Isiseko sikaRhulumente wase-U.S.: Ukwahlukana kwamandla

Urhulumente wesizwe waseUnited States usebenza phantsi kwenkqubo elungiselelwe ngenyameko yamagunya ahlukeneyo kunye neengqikelelo kunye nolungelelwano. Esi sakhiwo, esifakwe kumGaqo-siseko, sahlula igunya phakathi kwamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: iSigqeba, iSilawuli, kunye neSigwebo. Injongo kukuthintela naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni elinye, ngaloo ndlela likhusela ulawulo-demokhrasi nokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ukuqonda indlela elisebenza ngayo eli sebe liyimfuneko ekuqondeni ukucuthath-th-th-demokhrasi kwaneka, umthetho, nokusesikweni.

Le ngcamango, ekwathiwa kakhulu yintanda-bulumko yezobupolitika yaseFransi uMontesquieu, yamkelwa ngabalawuli bomGaqo-siseko, ababesoyika ukuxinezeleka kwamandla. Bayila isebe ngalinye elineembopheleleko ezikhethekileyo kunye nendlela yokunqanda ezinye. Oku kulingana okunamandla akumi ndawonye; kusoloko kuguquka ngomthetho, ngemithetho yenkundla, nangezenzo zomongameli. Eli nqaku lihlola isebe ngalinye ngobunzulu kwaye libonisa indlela abasebenzisana ngayo kwaye baxabana ngayo ukugcina i-Riphabliki esebenzayo.

Isebe Lomthetho: IBhunga

Inqaku I lomGaqo-siseko linika onke amagunya owiso-mthetho kwiNgqungquthela yeUnited States, eyindlu yowiso-mthetho ye-bamaral. Esi sakhiwo sendlu ye-kamber ezimbini ``Indlu yabameli neNdlu yeQela) yayikulalanisa phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane. Umsebenzi oyintloko weBhunga kukumisela imithetho, kodwa kwakhona uphethe amagunya abalulekileyo, alawula uqingqo-mali lwesizwe, kwaye unegunya lokubhengeza imfazwe.

Indlu Yabameli

Indlu yenzelwe ukumela abantu ngqo. Iquka amalungu angama-455 okuvota, ngokusekelwe kuluntu lwaseburhulumenteni ngalinye njengoko kunqunyulwa ngubalo-mali lweminyaka emibini. Ummeli ngamnye usebenza ngeli gama leminyaka emibini, ewenza iNdlu ibe yeyona isabelayo kuluvo lukawonke-wonke. Indlu iphethe amandla apheleleyo okungamele amagosa karhulumente, kuquka uMongameli, ngokuvota okulula. Ikwanegunya lokusungula zonke iindleko, iqinisekisa ukuba irhafuzo ziqala ngabameli babantu.

Ukhokelo lweNdlu luquka iSpeaker of the House, onyulwa liqela elininzi, ongowesibini kumgca wobungameli. Indlu isebenza phantsi kwemithetho engqongqo emisela ingxoxo, ikwazi ukuqhuba umthetho ngokukhawuleza kuneBhawulo. Iikomiti ezingundoqo, njengeKomiti yeeNkqutyana ne-Athetheyo, iKomiti yeKomiti ye-Judiary, kunye neKomiti yoNkqululiso, isingatha umsebenzi ontsonkothileyo kwirhafu, imicimbi engokwasemthethweni, kunye nokuchitha imali ngokulandelelana. Ukukhangela ngokunzulu kwisakhiwo sendlu, ndwendwela igosa-webhsayithi ye-astriant [[[FLT.1]]

IBhunga

IBhunga leNtsimbi limele urhulumente ngokulinganayo. Imo nganye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi na abemi, ithumela iiSenator ezimbini, kwisimbuku samalungu ali-100. Abaququzeleli banyulwa kwimithetho emalunga neminyaka emithandathu, nesinye sesithathu seNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanga ukwenzela unyulo nyaka ngamnye. Le nkqubo ishukumayo inika abaququzeleli inkqubela phambili kwaye ivumela ukuba bathathe imbono ende ende kwimibandela yesizwe. IBhunga linamithetho encinane kakhulu ngokuphathelele ingxoxo, evumela i-Piciobsters , apho i-senetator ithetha ngobude ukuvala ivoti----* ngaphandle kokungena kovavanyo olukhulu lwamanyuko lwama 60 lukhusela iklophini ukuqukuquluko lokuqulungela impikiswano.

