Imvelaphi Nemigaqo Yegazi Yokhuseleko Olubini Lobungozi

Ubungozi obuphindwe kabini busisiseko somgaqo-nkqubo wolwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States kunye namanye amagunya amaninzi aqhelekileyo. Umgaqo uyalela urhulumente ukuba avavanye umntu kaninzi ngenxa yetyala elifanayo emva kokuba egwetyiwe okanye eqinisekisiwe. Olu khuselo lusekelwe kwiSigqibo sesihlanu soMphengululo kwi-U.S., esithi: "Akukho mntu uza kulawulwa lityala elinye ukuze abekwe engozini yobomi okanye ilungu elinye." Le mfundiso isebenza iinjongo ezininzi: ilondoloza isiphelo semigwebo, ikhusela abantu ekuxhasweni ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ikhusela urhulumente ekusebenziseni oovimba bawo abakhulu ukuze anxibe ummangalelwa, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba imeko ayikwazi ukuphinda iphinde ibekwe kwityala de ifumane ukuthembeka.

Ingcamango yengozi ephindwe kabini inemvelaphi yamandulo, elandelelwa kumthetho wamaRoma kwaye kamva kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi. Abahlalutyi bomthetho abangamaNgesi abanjengoMhlekazi William Blackstone bawuchaza kakuhle umgaqo kwinkulungwane ye-18, begxininisa ukuba umntu akafanele avavanywe kabini ngenxa yetyala elifanayo. Amalungu eU.S. afake olu khuselo kuBhili lwamalungelo njengovavanyo kumagcuntswana omtshutshisi. Namhlanje, ukhuseleko lusebenza kungekuphela kurhulumente wesizwe kodwa nakumazwe akwinkqubo ye 1450th Amend Amend Remigration, njengoko kuphethwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo [FL:0]. Mary v[FLT]

Xa Imitha Eyingozi Incamathisela: Iincopho Ezibangela Isantya

Ukuqonda ingozi ephindwe kabini kufuna ukwazi xa ukhuseleko luncanyathiselwa ngokusemthethweni, oko kukuthi, xa ummangalelwa ebekwe engozini. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, ingozi idityaniswa xa inkundla yabachopheli-tyala ifunyaniswe kwaye ifakwe kwindawo yokuhlala. Kwityala lebhentshi (ukuvavanywa ngaphandle kwe-avareji), iyingozi ekhoyo xa ingqina lokuqala lifunwe. Ukuba ityala liphela phambi kwezi ndawo, ukhuseleko alukaqali. Ukucela ukhuseleko olunetyala, kubandakanya ingozi ngexesha eliyamkela ngalo inkundla. Le mithetho iyagxeka kuba ixesha limisela ukuba ngaba ityala liphinde livalelwe.

Umzekelo, ukuba ummangalelwa umangalelwe kodwa ityala aliqali ngenxa yokugxothwa ngaphandle kwekhethe, urhulumente angaphinda afumane isigwebo. Noko ke, ukuba ingozi sele idibene neziphumo zokuvavanywa kwetyala, akukho sibheno okanye uvavanyo luvumelekile (nangokuba ukugwetywa kusekelwe kwimpazamo ecacileyo esemthethweni yomgwebi. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba amatyala angookokugqibela, njengoko kuchazwe ku United States v. Scott[FLD:1]) nezinye izigqibo.

Oyena Mnqandi Woko Kuthethwa Ngawo Nakukusikelwa Umda Kumatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Ngoxa iingozi eziphindwe kabini zinikela ukhuseleko oluqatha, iindidi eziliqela ezigqalwa njengezingamkelekanga zivumela urhulumente ukuba aphinde azame ummangalelwa okanye aqhubeke nemicimbi eyahlukeneyo. Ezi zinto zibonakalisa ukulungelelana phakathi kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye nomdla woluntu ekuqinisekiseni ukuba okusesikweni kwenziwe.

Iingxaki Neemfuneko Ezicacileyo

Ityala liqukunjelwa ngaphambi kwexesha xa ityala liphela lingenaso isigqibo ngenxa yetyala elifileyo, impazamo ye-United States, okanye ezinye iimeko ezingaqhelekanga. Kwimeko ezinjalo, ingozi ephindwe kabini ayiyivaleli ityala elitshayo, kwaye ibangele ukuba ityala livakaliswe njengelingafanelekanga "liyimfuneko" imigangatho eqaliswe kwityala le-19-centrial United States v. [1824], apho iNkube iNkundla Ephakamileyo yathiwe ukuba inkundla ephakamileyo igwetyiweyo (ingenakufikelela kwisigqibo esingqinelanayo) iyayigweba ityala eliphosakeleyo kunye netyala elitsha. Ezinye iimeko zingaquka ukugula komgwebi okanye ukuphatha kakubi okungenakunyangwa. Kodwa, ukuba ityala likhohlakelel'ityala elingalunganga.

