichaphazela iintliziyo zabo neengqondo ngendlela engathandeki. [FLT:][FLD][5]

Emva Brown, iNkundla yaphuhlisa inkqubo edweliswe ngezintlu zohlolo ukufumanisa ukuba umthetho waphula nini uKhuselo olulinganayo luka Claus. Esi sicwangciso saziwa njengemigangatho emithathu yophendlo:

  • Ukuhlola okunyanzelisayo - Kusetyenziswa ukuhlela okusekelwe kuhlanga, kwimvelaphi yesizwe, okanye kwimithetho efaka umthwalo wamalungelo asisiseko (njengovota okanye umtshato). Phantsi kohlalutyo olungqongqo, urhulumente kufuneka angqine ukuba umthetho usebenza njengomdla wombuso onyanzelisayo kwaye ulungiselwe ukufikelela loo mdlalo. Imithetho emininzi ebekwe ekuhlolweni ngokungqongqo iyabethelelwa phantsi.
  • Uphando lwe-Intermeterte incape-Applications ezisekelwe kwi-screen okanye ngokomthetho. Urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba umthetho unxulumene ngokusondeleyo nomdla obalulekileyo karhulumente. Eli qondo lamiselwa kwi- Craig v. Boren [7] [7] ngocalulo lobufana.
  • Isiseko sesiseko sophindo - Ibhekiswe kuzo zonke ezinye iinkalo (umz., ubudala, ukukhubazeka, umgaqo wezoqoqosho). Umthetho ucingelwa ukuba uyasebenza, kwaye umcebisi makabonise ukuba awunayo intsebenziswano esengqiqweni kumdla karhulumente osemthethweni. Ukuqhelisela, uhlolo olusengqiqweni luthi thatyathelwe kakhulu ngurhulumente.

Esi sakhiwo sidweliswe ngoludwe asibhalwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko; sisakhiwo sokugweba iNkundla eye yaphucula ukudlula amashumi eminyaka. Kuqwalaselwa okubanzi kwemigangatho yokuhlola, iCornell Legional Information Institute ekungeneni kweSiko soKhuselo soMgaqo-siseko esilinganayo [ inika isalathiso esilungileyo.

Ubuchule bokwahlula abantu kunye nobuchule

Kwimbali enkulu yaseMelika, i-Livience Protection Claus ayizange isetyenziswe kucalucalulo lwezini. Kwi-Illinois [1873], iNkundla yaxhasa umthetho othintela amabhinqa ekusebenziseni umthetho, iqiqa ngelithi “umthetho wesizwe, kunye nendalo ngokwayo, isoloko iwuqaphela umahluko omkhulu kwimibhobhobho kunye nemilinganiselo yomntu." Le sizathu saqhubeka de kwaba ngo 1970. [[FLT:] v.[FLT]] V.[FLT]][3] [4], iNkutsho kumgangatho osezantsi, iNkubethwale umthetho weIIIIIIdaho, obonisa ukuba abafazi basebenzisa ipropati ye-fal, kodwa umele ubonise ukukhusela kwe-Clausdians.[5]

Ukwandiswa Kwesini Nokwanda Kwale Mihla

Mhlawumbi akukho ndawo ithe yafumana utshintsho olukhawulezileyo phantsi koKhuselo olulinganayo luka Claus kunamalungelo eLGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye. Romaster v. Evans [1966], iNkundla yabetha iColorado communmentmentmentment eyathintela nawuphi na umthetho wasekuhlaleni wokukhusela amafanasini kunye noosodomakazi ukuba bangacaci, ibambe ukuba ukugqibela oku kungabikho nobuhlobo obufanelekileyo kwinzala esemthethweni karhulumente. Kwandula ke kusetyenziswe Lawnce v. Texas[FLT: 33], iNku.

Ixesha elichithiweyo lafika uluvo lwaba ngu-Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) apho iNkundla yathi izibini ezingokwasemgangathweni zinelungelo elisisiseko lokutshata phantsi kwe-Sective Programme ne-Lilimite Device Calauss. UJaji Anthony Kennedy wagxininisa ukuba “ilungelo lokutshata lingumthetho ongundoqo kwinkululeko yomntu, kwaye phantsi kweNxokelelwano ephakathi kunye noKhuselo lwe-Claussko lwezibinite-Dramente ye-1459th Amex izibiers ezitshatile ezidityaniswe kwi-mayelanethi zisenokungahluthwa ilungelo elilungileyo nenkululeko. [FLC]

IiNkqubo zeNkqutyana kunye Neengxaki Ezingagqibekanga

Namhlanje, phantse kuzo zonke iimbambano eziphambili ezikhoyo, kukho imidlalo elwayo evumela ukuvotelwa, amalungelo okuvota nocalucalulo.