ICathenate iphethe amagunya akhethekileyo iNdlu engawafumaniyo. Iqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli, kuquka oonobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi borhulumente, kunye nabagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo, ngabaninzi abaqhelekileyo. INdlu yeNdlu yamaBhunga ikwamisa izivumelwano namazwe asemzini ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu. Ngaphezu koko, iNdlu yeNdlela iqhuba imigaqo yokuvavanya emva kwendlu ebhalisweyo; uninzi lwama-3 lufuneka ukuvalelwa nokususwa kwegosa. Umongameli ukhonza njengoMongameli weNdlukwano kodwa kuphela uvota ukuqhekeza iqhina. Ulwazi olukhoyo malunga nee-Alathisi neekomiti ezikhoyo lunokufunyanwa kwi-webhsayithi yendlu [[FLT: 0] [FLT]

Indlela Ibhili Eba Ngumthetho Ngayo: Umdaniso Onzima

Ukuze umthetho ube ngumthetho, kufuneka udlule omabini amagumbi afanayo uze emva koko atyikitywe nguMongameli (okanye udluliselwe ngaphezulu kwe-veto). Le nkqubo idla ngokuqala kwikomiti, apho kuthethwa khona abantu kunye nokuchongwa. Emva kokuba ivunyiwe, ityala liya kwigumbi elipheleleyo lomgangatho ukuze kuqhutywe ingxoxo kunye nevoti. Ukuba igqithiselwe kwelinye igumbi, ishukuma kwenye, apho ingalungiswa khona. Umahluko phakathi kweNdluvo yendlu ne-Canternel uconsta uconjululwa yikomiti. Umthetho wokugqibela ubuyela kumagumbi omabini egumbini ukuze uvote ungene i-ewe-okanye uvoti phambi kokuba uthunyelwe kuMongameli.

Le nkqubo ayisebenzi kakuhle ngabom, yenzelwe ukuthoba umthetho nokukhuthaza ukulalanisa. Iiveto ezininzi zikhomba-ukuchola kwe-(iikomiti zomgangatho, iikomiti zengqungquthela, kunye notyikityo lomongameli/iqinisekise ukuba imithetho inenkxaso ebanzi.

Isebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu: Ukuthobela Imithetho

Inqaku II lomGaqo-siseko limisa iSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu, elisebenza ngokuqinisekisa imithetho edluliswa yiKhomishini. Intloko yeli sebe nguMongameli waseUnited States, osebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye nentloko karhulumente. UMongameli unyulwa ngokungangqalanga ngeKholeji ye-Electoral kwaye ukhonza ngexesha leminyaka emine, elilinganiselwe kwimiyalelo emibini ngokubhekiselele kuMmiselo wama-22. Eli sebe likwaquka uMongameli onguMongameli, iKhabhinethi, kunye norhulumente.

Amagunya noxanduva loMongameli

Amandla kaMongameli makhulu. NjengoMphathi-oyintloko wemikhosi exhobileyo, uMongameli angalathisa imisebenzi yomkhosi, nangona iKhomishini kuphela enokuthi ichaze imfazwe. UMongameli uqhuba inkqubo yangaphandle, uququzelela izivumelwano (ekuthobeleni kweNdlu yeeNtsimi), kunye nokumiselwa koothunywa bezobupolisa. Ekhaya, uMongameli angakhupha imiyalelo yolawulo olulawulayo ukukhokela urhulumente, anike izixolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho lwaseburhulumenteni, kwaye u-veto umthetho odluliswe yiBhunga elinamandla. U-veto u-evingcelo olunamandla (okanye ukulawulwa kweNdluntluntlu - 3 kuphela, okunqabileyo.

UMongameli ukwanendima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngaphaya kweveto. UMongameli angacebisa umthetho, ungquzulwano ngeqonga lokungcungcuthekisa, kwaye asebenzise iingxelo zokutyikitya ukuchaza indlela umthetho oza kutolikwa okanye onyanzeliswa ngayo. Ukuvunywa kukaMongameli kuyafuneka nakumaziko amaninzi, abumba amaqumrhu alawulayo kangangamashumi eminyaka. Umphathi-ofisi weWebsite yeHouse yase-White unika ulwazi lwangoku ngezenzo nangezinto eziphambili zikaMongameli.