Izibheno Nobungqina Bokuvavanywa Kwakhona

Ukuba ummangalelwa ubanjwa kwaye uphumelele ekubhexezeni olo qinisekiso, umngcipheko ophindiweyo awunqanda urhulumente ekuphindeni aphinde azame. Isizathu sikukuba ummangalelwa alahle ilungelo lokuphelisa ukunyanzelisa ngokuvavanya ukuqiniseka. Lo mgaqo, owaziwa ngokuba "ukuqhubeka kwengozi" imfundiso, uvumela urhulumente ukuba afune ukuqinisekiswa kwakhona emva kokutshintsha. Noko ke, ukuba inkundla ye-appellete ifumanise okungabufanelekiyo ukuxhasa ukuthembeka, ukugcinwa kwakhona kuthintelwa ngenxa yokuba ukufumana ubungqina obunganeleyo kuyalingana nokuvalelwa. Oku kwasekwa [[FLT:] v[FLT]. [12]

Imfundiso Yolongamo Olumanyeneyo

Enye yezona zikhethelo zidityanisiweyo kwingozi ephindaphindiweyo yi "ozilawuli ezahlukeneyo" okanye "obungangamsha". Ngaphantsi kwalo mgaqo, umntu angamangalelwa ngenxa yehambo efanayo engaphantsi komthetho worhulumente kunye norhulumente wesizwe ngenxa yokuba zizimele. Inkosi nganye inemithetho yayo nezilangazelelo zayo. Umzekelo, ukuba umntu wenza ubusela obuphula umthetho womthetho worhulumente nowolawulo (umz., ukuqhatha ibhanki ekhutshelwe phantsi kwemithetho esemthethweni), zombini zombini ezi zinokuzisa amatyala ahlukeneyo ngaphandle kokwaphula ityala eliphindiweyo. Ngokunjalo, amazwe amaninzi anokumangaliswa ukuba loo nyathelo linye lihambela imigca yesizwe.

Imfundiso yolawulo olubini ixhaswe ngokuphindaphindiweyo yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, ephawuleka kakhulu kwi Ggudge v. United States (2029]), apho iNkundla yaphinda yaqinisekisa umthetho nxamnye nocelomngeni lomgaqo-siseko. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba le mfundiso ijongela phantsi injongo engundoqo yokuzibeka engozini eziphindwe kabini ngokuvumela isohlwayo esiphinda-phindeneyo sesenzo esinye. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi ijongene neemfuno ezahlukileyo zoorhulumente kunye nolawulo.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba le mfundiso ayisebenzi ukuba omnye umlawuli uyi "tool" yomnye. Ukuba ityala likarhulumente liyi-system ukuvumela uwiso-mthetho lwesizwe, iinkundla zingabalula eyesibini eqhubekeka phantsi kwe"ngozi ephindwe kabini" yengxelo ngokwayo.

Uphazamiso Oluphindwe kabini Kwityala Lamakhaya: Umhlaba Owahlukileyo

Ukhuseleko olubini lwengozi lusebenza kuphela kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, hayi kumatyala asekuhlaleni. IsiHlaliso sesihlanu sichaza ngokucacileyo "Umonakalo wobomi okanye ilungu," ibinzana elinxulunyaniswa ngokwembali nesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho njengokufa okanye ukuvalelwa entolongweni. Amatyala amakhaya, abandakanya iimpikiswano ngempahla, izivumelwano, okanye iimpazamo phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo, azikho phantsi kokhuseleko olunye. Ngoko ke, umntu angagwetyelwa izihlandlo ezininzi kwisiganeko esifanayo, nangona imigaqo enjenge-dicata (umhla wokufa okanye ukuvalela) kunye ne-umela i-es stal espanel espal (uclue) i-emplast, okanye i-eclustration) isoloko ithinte ukukhuselwa kwingxelo efanayo okanye kwiinkundla zamakhaya.

Noko ke, umahluko phakathi kolwaphulo-mthetho nolwaphulo-mthetho ungafihlwa xa urhulumente efuna oko kusisohlwayo ngokunempumelelo ukulahlwa kwemililo uvumela urhulumente ukuba athabathe impahla enxulumene nomsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kokumangalela umnini ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwimeko zakutshanje, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ebanjelwe iUnited States v. Enye ye- 89i-flarms (19984]) ingqeqesho yoluntu ayisohlwayo ngenxa yeenjongo eziphindiweyo. Kodwa kwiimeko zakutshanje, iNkubone ukuba ezinye izigwebo zemi iziphumo zinokuvuzwa ngokokuba zisohlwaye ingxelo eziphinda-phindeneyo. [FT][5] [5]

