Ukwazisa

Inkqubo yomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho yakhiwe kwisiseko semithetho esemthethweni ekhusela amalungelo ommangalelwa ngoxa eqinisekisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Ukusukela ngelo xesha umthetho ubeka isikroti esibanjwe phantsi kwesigqibo sokugqibela xa kuchotshelwa, inyathelo ngalinye kwinkqubo yezaphuli-mthetho lilawulwa yimigaqo-mthetho, iimfuno zomthetho, kunye nemizekelo yenkundla. Ukuqonda le ndlela `("ukubanjwa ukuvavanywa) ngokuvavanywa kwetyala", akuyomfuneko kubafundi abasemagunyeni kuphela kodwa nakumntu wonke odibana nenkqubo. Eli nqaku linikela inyathelo elibanzi, inyathelo elisisiteko-ngqala-ngqa somgaqo wezomthetho, kunye nemigaqo engundoqo yokukhusela ebekwe kwisigaba ngasinye.

Inyathelo 1: Ukubanjwa – Umda Wokugcina Ityala

Ukubanjwa sisenzo sokuthatha umntu angene entolongweni ngenxa yokurhanelwa ukuba ungumenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho. Kuqala kwezomthetho kwaye kubangela uninzi lwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Phantsi koMthetho wesine wokuHlaziya, ukubanjwa kumele kusekelwe kunobangela ongenakugxekwa [.[FLT]]] [inkolelo esengqiqweni, exhaswe zizibakala-lwazi neemeko, ukuba umkrokrezeli uwenzele okanye uza kwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho.

  • Ubanjwa ngaphandle kwemposiso ngokusekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka kunye neemeko ezilindelekileyo (umz., umphathi-mikhosi ungqinela ulwaphulo-mthetho).
  • Ukuvalela ngesiqinisekiso , esikhutshwe yimantyi engathathi cala emva kokuboniswa kwesizathu esinokwenzeka.
  • Ukubanjwa kwiimeko ezilinganiselweyo (ukulawulwa ngokunzima).

Ngexesha lokubanjwa, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka kwazise ukukrokreleka kwamalungelo abo . UMRANDA ukuba uncinwa kwegunya lokugcina umntwana kuyalandelwa. Isilumkiso sodidi lokungafihli nto... unelungelo lokuhlala uthulile... nantoni na onokuthi isetyenziswe nxamnye nawe... unelungelo lokuya kwigqwetha".[FLT:] ii-stelems ukusuka kumqondiso we-U.S. Umba weNkungatholo [[FLT:] [FLT]] MRANDA v. Arizona[FL:] [FT] [196].66] Ukunganikezeli kwezi zilumkiso kunokwenzeka. Ukukhangela nzulu kwi-screans of Mirna, [FLD] [FF]

Inyathelo Lesibini: Ukubhala Iincwadi – Ukulungelelanisa Ukubanjwa

Emva kokuba ebanjiwe, umkroti usiwa kwisikhululo samapolisa okanye kwisakhiwo sokuvalelwa ukuze afumane iincwadi.

  • Ibhala ingxelo yenkcazelo yempilo-ntle (igama, umhla wokuzalwa, idilesi).
  • Ukuthabatha iminwe nemifanekiso (ii-mogshot).
  • Ukuqhuba isiganeko esifutshane sokufuna ukubanjwa (uludwe lwempahla yobuqu).
  • Ukubhala izityholo ezisemthethweni kunye nento yokubamba kwegosa kunokubangela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo.

Ukubhalisa kudala ingxelo esemthethweni yokubanjwa. Ngoxa umkroti eselugcinweni, ucwangciso lwebheyile lungabhekiswa ekuvumeleni ukukhululwa emva kokubekwa komanyano, kodwa ukuzimisela okusesikweni kuyenzeka xa kuvele imbonakalo yokuqala. Kwezinye iindawo, ukubhalisa kukwaquka uvavanyo lwempilo kunye nolungo lwempilo yengqondo ukukhusela umbanjwa kunye neseko.

