Ingcamango yemida yamandla karhulumente ingundoqo ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ukuqonda indlela le mida esebenza ngayo kunceda abemi ukuba babandakanyeke ngokunentsingiselo ngakumbi ekulawuleni nasekukhuseleni amalungelo abo. Ngaphandle kwemiqathango enjalo, kwanoorhulumente abazimisele kakuhle banokutyibilika kwigunya lolawulo-mthetho, njengoko imbali ibonisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ukusuka kwiMagna Carta ngo1215 ukuya kulawulo-siseko soburhulumente sangoku, ukuzabalazela ukulinganisela igunya lombuso kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye kubangele ukuba amaziko ezobupolitika azimeleyo ahlale ehlola: ukwahlukana namandla nokulungele ukulungele ulawulo-mthetho, ulawulo, namalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ngokuthabatha ezi zinto, abahlalimvo lwabemi banokuyiqonda kakuhle xa inkululeko yabo ikwimingcipheko kunye nomxhasi wolawulo lwezolawulo lwe-yuthonga.

Ukubaluleka Korhulumente Olinganiselweyo

Kwidemokhrasi, urhulumente umiselwe ukuba akhonze abantu. Noko ke, ngaphandle kwemida, igunya likarhulumente linokuba licinezela. Urhulumente olinganiselweyo ubalulekile ekulondolozeni inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nasekulondolozeni ibutho labantu elinobulungisa. Ingcamango yokuba urhulumente umele anyanzelwe ngumthetho ikwixesha elisemva kweGrisi neRoma yamandulo, kodwa wafumana intetho yale mihla ngexesha lokukhanyiselwa nezithandi zobulumko ezifana noJohn Locke kunye noBaron de Montesquieu. Uxalo lwathi oorhulumente bafumana igunya labo ngokuvumela kwabalawulwayo nabemi ukuba balondoloze amalungelo emvelo angenakuphindwa ngumlawuli. Le ntandabulumko yaphembelela kakhulu abaququzeli baseMelika, abadumileyo, "Izakhenke iqaliswe phakathi kwabathandi bobulumko, "Izimvo, zifumana amandla abo asuka ekuvumeni kwabo eMgabeni kwe-Ervision" kwiSivumelment.

Urhulumente omiliselweyo akangokunciphisa indima karhulumente ngokupheleleyo; kunoko, kuthetha ukuba amagunya karhulumente achazwa kwaye athintelwe ngumgaqo-siseko okanye umgaqo-siseko. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi karhulumente ufeza iinjongo zikawonke-wonke kuneenjongo zobuqu. Xa amandla engathintelwa, ukunganyaniseki, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamalungelo abantu, kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo abantu kuxhaphakile. Ngokuchasene noko, amaqumrhu amisela imida egunya kumazwe afumana impumelelo engakumbi kwezoqoqosho, ukuzinzisa uluntu, kunye nenkululeko yezobupolitika. Umzekelo, iProjekthi yeMithetho yezo yezomthetho yezobuGaqonga [ ebonisa ukuba amazwe aneziphazandle ezinamandla ombuso wolawulo oluphezulu anokufumana ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kwaye afumana ukhuseleko olude lwe-de-deodemodemodecracracism.

Imigaqo Eyintloko Yorhulumente Olinganiselweyo

  • Ukwahlula amagunya [[FLT: 1] – ukudibanisa igunya likarhulumente phakathi kwamasebe ahlukeneyo kuthintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ekuqokeleleni ulawulo oluninzi kakhulu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izixhobo kunye nomlinganiselo – isebe ngalinye linezixhobo zokuthintela ezinye, zinyanzelisa intsebenziswano noxanduva.
  • I-umqulu womthetho – bonke abantu kunye nelungiselelo, kuquka norhulumente ngokwakhe, kufuneka balandele isakhiwo esinye somthetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amalungelo oluntu – ukhuseleko olufakelweyo luqinisekisa ukuba imimandla ethile yobomi ihlala ingaphaya kofikelelo lukarhulumente.