IKhabhinethi neZiko loManyano

IKhabhinethi ineentloko (izikhuseli) zamasebe alawulayo ali-15, njenge-Community Reserve, Ukhuselo, uNondyebo, kunye neJaji. Aba bantu bamiselwa nguMongameli kwaye baqinisekiswe yiBhunga leNtlanganiso. Bacebisa uMongameli ngemibandela yezomgaqo-nkqubo kwaye bajonge imigaqo-siseko elawula imithetho nemigaqo. Ngaphezu koko, amasebe amaninzi azimeleyo kunye neekhomishini, njengeFederal Reserve ne-Agement Environment Protection Agement, asebenza phantsi kwesebe eliphetheyo kodwa aneqondo elithile lokuzimela ekulawuleni ngqo komongameli.

Imisebenzi karhulumente, emalunga nezigidi ezibini zabasebenzi abangaburhulumente, iphumeza ulawulo lwemihla ngemihla lweenkqubo zikarhulumente, ekuthumeleni iposi nokuqokelela irhafu ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokutya nokukhusela uluntu. Eli qumrhu liyimfuneko ekuguquleleni imithetho kwiziphumo zeli hlabathi lokwenene kodwa likwajongene nokugxekwa ngenxa yokungabi nampumelelo nokungalawuleki, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiingxoxo ezithe rhoqo ngolungiso lomthetho.

Isebe Lejaji: Ukutolika Imithetho

IGatya III lomGaqo-siseko liyila iSebe lezeejaji, linamandla okuchaza imithetho nokumisela ubuGaqo-siseko balo. Inkqubo yenkundla yephondo iquka iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States, iiNkundla zezibheno (iinkundla zeSibheno), kunye neeNkundla zeSithili (iinkundla zamatyala). Abagwebi kuzo zonke iinkundla zephondo bamiselwa nguMongameli kwaye baqinisekiswa yiBhunga, kwaye bakhonza izicakazo zobomi babo bonke ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle, beqinisekisa ukuzimela kwabo kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika.

INkundla Ephakamileyo

INkundla ePhakamileyo yeyona nkundla iphakamileyo kweli lizwe yaye inegunya lokugqibela kwimibuzo yomgaqo-siseko. Iqulathe abagwebi abasithoba, kuquka iJaji enye enkulu kunye nezisibhozo ezihambelanayo. Inkundla ithetha izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla ezisezantsi zephondo kunye neenkundla eziphakamileyo kwimicimbi yomthetho karhulumente. Eli gunya likhulu lingu uhlolo lwezomthetho [, olumiselwe kwityala lemgqaliselo we-18803 . [FLT] Marbury v.. [iiiigunya eli livumela iNkundla ukuba ibethe imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo ezichasene nomGawulayo.

Izigqibo zeNkundla zilolonga ngokunzulu ibutho labantu baseMerika, zichaphazela iindawo ezifana namalungelo abantu, ukuqhomfa, inkxaso-mali yephulo, kunye namandla orhulumente. Izigwebi zisebenza kwinkqubo ye-ceretoriari, apho zikhetha malunga ne-1% yamawaka ezicelo ezifumaneka nyaka ngamnye. Iimpikiswano, iintetho ezibhaliweyo, kunye nengxubusho zangaphakathi zikhokelela kwiimbono ezisetyenziswa njengesandulela seenkundla ezisezantsi. I-ofisi ye-website yeNkundla yeNkundla ye- inikela izimvo, amaxwebhu, kunye nolwazi londwendwe.

IiNkundla zoMasipala ezisezantsi

Ngaphantsi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo, ijaji yephondo ilungelelaniswe ngeenkundla zesithili ezingama- 94 (iinkundla zetyala) kunye neenkundla zesiphaluka ezili-13 zezibhedi ezisingatha amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho kunye nomthetho karhulumente. Izigqibo ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili zinokubhenela kwinkundla yesiphaluka efanelekileyo. Iziphaluka, ezinjengesi-9 seQulu laseSan Francisco neD.C, zidla ngokumisela imizekelo ebalulekileyo kwimimandla yazo. Ukuba ityala libandakanya imbambano ebalulekileyo yezomgaqo-siseko okanye libangela ingxabano phakathi kweziphaluka, iNkundla ePhakamileyo isenokuyithatha inyathelo lokuyicombulula.