Inkcitho yezoshishino yasekuhlaleni

Iintlobo ezimbini zokungahoywa zikhona: ukulahlwa kwetyala, okuyinxalenye yesigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokungavunyelwa kwemiba, okuyinto echaphazelekayo echasene nempahla ngokwayo. Ngenxa yokuba ukungakhathalelwa kwabemi kuthathwa njengesenzo soluntu, umngcipheko ophindwe kabini awuwavumeli umtshutshisi ogwetywayo emva kokulahlwa ngurhulumente, okanye ngokuchasene noko. Noko ke, ukuba urhulumente uqalisa ukuchaswa kwetyala likarhulumente kunye nokugwetywa kwetyala, iinkundla zingahlola ukuba isohlwayo samakhaya singu "Tshiv" kwingeniso. v. United States. Ursery [196], iNkundla yabaphathi-mthetho ephakamileyo ethi ukuchaphazeleka kwetyala abantu ngokuba netyala akuthethi ukuba kuphinde kuphinde kuphinde kubonakale, kodwa kushiye ukuvulwe iingozi ezikhoyo.

Ukuqhubeka Nemiqathango Enxulunyaniswayo Nengozi Yokuqhwatywa Ngokugqithisileyo Kwezandla

Ngokwesiko, urhulumente usoloko eqhuba uphando olunxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho. Umzekelo, ukuqhatha ngeziqinisekiso kungakhokelela kwisenzo sonyanzelo lwabemi kunye netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho leSebe lezezobulungisa. Ummangalelwa akanakuzibeka esichengeni esiphindwe kabini sokuvala isuntswana likarhulumente ngenxa nje yokuba ityala lesaphuli-mthetho lihleli okanye liconjululwe. Umahluko ongundoqo ngowokuba unyango lwamakhaya lusoloko lulungiswa (umz., ukukhutshwa kwengeniso, intengo eyenziwe ngenjongo yokuhlawulela amaxhoba) kunokuba akhutshwe. Noko ke, xa isohlwayo samakhaya sisiba siso esibini okanye sisohlwaywe siso, ucelomngeni oluphinda kabini lusenokuphumelela, nangona kunqabile ukuphumelela ukuphumelela.

Ingqikelelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngokufa

Umgaqo wengozi ephindwe kabini, owaziwa ngokuba zibibine kwi-inteum kwiinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho wamakhaya, uyaziwa ehlabathini lonke, nangona ubungakanani kunye nomahluko. EKhanada, Icandelo 11(h) leSicangca samalungelo nenkululeko yase Canada linika ukhuseleko olufanayo. IKhanada ikwasebenzisa "umthetho ngokuchasene neenkolelo ezininzi" kodwa ayilandeli imfundiso ephindiweyo yolonga-bukhosi kumlinganiselo ofanayo njengo-U.S. Umntu okhululwelwe ulwaphulo-mthetho eKhanada akanakuphinda agwetyelwe kwiphondo elahlukileyo ngenxa yokuba iinkundla zaseKhanadanada ziphatha onke amaphondo njengenxalenye yomphathi omnye.

KuManyano, lo mgaqo wawungowona uphambili kwisithethe solwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu, kodwa uMthendeleko weJaji weSigebe-Prime wasungula umahluko kwiityala ezithile ezinzulu (umz., ukubulala, ukudlwengula) ukuba "lutsha nolunyanzelisayo" buvele ubungqina. Olu tshintsho lwaluqhutywa ngamatyala aphezulu apho abantu abakhululweyo bavuma ukuba banetyala kamva, bekhalaza uwonke-wonke. Ngokufanayo, i-Australia ilandela umthetho oqhelekileyo kodwa ivumela ukuwiswa kwetyala "ukukhulula amatyala" (umz., amatyala afunyanwa ngokusetyenziswa ngamagosa).

Kwi-European Union, iSicatshulwa saMalungelo asisiseko neNkomfa yaseYurophu yaMalungelo oLuntu (Protocol 7, Inqaku 4) liqinisekisa ilungelo lokungazanywa kabini kulwaphulo-mthetho olunye. INkundla yezobulungisa yaseYurophu itolike le "zikhonkwane kwi-famet" imigaqo ngokubanzi, ibeka iziganeko ezilandelelanayo kwilizwe elinye elinamalungu kunye namazwe angaphandle ngenxa yezibakala ezifanayo. Noko ke, ngaphandle koko, kukho izigwebo zolawulo ezingangenisiyo kwindalo.

Le mithetho idibeneyo ibalaselisa ukuba umngcipheko ophindwe kabini awungowobulungisa obupheleleyo kodwa umgaqo olungelelanisa ibutho labantu nxamnye nemfuneko yokusesikweni nokugqibela.