Le migaqo iqinisekisa ukuba akukho qumrhu linokulawula igunya elingathintelwayo, ngaloo ndlela likhusela abemi ekucinezelweni. Zizonke zibumba isiseko solawulo lomgaqo-siseko yaye ziqiniswa ziinqobo zomthetho, amajelo-ndaba akhululekileyo, kunye nebutho labantu elikhutheleyo.

Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya karhulumente kwahlula iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente zibe ngamasebe ahlukeneyo: ezomthetho, abaphathi-mthetho, kunye nezomthetho. Eli candelo lithintela naliphi na isebe elinye ekufumaneni amandla amaninzi. Le ngcamango yachazwa ngokubalaseleyo nguMontesquieu Umoya woMthetho [, (1748]), apho waphikisa ukuba "akukho nkululeko apho i-witrogistiki kunye namandla aphezulu adityaniswe kumntu omnye." Kwinkqubo ye-democrafiyo elawulayo efana neUnited States, amasebe amathathu azimele ngokungqongqo, ngooonyulu , iinkqubo zepalamente ezifana nolo, umlawuli ukhuthulo olusuka kwindlu yemithetho-siseko, kodwa ulawulo oluzimeleyo lusanikela uvavanyo.

Ukusebenza kokuhlula amagunya kuxhomekeke ekukulungeleni kwesebe ngalinye ukukhusela amalungelo alo nokuxhathisa ukungenelela kwamanye. Xa elinye isebe linamandla kakhulu (ngokomzekelo, xa isebe eliphetheyo likhupha imiyalelo elawulayo egqitha injongo yomthetho--------ukuthambeka komgaqo-siseko nokuhlala liphaphile kubaluleke njengemithetho ebhaliweyo.

Isebe loMthetho

Isebe lowiso-mthetho linembopheleleko yokwenza imithetho. Kwizininzi zedemokhrasi, eli sebe linemida ye-baobal, eliyizindlu ezimbini ezimele zivumelane ngomthetho, zinika ulwaleko olongezelelekileyo lokuhlola. IBhunga laseUnited States linoNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeQela; iPalamente ye-UK ineNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlalo-Mbini neNdlu yeNkosi. I-Bidameralism iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uqwalaselwe ngocoselelo ngokweembono ezahlukeneyo. Noko ke, iUnigaller ucamsko zikho kumazwe athile, njengaseNew Zealand naseDenmark, apho iinkqubo ze-chamber zisebenza ngokunempumelelo ngenxa yabemi abancinane okanye izithethe ezinamandla.

Kwakhona amagosa anegunya lemali yemali, `igunya lokuvumela uqingqo-mali nerhafu. Eli gunya liyigosa elibalulekileyo kumphathi-mikhosi, ekubeni kungekho rhulumente onokuthi achithe imali ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho. Ngaphezu koko, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zinokuphengulula izenzo zempatho-mandla ngokuva nokuvelela kweekomiti, zisebenza njengovavanyo kumasebe olawulo.

Isebe eliphethe i-Advice

Isebe elilawulayo limisa imithetho kwaye lisebenzisa inkqubo kawonke-wonke. Iinkokeli kweli sebe zisoloko zinempembelelo ebalulekileyo, kodwa zinokubekwa ityala ngamasebe owiso-mthetho nakwezomthetho. Kwinkqubo yomongameli, umongameli uyintloko worhulumente, onyulwe ngokwahlukileyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Kwiinkqubo zepalamente, umphathi-mikhosi ukhokela umlawuli onegunya kwaye kufuneka alondoloze intembelo yendlu yowiso-mthetho, oko kuthetha ukuba angasuswa ngokuvota kokungathemba. Lo mahluko wesakhiwo ulungelelaniswa kwendlela amandla alungelelaniswe ngayo.

Amandla olawulo athe aqiniswa ngakumbi ngamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, anjengeemfuno zokuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso eUnited States, uhlolo-hlolo lwemiyalelo yezolawulo oluphezulu, kunye nemithetho yokubonisa okucacileyo efana nenkululeko yoLwazi. Ngaphandle kwale mida, abalawuli banokungatshintshwa ngokulandelayo, bathumele imikhosi, okanye bacinezele ukungavumelani. Ingqiqo yokufumana ilungelo eliphezulu.