Iinkundla zelifa lemveli zikwasingatha amatyala akhethekileyo afana nokubhaliswa kwamalungelo, irhafu, norhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe ngeenkundla ezinikezelweyo. Isebe lobomi leejaji zephondo lijolise ekuzikhuseleni ekuziphindezeleni kwimithetho engathandwayo, kodwa kwakhona lithetha ukuba ukumiswa komongameli kungayiphembelela ulungelelwano lwengqiqo yejaji kwisizukulwana.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ayiyongcamango nje yengcinga; idlala rhoqo kulawulo lwaseMelika. Isebe ngalinye linezixhobo zokulinganisela ezinye, kwaye ukhuhleko phakathi kwazo lusoloko lunyanzela ukulalanisa okanye ukuvavanya imida yomGaqo-siseko.

Ingcebiso yeNkcubeko

  • Ukuphakamisa ivetoes: Congress zingagqithisa umthetho phezu komongameli weveto kunye nenani elizii-3 ezimbini kwigumbi ngalinye, njengokuba kubonwa kwi 2020 yeSivumelwano sokhuselo lwesizwe soMthetho ogunyazisiweyo weNtlalo kuwedemo.
  • Ukuqulunqwa nokususwa: Indlu ingamtyumza uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, okanye nawuphi na umphathi-mikhosi wasekuhlaleni "ngokuba nengqondo, ukunyotywa, okanye obunye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nokungagqibeki." IBhunga lizama eli tyala. Abameli uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump bapheliswa yiNdlukwano kodwa bakhululwa yiNdlu. Akukho mongameli osuswe ngale nkqubo.
  • Ukuqinisekiswa kwamadinga: Indlu yengqungquthela kufuneka ivumele amalungu eKhabhinethi, abagwebi bequmrhu, kunye nabagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo. Oku kunika uvavanyo kwizigqibo zabasebenzi boMongameli.
  • [[Ukhetho:0] Ukwahlulwa okugqithisileyo: Indlu yemibutho kufuneka ivume izivumelwano ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu, iyinika isingxengxezo kwimicimbi yangaphandle.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ingqungquthela kunye neziphumo:[[FLT: 1] ilawula izitya zemali; akukho mali inokuchithwa ngaphandle kokuba igunyaziwe yiBhunga. Eli gunya lingasetyenziswa ukuphelisa inyathelo lolawulo oluphezulu.
  • Uphatho lobungameli: Iikomiti zingawalawula amagosa esebe eliphetheyo kunye namaxwebhu okuphanda ukuba zinokubakho iimpazamo.

Isalathisi esilawulayo

  • Amandla e-VEto: UMongameli angala ukutyikitya ityala, alithumele kwi Congress ngokuphikisa. Aveto angasoyiswa kuphela zi-3-3 ezinkulu.
  • Imiyalelo esebenzayo: uMongameli angakhupha imiyalelo enamandla omthetho, nangona kufuneka ibekwe kwigunya elikhoyo lomthetho okanye amandla omgaqo-siseko. Iinkundla zingabetha imiyalelo yegunya eliphetheyo eligqitha igunya lomongameli.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izabelo: UMongameli angakunika izixolelo kulwaphulo-mthetho olusekwe kurhulumente, aphumeze izigwebo zogwebo. Eli gunya lisetyenziswa kakhulu ekupheleni kobuProjisi.
  • Ukungavumi ukunyanzelisa imithetho: Ngelixesha kuditywano, iiMongameli maxa wambi ziye zala ukunyanzelisa imithetho ezikholelwa ukuba ayivumelani nemithetho, nangona oku kunokukhokelela kwiinkupho zenkundla.