Impikiswano yeMigaqo-nkqubo kunye noNxulumano

Ingozi ephindwe kabini isengumbandela wengxoxo enzulu phakathi kwabaphengululi bezomthetho, oogqirha, nabamisi-mthetho. Eyona mpikiswano iphambili yimfundiso yolawulo ephindiweyo. Abahlalutyi bathi ifaka iliso kukhuseleko ngokuvumela ukutshutshiswa okuphinda-phindeneyo ngolwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo, ngokunempumelelo ukohlwaya umntu kabini. Balatha amatyala afana nokuvalwa kwamagosa amapolisa kwinkundla yezomthetho elandelwa ngamalungelo asemthethweni (umz., imeko kaRodney King) njengemizekelo apho ulawulo oluphindiweyo lungasebenzela khona okusesikweni, kodwa kwakhona kwiimeko apho lubonakala lucinezela. Amanye amarhenteleteka adlulise ityala yomthetho egunya ekwasemthethweni elandela ukuvalwa kwetyala elisemthethweni ngenxa yehambo efanayo, kodwa le mithetho ilinganiselwe kuba umthetho karhulumente awufuni kungenelwe ityala eli-65.

Enye inkalo yengxoxo ibandakanya indima yobungqina obutsha. Phantsi komthetho wangoku wesizwe, ubungqina obusandul' ukufunyanwa abuvumi ukubekwa ityala emva kokugwetywa. Bambi abaxhasi baye bacebisa ukuba ubungqina beDNA bungafunyanwa kumatyala okudlwengulwa okanye ekuvumeni izono ezicacileyo, ezifana neenguqu ze-UK. Abachasi baphikisa ngelithi ukungathembani okunjalo kungaphelisa ukugwetywa kwaye kucelele umtshutshisi ukuba ajijizeke.

Kukwakho nengxubusho emalunga nokuba isohlwayo samakhaya esinjengesohlwayo sesohlwayo okanye imbopheleleko yoluntu (umz., kwabahlaseli abanogonyamelo ngokwesini) kufuneka sibangele ukukhuselwa ngokuphindwe kabini kwengozi. INkundla ePhakamileyo ibisoloko ikholelwa ukuba ukuzibophelela akusosososohlwayo esingumthetho, kodwa lo mba usaqhubeka udityaniswa.

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zabafundi Namagcisa Asemthethweni

Ukuqonda ingozi ephindwe kabini kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofunda umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho okanye inkqubo. Amagqwetha akhuselayo, le mfundiso sisixhobo esibalulekileyo: ukuba umxhasi ukhululwe, eso sigqibo sigqibelo kwaye asinakucelwwa ngurhulumente. Kubatshutshisi, kuthetha ukulungiselela nokuqinisekisa ukuba zonke izityholo ziziswa kwityala elinye xa kunokwenzeka. Ngokuphandle "ngokodwa ulawulo olubini, ukuqulutya-mthetho, kunye nokubhenela ngamacala) kufuneka kuqondwe ukuphepha iimpazamo ezifanelekileyo.

Kubaphathi-majoni belizwe, icandelo eliphindiweyo lengozi aliveli rhoqo, kodwa ulwazi lwezicwangciso ezihambelanayo kunye nomahluko wendlela yokulungisa ubalulekile ekucebiseni abaxhasi abajongene nolwambutho lwamakhaya nolwamatyala.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho

Ingozi ephindwe kabini imele njengesikhuselo esibalulekileyo ekuxhatshazweni nokukhathazwa ngurhulumente. Ngoxa ukusebenza kwayo kungaphelelanga ngokusisigxina − ngaphandle kwemiba ephosakeleyo, ukubhena, kunye nemithetho eyahlukeneyo — umgaqo ongundoqo uqinisekisa ukuba ukugwetywa okanye ukunyanzeliswa kuzisa isiphelo. Umahluko phakathi kwamatyala angowona ubalulekileyo; umngcipheko ophindwe kabini awukusileli ukubekwa kwetyala kwesizwe, kodwa ezinye iimfundiso ezifana ne-rectatata kunye ne-eparalal estole esssss ibeka imilinganiselo yabo yokuphela.

Njengoko iinkqubo zomthetho ziguquka, ulungelelwano phakathi kokuphela nokusesikweni luyaqhubeka luvavanywa. Utshintsho lwamanye amazwe lubonisa ukuba ibutho labantu liyakwazi ukukhulula ngokumxinwa ngaphandle kokuwulahla ngokupheleleyo lo mgaqo. Kubafundi nabafundisi-lwazi, beqonda ukuba iingozi eziphindwe kabini zinika iwindow ibe ngamaxabiso abanzi omgaqo-siseko: ukubonakala kobumsulwa, ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo, kunye nemida yamandla karhulumente.

[[UMTL] izibonelelo ze-Extel ukuze zifundwe ngokubhekele phaya:[[UMTL:1]