Isebe Lejaji

Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba iyavumelana nomgaqo-siseko. Iinkundla zingawisa imithetho egqitha igunya likarhulumente, ikhusela ngokubhekele phaya amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Amandla okuhlola ityala . "ukukwazi ukuvakalisa umthetho ongekho sigqeba-siseko] kwasekwa eUnited States burybry v. Madison [18.[10] [kususela ngoko, iye yaba lisiseko somgaqo-democracy womgaqo-siseko ehlabathini lonke. I- Independensimentdia ibalulekile ekusekeleni umthetho kunye nokulungiselela abemi ukuba bacel'ucel'udomo.

Abagwebi kufuneka bakhuselwe kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika ukuze bagqibe amatyala ngokungakhethi. Kwinkqubo ezininzi, bamiselwe ubomi okanye ii-applications ezinde, ngokususwa kuphela okunokwenzeka ngokunikwa imvume yehambo evakalala. Le nkululeko ivumela iinkundla ukuba zilawule ngokuchasene norhulumente xa kuyimfuneko. Noko ke, iijaji zinokuphazamisana nolungelelwano; kungenxa yoko inkundla ziqhelisela ukuthintelwa zize ziphephe ukwenza inkqubo, zishiyele amasebe anyuliweyo. Ukuqhubeka zifunda ngendaleko yohlalutyo, bona ukungeniswa [[FLT: 0] Brinica ekuhloleni ingxubuliso yogwebo.

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

Iingqiniwa kunye nolungelelwaniso luzinkqubo ezivumela isebe ngalinye likarhulumente ukuba lisikelele amagunya amanye. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba amandla awanyanzeliswanga kwaye akhuthaza intsebenziswano phakathi kwamasebe. Ngokungafaniyo nolwahlulo olungqongqo lwamandla, uvavanyo kunye nolungelelwaniso lwenza igunya elingenawo, apho isebe ngalinye linokuvala okanye lilungise izenzo zabanye. La mandla okuxhasana koorhulumente anokuyekelela kwaye athintele izigqibo ezingxamisekileyo. Abalawuli boMgaqo-siseko we-siseko bacinga ukuba kubalulekile: njengokuba uJames Madison ubhalwe kuFederalist No. 51, "Umvukelo kufuneka wenziwe ukuze ulwe iminqweno yerhalelo."

Ukusebenza kwe-checks nolungelelwano kuxhomekeke kukuthanda kwezobupolitika ukuzisebenzisa. Xa elinye isebe lilawula. (umzekelo, xa iqela lomongameli lilawula iKhonklamenti) amandla enkqubo asenokuncipha. Kodwa ngexesha likarhulumente owahlulekileyo, uhlolo nolungelelwaniso lungakhokelela kwiqhina le-grid, elithi abanye baxambulise liphawu, hayi isiphene, kuba lithintela utshintsho olukhawulezileyo, olucingisisweyo.

Imizekelo Yokuhlola Nokulungelelana

  • Umongameli angawubeka umthetho odluliswa yiBhunga. Oku kunika umphathi ophetheyo isithethi ekwenzeni umthetho, kodwa iveto ingangatshabhiswa ngobuchule obugqithisileyo obuziisithathu ezibini kwezi zindlu zombini, ````Iimali ezixhaswa ngokubanzi kuphela zisiba ngumthetho phezu kwayo nje inkcaso yaba yegunya.
  • ICorret ingayigqitha iveto ye-presidential nge-magent. Oku kuhlola kubuyisela igunya lesebe lewiso-mthetho xa umongameli evala umthetho othandwayo. Imigudu yokungalawuleki inqabile kodwa ibalulekile xa iphumelela.
  • Ijustiagracia iyakwazi ukuphinda imigaqo edluliselwe yiBhunga kunye nezenzo ezithathwa ngumphathi-gosa womgaqo-siseko. [ Eli gunya, elaziwa ngokuba luhlolo lwezomthetho, livumela iinkundla ukuba zitshitshise imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo ezichasene nomgaqo-siseko. Lisithintelo sokugqibela nxamnye norhulumente ophazanyisiweyo.