Isenzo Esizinzileyo Nohlanga

Ukususela ekupheleni konyaka ka-1970, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaxabana nokuba iinkqubo zokuvuma ngokuphandle kohlanga (69) zemfundo ephakamileyo zaphula uKhuselo olulinganayo luka Claus. IRegents zeYunivesithi yase California v. Bakke [[200]]], iNkundla yabetha phantsi imida eqinileyo yohlanga kodwa yavumela ukuqwalaselwa kwemiba yohlanga njengento enye phakathi kwabaninzi ekuvulweni. Oko kwaphinda kwaphinda kwaphinda kwaphindwa kwi-phindezelwa kubantwana [[FLT] kumaqela]. Ngokunjalo, iBhithiwe iNkuphetho yetyala [2003] [ekumele ukuba ithumele kuvuke uphando olucacileyo kuluntu kuluntu oluninzi, uluntu oluninzi] [[3] [3]

Ukuncoma Amalungelo Nokungavisisani Kobuhlanga

UKhuselo olulinganayo lukaClaus ikwasisisixhobo esingundoqo kucelomngeni lwemithetho yokuvota echaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa abantu abambalwa. Inkundla ibambelele kwelokuba ukutsala imigca yesithili yesizwe ngenjongo okanye isiphumo sokudambisa amandla okuvota amancinane. Shvaw v. Reno [1993] [iiii-1993], iNkundla yagqiba ukuba imimandla eyakhiwe ngokungaqhelekanga yayila ukuqinisekisa unyulo lwabatshayileyo ukuvavanywa kwemiqathango yemiqathango ye-666, izakucelw'udolo oluluvolo olulucelweyo, ukuvavanywa kwemithetho yekhethe enzima. Okuninzi, [[FLT] kutsha] kucel County.[FLDicer [FL] [FLT] [3], , iNkutsho iqonga iqonga iQumrhu lokurhobo lomthetho woMkhosi ka-Otoliki yoMkhosi ka-Ondo-otoliki yoMkhosi ka-Orhobo-

Isiseko somgangatho wesithintelo

UkuKhuselwa okulinganayo kukhusela abantu abakhubazekileyo, kodwa kubuthathaka kunezo zikhuselwayo ezinikwa amaqela obuhlanga okanye ubufanasini. Ngenxa yokuba ukukhubazeka akusiko ukukrokreleka okanye ukuhlelwa ngokwesimo, imithetho ecalula abantu abakhubazekileyo ihlolisiswa phantsi kwesiseko esiqiqayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba umgangatho omninzi oqingqiweyo oqingqiweyo oqingqiweyo uxhaswa ngaphandle kokuba ungenamthetho owenziwe ngokugqibeleleyo. Noko ke, iBhunga alidluliswanga umthetho owongezelelekileyo (AA) kunye nabantu baseMelika abanoMthetho weShuqa (IA) kunye nowenziwe ngeSwebbe sobuHlaniso (IDA) Act (e). Okuthetha ukuba uKhuselo olunexabiso lomthetho lusebenza njengowiso-mthetho obuya umva, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abakhubazekileyo abanako ukumiswa ngoncedo olungenabungozi okanye unyango olunonyazi.

Imfundo Nesithembiso Sokhuseleko Olulinganayo

Akukho siko liye lachaphazeleka ngokunzulu yi-Ulinganise Protection Claus kunemfundo kawonke-wonke. Ukusuka ku- Brown ukuya phambili, iinkundla ziye zaxhathisa ngokulinganayo ukuba lukhuselwa njani ukhuseleko olulinganayo kubafundi beentlanga ezahlukeneyo, imvelaphi yentlalo, kunye nobuchule bentlalo, kunye noqoqosho.

Ukwahlula Isikolo Nemida Yaso

Emva [[FLT: 0] [[FLT:] [1968], iNkundla yayeka ukuvakalisa ukuxhomekeka kwecawa ngokusemthethweni ukuya kugunyazisa ukuphelisa ulwahlulo lwamayeza. Luluthi oluluhlaza-luphelisene. IBhodi yeSikolo seSikolo [1968]), iNkundla yeNkundla ifuna ukuba izikolo zithathe “naziphi na amanyathelo afunekayo ukuguqulela kwinkqubo yeyunithi ye-unia.[FLT] IBradskom apho ucalucalulo lungasuswa khona ingcambu nesebe. Kodwa iphuphalo le zingekabhaptizini. Njengoko inkundla yeNkuhlela ingenayo igalelo lokuzimisela iziphumo izixhobo ezikhoyo zokufikelela i-de65]