Inyathelo 3: Imbonakalo Yokuqala – Ukudibana Kokuqala Nomgwebi

Imbonakalo yokuqala (ebizwa ngokuba yi ulwamkelo okanye imbonakalo yokuqala []) kufuneka yenzeke ngaphandle kolibaziseko olungeyomfuneko emva kokubanjwa -- ngokunjalo kwisithuba seyure ezingama-48, kumthetho weNkundla ePhakamileyo we-liventi yoMlambo v. McLaughlin[ [1991]). Ebudeni koku kuchotshelwa, ummangalelwa uziswa phambi komgwebi okanye umgwebi:

  • Ithetha ngommangalelwa ngezityholo kunye nesohlwayo esinokwenzeka.
  • Ukhuthaza ummangalelwa wamalungelo awo omGaqo-siseko (ekunene elulekweni, enelungelo lokuhlala ethe cwaka).
  • Imisela ukuba ngaba kwakunokwenzeka ukuba kubekho unobangela wokubamba (ukuba akukho gunya lisetyenzisiweyo).
  • Iimeko zokukhululwa, kuquka ibheyile okanye umanyano.

Imbambano yebheyile inzima. UHleyiti yoMmiselo-yoMgaqo-nkqubo wesiXhobo unqanda ukusetyenziswa kwebheyile eninzi, kodwa abagwebi bangayikhanyela ngokupheleleyo ibheyile ukuba ummangalelwa ubeka umngcipheko wenqwelo-moya okanye ingozi kuluntu. Kwimeko zikarhulumente, uMthetho woTshintsho [ ulawula imiba emele iqwalaselwe yinkundla. Amazwe amaninzi anemimiselo efanayo. Ukuba ibheyile ithewe, ummangalelwa angakhusela ngokuhlawula intlawulo epheleleyo, esebenzisa ibotshelelo, okanye ukukhululwa kwimiqathango yobuqu (umboniso ovela).

Inyathelo 4: Ukuva Ngaphambi Kokuba Urhulumente Ave – Ukuvavanya Ityala Lakhe

Asiyondawo yonke efuna ukuchongwa kokuqala; kuqheleke kakhulu kumatyala ukuba kusetyenziswe ukuva kuqala kunokuba kuvavanywe abachopheli-tyala abakhulu ukuvavanya izityholo. Injongo kukugqiba ukuba ngaba kukho unobangela onokubakho wokukholelwa ummangalelwa owenze ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ingxengxezo inikela ubungqina obuthile (ngokufuthi kumphathi-mikhosi obambayo okanye ummangali), kwaye ingqwalaselo isenokunqamleza kayikexane. Umgangatho usezantsi uphantsi ````````umgwebi''' ufuna kuphela ukufumana amathanda [[[FLT:]] amathanda ukukholelwa [umthetho]] [umthetho owenze ulwaphulo-mthetho, nokuba ummangalelwa uye wenze njalo.

Ukuchotshelwa kocango lokuqala kusebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo nxamnye nokumangalelwa ngokungxama. Kukwanika ukhuseleko ithuba langaphambili lokuvavanya amandla etyala likarhulumente. Noko ke, abamangalelwa kumatyala amaninzi karhulumente abafumani tyala langaphambili ukuba ijaji enkulu igweba phambi kokuba kubekwe ityala licwangciswe (Umthetho we-Federal of Criminal Procededure 5.)

Inyathelo 5: Isiqinisekiso okanye ulwazi – Ulawulo Oluqhelekileyo

Emva kokuxilongwa kokuqala (kunye ngokusetyenziswa kwityala lokuqala okanye kwinkundla ephezulu yabachopheli-tyala), umtshutshisi kufuneka abeke ityala elisemthethweni kummangalelwa. Kukho iimoto ezimbini ezingundoqo:

  • I-Indictdict (Intshabalaliso Enkulu): Iqela labemi abali-16-16-23 liva ubungqina ngasese kwaye ligqiba ukuba ngaba kukho sizathu esinokwenzeka. Ityala liyafuneka kurhulumente phantsi koMphetho-Mgaqo-jikelo wesihlanu (icandelo elikhulu labachopheli-tyala). Amazwe amaninzi akwasebenzisa amagcisa kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu.
  • Izaziso: Uxwebhu olusemthethweni olugwetywa ngumtshutshisi ngaphandle kwesohlwayo esiphezulu. Lusetyenziswa kwimposiso yabaphathi-tyala nakwiimeko eziye zasilela imfuneko enkulu yabachopheli-tyala kwityala. Ulwazi lusekelwe ngokusuka ekufumaneni kwejaji unobangela onokwenzeka kwityala lokuqala.