Ezinye iingqikelelo ezibalulekileyo ziquka: ukuqinisekiswa kweBhunga leejaji zorhulumente kunye namalungu ekhabhathi; amandla eBhunga lokunganyaniseki nokususa umongameli, abagwebi, namanye amagosa; amandla omphathi wokuxolela; negunya lendlu yowiso-mthetho lokuqalisa ukutshintsha komgaqo-siseko. Ingxoxo nganye idala inkqubo enamandla apho amandla asasazwayo aze alawulwa khona.

Umthetho

Umthetho umgaqo oyalela ukuba bonke abantu, kuquka amagosa karhulumente, baphendulelwe kumthetho. Le ngcamango ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni okusesikweni nokusesikweni kwibutho labantu. Ingcamango ibhekisa ku-Aristotle, owabhala ukuba "umthetho ufanele ulawule" kunokuba ulawule nabani na. Kumaxesha angoku, umphengululi osemthethweni A.V. UGciphelo lwezomthetho olusemthethweni njengolunamalungu amathathu: ubukhosi bomthetho othe rhoqo ngaphezu kwamandla azimeleyo, ukulingana phambi komthetho, nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu abaqhelekileyo. Iprojectal Project yoMthetho wezomthetho weSiko [[FLT]]

Umthetho awuthethi nje ngokuba nemithetho kwiincwadi; ufuna ukuba imithetho icace, ilungelelane, isetyenziswe ngokulinganayo. Ifuna ukuba igunya likarhulumente lisetyenziswe phakathi kwemida esemthethweni //umgaqo owaziwa ngokuba ngumthetho. Umzekelo, amapolisa akanakukhangela ikhaya ngaphandle kwemvume, kwaye amaqumrhu karhulumente akanakuthatha impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo. Xa iinkokeli zivukela imithetho yenkundla okanye zitshintsha imithetho ukuze zingenelwe, umthetho uyazitshabalalisa, nto leyo ekhokelela kwigunya lobuzwilakhe.

Iingenelo Zolawulo Lomthetho

  • iphendulisa ulawulo olungokwasemthethweni - Abami bangaxela kwangaphambili indlela igunya eliza kusetyenziswa ngayo, ukunciphisa uloyiko nokungaqiniseki. Ukubanjwa kwe-Arbitro, iinkundla zasese, kunye nemithetho yasemva kwe-injini iyalelwa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ikhusela ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho – Akukho mntu okanye qela lingaphezulu komthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba abantu abazizityebi nabanamandla bajongene neziphumo ezifanayo ezisemthethweni njengabemi abaqhelekileyo, bekhuthaza ukuthembana ngokwentlalo.
  • Imizobo yokubonisana nokuphendula [ – iMithetho kufuneka yaziwe ekuhleni kwaye amagosa kufuneka azithethelele izenzo zawo. Oku kuvumela abemi ukuba bavavanye izigqibo zikarhulumente enkundleni kwaye bagcine iinkokeli ziphendulile ngonyulo.

Umthetho ukhuthaza ukukholosa ngorhulumente yaye ukhuthaza ukuba abantu babe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yolawulo-mpukane. Xa bekholelwa ukuba inkqubo engokwasemthethweni isesikweni kwaye ayikhethi, basengozini yokuthobela imithetho, bahlawule irhafu, baze babandakanyeke kwimisebenzi yoluntu. Ngokuchasene noko, xa umthetho udodobala, ukugxeka nokungakhathali kuyakhula, ukubonakalisa idemokhrasi ngokwayo.

Amalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Amalungelo omntu ngamnye yinkululeko nenkuselo eqinisekisiweyo kubemi. La malungelo amisela igunya likarhulumente kwaye aqinisekisa ukuba abantu bangaphila ngokukhululekileyo baze baqhubeke nezilangazelelo zabo ngaphandle kokungenelela okungafanelekanga. Ingcamango yamalungelo emvelo /amalungelo azuzwe kubo bonke abantu .(amalungelo athe aphuhliswa ziingcali zoluHlumbuluko kwaye akhuliswa kumaxwebhu afana neBhili yamaLungelo e-U.S. (1791) kunye noMmiselo wamaFrentshi wamalungelo abantu (789). Namhlanje, izixhobo zezizwe ngezizwe zonke ezinjengeSindululo soLawulo somhlaba Lonke samaLungelo Loluntu (19848) zinikela umgangatho omhlaba wonke, nangona ukunyanzelwa komthetho kuhlala kucel ’ umngeni.