Ulungelelwano lweSibonelelo no “Ukwahlula Kodwa Kuyalingana” Imiqobo yezoqoqosho

Enye imbambano eqhubekayo kukwahluka okugqithiseleyo kwemali exhaswayo phakathi kwezikolo ezifumileyo nezihlwempu. INkundla ePhakamileyo, kwi iSan Antonio Independent School v. Rodriguez (1973]), ikholelwa ukuba ukungalingani kwemali yesikolo esekelwe kwirhafu yempahla yengingqi ayizange yaphule inkqubo yokhuseleko olulinganayo luka-Claus, kuba imfundo asiyonto ingundoqo yasekunene phantsi komGaqo-siseko, kwaye ubutyebi asilulo lwabiwo. Eso sigqibo sokushiya isikolo sikwizinkundla zephondo nezindlu zowiso. Ukususela ngoko, iinkundla ezininzi zezongalo zibethelele phantsi kwemiqathangowazo yemali phantsi kwemibutho yezomthetho-ogralitivel, kodwa umgangatho womthetho-omatiko uhleli phantsi.

Ikamva Lokhuseleko Olulinganayo

Njengoko ibutho lamaMerika lisiya lihluka-hluka kwaye ukutshintsha kwemeko-bume esemthethweni, i-Acimime Protection Clause iza kuqhubeka iyindawo ephambili yokulwela amalungelo abantu.

  • [[FLT: 0] uqhekeko lwe-Algalithmic: Xa ubuchule bokwenziwa okanye isigqibo esizenzekelayo sokwenziwa kwenqanawa ivelisa iziphumo ezingafaniyo zobuhlanga, ngaba ezonakele ukhuseleko olulinganayo? Iinkundla ziqala ukumelana nalo mba.
  • ucalucalulo lwezoqoqosho: Lufanele luthathwe njengendawo erhanelekayo? Abanye abaphengululi abangokwasemthethweni baphikisa ngelithi ukhuseleko olulinganayo lufanele lukhusele abantu abaphantsi abafumanayo kwimithetho ebathwesa umthwalo onzima.
  • Ucalulo: Iinkundla zifanele ziwaphathe njani amatyala adibanisa iimpawu ezininzi ezikhuselweyo, ezifana nohlanga kunye neentlobano zesini? Inkqubo yangoku edityanisiweyo 76scritiny ayingeni kakuhle kwiintelekelelo ezinjalo.
  • [[NTL: 0] ucalulo olukhoyo: ISikhuseli esilinganayo sika Claus sisebenza kuphela kwisenzo sombuso. Kodwa njengabadlali babucala ``njengezikhundla ezinkulu nemigangatho yengingqi'.'

Kubafundi abafuna ukuphanda ezi mpikiswano ngokubhekele phaya, i-Oyez Project yengqokelela yamatyala okhuseleko olulinganayo inika amadokisi, iimpikiswano zomlomo, kunye nezimvo kwisigqibo ngasinye seNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ngaphezu koko, i-Civil Rights of the Justice [ inyanzela imithetho yamalungelo abantu esemthethweni kwaye inika ukhokelo kwimibandela ephambili ekhoyo yokugcinwa komthetho.

Ukuqinisa UCelas Ngomthetho NobuGqirha

Ngeli xesha iinkundla zichaza iGophe Elilinganayo Lokhuseleko luka-Claus, iNgqungquthela inamandla phantsi kweCandelo 5 loMphetho weshumi elinesine ukunyanzelisa amalungiselelo ayo ngo “mthetho ofanelekileyo.” Eli gunya lasetyenziswa ukudlulisa uMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1962. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibekelwe umda amandla okusebenza kweNkundla enjenge iDolown of Boerne v. I-Frores[FLT] [1997] kunye [FLT] ne-Shelby County , ifuna ukuba uwikelo-mthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko sibenzeke.

Isiphelo

I-Acten Protection Claus ingaphezulu kakhulu kunezinto zembali. Ngumyalelo ophilayo, ophefumlayo wokuba lonke ummandla , kwaye, ngokwandiswa, naliphi na iqondo lorhulumente--"kufuneka baphathe bonke abantu ngesidima kunye nentlonelo. Ukusuka kwi-Jim Crow yaseMzantsi ukuya kwingxoxo engqwabalala yokuvuma isenzo, umtshato ofanayo, kunye namalungelo okuvota, lo mgaqo ube likhusi kumaqela abuthathaka kunye nomthombo wempikiswano enzulu. Ukuqonda ukuthelekelela kwawo, ukulandelela kwawo, kunye nezicelo zawo ezinxulumene nento engundoqo efuna ukudibana nezona ngxelo zexesha lethu. Njengoko iMelika iqhubeka izama ukulwa nokungalingani, isithembiso sokukhuselwa okuhlala kungeka.