Inkqubo ezukileyo yabachopheli-tyala isoloko igxekwa njengesitampu serabha kubatshutshisi, kodwa ukuboniswa komsitho kunye nobungqina obukhatywayo (akukho bungqina bokuzikhusela) zenzelwe ukukhusela igama elihle lexhoba nokukhusela inqwelo-moya. Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo eneenkcukacha ngendlela iijaji ezinkulu zequmrhu lengingqi ezisebenza ngayo, bona iwebhsayithi yase-U.S. kwimigqeba emikhulu yenkundla.

Inyathelo 6: Ulungelelwaniso – Ukungena Kwinqanaba

Ityala kukufunda ngokusemthethweni izityholo ezibekwe enkundleni evulekileyo. Ummangalelwa uvela phambi kwejaji, aviwe, yaye ucelwa ukuba angene esibongozweni. Zintathu izicelo ezikwimigangatho esezantsi:

  • I-Guilty: Ummangalelwa uyavuma ulwaphulo-mthetho kwaye wamkela ukuqiniseka. Ityala liqhubeka ngokungqalileyo nokugweba (okanye uphando lwangaphambili).
  • Akanatyala: Ummangalelwa uyawakhanyela amatyala, yaye ityala libhekisa phambili ekuchotshelweni. Inkundla izakumisela ixesha elimiselweyo lokuthatha ixesha lokuqulunqwa kwangaphambili kwetyala kunye nokufunyanwa kwalo.
  • Akukho khuphiswano (nolo imantiere): Ummangalelwa akavumi okanye alamkele ityala kodwa wamkela isohlwayo ngokungathi unetyala. Esi sibongozo sisoloko sisetyenziswa uphepha ityala likarhulumente (ngokuba ukuvuma ityala kusenokusetyenziswa kwisuti yoluntu).

Kwisingxengxezo, ijaji ikwaqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa unesiluleko (okanye umisela omnye ukuba ungenacala) kwaye umisela iimeko zokukhululwa ukuba akakhange ayenze. Kwinkundla ezininzi, uphakamiso ludityaniswa nembonakalo yokuqala, ingakumbi kwityala elincinane. Ukungaphumeleli ukubekwa kwetyala kungenza ukubamba ummangalelwa.

Inyathelo 7: Iintshukumo Eziphambili – Ukuphelisa Ityala

Phambi kokuba ityala liqalise, ukhuseleko kunye nokudluliswa kwetyala kwiifayile ezinokuchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo ubungakanani kunye nesiphumo. Ezi ntshukumo zixakekiswa phambi kwejaji, elawula kuzo ngaphandle kwejaji. Iintshukumo eziqhelekileyo zangaphambi koshicilelo ziquka:

  • [[NTL:0] Ukufumana ukucinezela ubungqina: Ama-Argue abonisa ukuba ubungqina bufunyenwe ngokwaphula kweyesine, eyesihlanu, okanye eyesiThathu yoHlaziyo (umz., uphendlo olungekho mthethweni, ukuvunywa okunyanzelekileyo). Ukuba kuvunyiwe, ubungqina abukhutshwanga ekucinyweni.
  • Ukukhupha : Ingxelo zokuba uxwebhu olukhongozelekayo lunesiphene, ummiselo wemiqathango uphelelwe lixesha, okanye ukutshutshiswa kubandakanyeke kwihambo engafanelekanga.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukutshintsha indawo: Ifuna ukufudusela ityala kwindawo eyahlukileyo ukunqanda usasazo lwedemon okanye ucalulo lwasekuhlaleni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umvo kwi limine: icela umthetho kubuchule bobungqina obuthile phambi kokuba inikelwe kubagwebi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Intshukumo ezifihlakeleyo: Funa ukunyanzela ityala ukuchaza ubungqina bobungqhinga (Ngaphantsi [[FLT: 2]]] Brady v. Maryland) okanye uluhlu lwamangqina.