Amalungelo omntu ngamnye akaphelelanga; anokulinganiselwa xa engqubana nezinye izilangazelelo ezibalulekileyo, ezifana nokhuseleko lwesizwe okanye ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Kodwa naluphi na umlinganiselo kufuneka ulungelelwaniso, ugwetyelwe ngokomthetho, kwaye uphandwe ngokugwetywa. Ucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kukulinganisela ukhuseleko nenkululeko, ingakumbi ngamaxesha amanqam. Umzekelo, ngexesha lobhubhani we-COVID-19, urhulumente wabeka imiqathango evavanya imiqathango yamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Iinkundla kumazwe amaninzi zixhasa le miqathango iyimfuneko nelungelelaneyo, kodwa kwakhona zawisa imiqathango ebanzi.

Amalungelo Abantu Abaqhelekileyo

  • [[NTL: 0] Inkululeko yokuthetha[ – Ilungelo lokuchaza iingcamango ngaphandle kokuhlolisisa urhulumente, phantsi kwemiqathango esengqiqweni efana nokunyelisa kunye nokuvuselela. Eli lungelo liyimfuneko kwingxoxo yedemokhrasi nokubhenca ukuziphatha okubi kukarhulumente.
  • Ifanele ukuba yeyobuqu – ikhusela abantu kwii-odolo zikarhulumente ezingafanelekanga, ukukhangela, kunye nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi. Kwixesha lamanani, ukuzimela kuye kwaba ngumba ongxamisekileyo, ngengxoxo yokuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo, ubuchule, kunye nokujongwa kwezentlalo-ndaba.
  • kulungele inkqubo efunekayo - Iqinisekisa ukuphathwa kakuhle kwinkqubo yokugweba, kuquka isaziso setyala, ilungelo lokuchotshelwa, nokujongwa ungenatyala de kuqinisekiswe ukuba urhulumente akanakumhlutha nabani na ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngokuthanda.
  • Ekunene ukuhlanganisa – Ivumela abantu bahlanganisene ngoxolo ukuze bavuke, bahambele, baqhube, baqhube neentlanganiso. Eli lungelo linceda izenzo ezidityanisiweyo kunye nokungavumelani, uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla karhulumente.

Amalungelo awongezelelekileyo adla ngokuquka inkululeko yonqulo, ilungelo lokuphatha iingalo (kwamanye amazwe), ilungelo lokuvota, nelungelo lokucela urhulumente. Ilungelo ngalinye liza neembopheleleko nemida, kodwa injongo yalo engundoqo kukudala ulawulo lobuqu urhulumente angenakukwazi ukuluhlasela. Okungakumbi kukuthi la malungelo asetyenziswe njani kwiinkqubo zomthetho ezahlukeneyo, bona i [[FLT: 0] ACLU's Yazi isikhokelo sakho samalungelo [[.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda ulungelelwano lwemida yamandla karhulumente kubalulekile kwidemokhrasi. Ngokuqonda ukubaluleka kokwahlukana kwamagunya, ii-checks kunye nolungelelwano, umthetho, kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye, abemi bangayiqonda bhetele indima yabo ekulawuleni nasekukhuseleni inkululeko yabo. Ezi nkqubo azizenzeki; zifuna ukuzikhusela ngokukhutheleyo ngokuvota, ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezentlalo-ntle, kwaye, xa kuyimfuneko, ngeengxaki ezisemthethweni. Izixhobo zokwahlula-mthetho zibuthathaka xa abantu bengenankathalo kwaye bevumela amandla okuzigcina. Imbali ibonisa ukuba inkoliso yoo yolawulo lwendalo iyazi kakuhle apho abemi baqonda le migaqo kwaye bagcina oorhulumente babo benoxanduva. Nokuba ngokuya kwiiholo zedolophu, ngokubhala ukuba bamele abameli, okanye ngokulula, abami banokudlala indima elungele ukusetyenziswa yinkqubo yokuphila kuphela.