Isigaba sangaphambili soqikelelo sikwanjalo xa [ ithelekisa isoloko isenzeka ``ingxoxo phakathi komtshutshisi kunye nokhuseleko apho ummangalelwa evuma ukuvuma ukuba unetyala (ngokufuthi kulawulo oluncinci) ukutshintshisa ngesigwebo esilula okanye ukugxothwa kweminye imiba. I-Plea ecebisa izigqibo ezimalunga nama-90/95% amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States, isenza ukuba ivumelelene ngolona qondo libalulekileyo lenkqubo. Ukuqonda amandla ezicelo kubalulekile; Imanyano ye-American Bar inikeza umxholo womxholo we-[FLT]

Inyathelo 8: Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala – Ukugwetywa Kolwaphulo - mthetho

Ityala liyi-focum eqinisekiswe ngokomgaqo-siseko ukumisela ityala okanye ubumsulwa. IsiHlaliso seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokufumana impempe enzima neyasekuhlaleni. Ngexa iimvavanyo ezininzi zingu , im colurbex [[[FLT:]] i-avalumo-sicatshulwa-mfa-m'[, kwana nelungelo [ku-[FLT], kunye , [[FLT]] kulungile, abakhuseli becala [kunye] [iityala:6] [iiiityala] (isigwebo sodwa]) ngempazamo, iimeko ezingalunganga zikhomba ekwakunene ukuvavanywa i-mgweba.

Ityala livela ngolandelelwano olucwangcisiweyo:

  1. [[FLT: 0] Ukukhetha (ukungalawuleki): Abathembisi bocholacholo bancinwa ngamacala omabini ukuchonga ikhethe okanye ikhethe. Imingeni yokucinezela ivumela icala ngalinye ukuba libethe inani elilinganiselweyo leejuli ngaphandle kwesizathu.
  2. [[UMTL:0] iintetho ezivulayo: icala ngalinye lichaza ubungqina abaceba ukubunikela. Ingxengxezo ihamba kuqala, njengoko ithwala umthwalo wobungqina ( ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni[).
  3. ukunikezelwa kobungqina: Umtshutshisi ubiza amangqina kwaye azise imiboniso. Ingqwalaselo yetyala ichaza i-crossgroupˈexamine ingqina ngalinye. Emva kokurhoxa, ingtshutshiso inganikela imeko yayo (amaNgqina, amaxwebhu, njl. njl.) kodwa akuyomfuneko ukuba enze njalo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuhlala ethe cwaka kwaye akanakunyanzeleka ukungqinela.
  4. [[FLT: 0] Impikiswano ezicacileyo : Icala ngalinye lishwankathela ubungqina lize lichaze isizathu sokuba abachopheli-tyala balawule bekhetha. Ityala lihamba kuqala kwaye emva koko liphinde livale ukhuselo.
  5. Imiyalelo ye-JURT: Ijaji ifunda imigangatho esemthethweni kufuneka igqitywe ngabachopheli-tyala. Imiyalelo ichaza iziqalelo zolwaphulo-mthetho, umthwalo wobungqina, nendima yabachopheli-tyala.
  6. Isigqibo se-Jurry kunye nesigqibo: Abachopheli-tyala bathatha umhlala-phantsi ngabom ngasese. Kumazwe amaninzi, isigqibo kufuneka sivumelane kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuba abachopheli-mthetho abanakuvuma (i-“bagwebi abasemthethweni”), ityala eliphosakeleyo lingavakaliswa, kwaye ityala lingaphinda licinywe.

Kulo lonke ityala, ijaji yenza imithetho ngokuchasa, ubungqina obungachananga, nokufaneleka kobungqina. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokubakho, lokungqina okanye lokungalichazi, kunye nokufumana uncedo olusebenzayo lwesiluleko. Ukuba isigqibo “asinatyala,” ummangalelwa ukhululwe ngetyala elinye kwaye akanakubekwa tyala kwakhona ngenxa yeso sono esifanayo (ukhuseleko olubi ngokungephi phantsi koMphengululo wesihlanu).

Inyathelo 9: Ukugwetywa – Iqumrhu Letyala Elinetyala

Ukuba ummangalelwa ufunyanwa enetyala echongiweyo (okanye ethethelela ngetyala), ityala lithatha inyathelo lokugweba. Isigwebo siyinto eyahlukeneyo apho ijaji imisela isohlwayo esifanelekileyo. Le nkqubo isekelwe kakhulu kwimithetho, uhlobo lolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nembali yolwaphulo-mthetho lommangalelwa. Iziphumo ezilandelayo zinokwenzeka:

  • Intolongo: Ligama lokuvalelwa kwintolongo yorhulumente okanye yephondo (kwizinto ezingekho mthethweni) okanye intolongo yephondo (kwizigwebo ezingalunganga). Imigaqo ye-Seventensiggnences (ezifana neFederal Sendengationlines) isoloko inikezela ngoluhlu lweenyanga olusekelwe kumgangatho wolwaphulo-mthetho nembali yolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Iprojekthi. Ummangalelwa uhlala kuluntu oluphantsi kolawulo, kunye neemeko ezifana netsheki, uvavanyo lweziyobisi, kunye nokufika kwexesha. Isenzo sixhaphakile kwizenzo ezingezobundlobongela, eziphantsi.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] kunye nohlaziyo: Isohlwayo se-moneta esihlawulwa kurhulumente (iimpahla ezintle) okanye kumaxhoba (ukuziphatha okubi) ukuhlawula ukulahlekelwa.
  • Izivakalisi ezi-Alternive[: inkonzo yoluntu, ukuvalelwa kwendlu, ukujongwa kwe-elektroniki, okanye ukufakwa kwinkqubo yonyango (umz., inkundla yeziyobisi).

Ijaji iqwalasela oothunywashe abafana nengozi ebangelwe, indima yommangalelwa, ukuzisola, nemfuneko yokunqanda. Amaxhoba asoloko evunyelwa ukuba athethe ngeli tyala. Kwityala elibulalayo, isigwebo esahlukileyo simisela enoba isohlwayo sokufa simiselwe kusini na.

Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko olugcinwayo kwinkqubo

Izilungisi eziliqela zomgaqo-siseko zisisiseko somgaqo-nkqubo wolwaphulo-mthetho.

  • [[UMTL: 0] UHlaliso lweNkqutyana: Ukhusela ekuphengululweni okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula; kufuneka unobangela olindelekileyo wokubanjwa kunye nemvume.
  • FINTP : Iqinisekisa ukuba abachopheli-tyala abaphezulu kwiifeloni zorhulumente; ikhusela kwingozi ephindwe kabini kwaye inyanzelisa ukuziququlela ngokwayo; iqinisekisa inkqubo efanelekileyo.
  • IsiHlalisi-mda se-xxte: siqinisekisa ukuvavanywa kwetyala ngokukhawuleza kunye noluntu, abachopheli-tyala abangakhethi buso, unelungelo lokucebisa, ilungelo lokuthetha namangqina, nelungelo lokunyanzela amangqina alungileyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Uhlaziyo olubanzi : ibheyile egqithisileyo nesohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nengaqhelekanga.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesine [: lubonisa uninzi lokhuseleko kumazwe ngenkqubo elindelekileyo kunye noKhuselo olulinganayo luka Claus.

Ngaphaya kweSigwebo: Izibheno noncedo lokukhupha igalelo

Nangona eli nqaku ligxininisa kumanyathelo ukusuka ekubopheleleni ukuya ekuvavanyeni, kufanelekile ukuphawula ukuba ukunyanzelisa akusosiphelo. Ummangalelwa angafaka i appal iimpazamo ezisemthethweni ezicelw'ethelweyo ezenziwa ngexesha lovavanyo, njengemiyalelo engafanelekanga yabachopheli-mgwebi, ukuvuma kobungqina betyala, okanye uncedo olungasebenziyo lwesiluleko. Izibheno ziviwa ziinkundla eziphezulu kwaye zijoliswe kwimiba esemthethweni, hayi ityala. Ngaphezu koko, i-'vict:3] i-'scription [[ [[FLT:]] [iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiphe] i-coracs[FLT]] okanye i-ases syntilike]) zingasetyenziswa ekuvavaneni komthetho okanye kwisigwebo somthetho.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho ukusuka ekuboshweni ukuya ekuchotshelweni yinkqubo elungiselelwe kakuhle yokulungelelanisa amandla karhulumente okumangalela ngamalungelo asisiseko ommangalelwa. Inyathelo ngalinye (kusukela kusizathu esilindelekileyo sokubanjwa, ngokuxilongwa kwetyala, ukufakwa kwesicelo, inyathelo lokuququzelela, kunye nokuvavanywa ngokwalo) kusekwe njongo engqalileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kuyasebenza kwaye kulungile. Ngexesha inkqubo intsonkothile kwaye isoyikisa, ukuyiqonda le migangatho kunika amandla abantu ukuba basebenzise iingngeni esemthethweni kwaye baqonde umthetho. Abo bafunda umthetho okanye basebenza kwinkqubo yokusesikweni, bayakwazi ezi zizinyuko. Ukubona kakuhle indlela ulwaphulo-mthetho esebenza ngayo kwiinkundla zorhulumente, [[FLD] ungcelele lwe-Jajistel [10]