Ukuxilonga Amasebe Ooaval

  • [[FLT: 0] Uhlolo lwezemfundo lomthetho: Inkundla ePhakamileyo ingabetha izenzo zeCongress ezaphula umGaqo-siseko. Imizekelo e-Famous iquka Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo[ (umthetho osemthethweni) kunye Roe v. [
  • [[FLT: 0] Uhlolo lwendlela yemisebenzi yegunya eliphezulu: Iinkundla zingaphelisa imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo kunye nemigaqo yesebe egqitha igunya elisemthethweni. Abaselula Ikhasi le Tube Co. v. Sawyer[ [1952], iNkundla yakwala ukuzama ukuthatha izingqusho zentsimbi ngexesha longquzulwano.
  • Imithetho engenisayo: Iinkundla zinika intsingiselo enegunya kwimimiselo, enokunwena okanye imisele umlinganiselo womthetho.

Iitsheki Kwicudicary

Amanye amasebe anazo izixhobo zokuhlola ijaji. Ingqungquthela ingacebisa ukuba kulungiswe izigqibo zomgaqo-siseko ukuze kubhukuqelwe izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo (nangokuba oku kufuna iivoti ezimbini-ntathu emagumbini omabini kunye nokwahlulwa kwamacandelo amathathu). IKhomishini iyakwazi ukumisela ubungakanani beNkundla ePhakamileyo (ukuya kwinqanaba) kunye nolawulo lweenkundla ezisezantsi zephondo. UMongameli umisela abagwebi, kwaye iNtsimbi yeNtsimbi yeNtlanga iyawa, inika omabini amasebe impembelelo phezu komsebenzi wejaji. Ukuphelo lwamasebe nokususwa kwabagwebi kuyenzeka, nangona kunqabileyo ukuba abagwebi abambalwa abagqibeli-mthetho bashelwe kwimbali.

Imizekelo Engokwembali Yokukhangela Nokulungelelana

Le nkqubo ivavanywe amaxesha amaninzi. Ngoo1930, uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt's New Developt yawiswa phantsi okokuqala yiNkundla ePhakamileyo. I-FDR yacebisa ukuba "umqulu" wongeze izigwebi, kodwa iBhunga layilahla le ngcamango. INkundla ekugqibeleni yatshintsha utoliko lwayo, yaxhasa imithetho ye-New Deal. Esi siganeko sabonisa ukuzimela kwejajiko le jajitary kunye nendleko yezobupolitika yokuyihlasela.

Ngexesha lehlazo leWatergate, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayalela uMongameli Nixon ukuba akhuphe iiteyipu ezirekhodiweyo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekurhoxiseni kwakhe. IBhunga lophando kunye nokuvuma kweNkundla ukunyanzelisa umlawuli ongaphantsi kwe-Athoba. Kutshanje, ukunyanzeliswa kukaMongameli uDonald Trump ngo-2019 ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya kunye nokuthintelwa kweBhunga leNkomfama, kwabala ingqongqo ekwakheni ekugqibeleni yathetha ukuba avume. Indlu yendlu ivoti yokuqinisekisa ukuvavanya umgaqo-siseko wayo, ngoxa iCandelo libonisa isibambi-mthetho esiphezulu sokususa.

Isiphelo: Inkqubo Enamandla Nengalawulekiyo

Amasebe amathathu karhulumente waseUnited States ayilelwe ukuba axhomekeke kurhulumente kwaye alinganiselwe. Isebe Elilawulayo libhala imithetho, iSebe eliphetheyo liyayinyanzelisa, kwaye iSebe lezejaji liyayichaza, kodwa ngalinye linentetho emsebenzini wamanye. Le sakhiwo ngabom sicotha kumsebenzi karhulumente, sifuna ukuvumelana okubanzi kotshintsho olukhulu. Ngoxa linokukhokelela kwi-gridlock, likwakhusela ekusebenziseni igunya kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba amandla ahlale elungelelene.

Ukuqonda ii-checks nolungelelwano lubalulekile kubemi abanolwazi. Abami bangalandela indlela abamele ngayo abameli babo abanyuliweyo kumthetho weBhunga, indlela uMongameli asebenzisa ngayo igunya eliphakamileyo, nendlela iinkundla ezicombulula ngayo iimpikiswano zomGaqo-siseko. Inkqubo ayifezekanga, kodwa ukumelana kwayo ngaphezulu kweenkulungwane ezimbini kubonisa ubulumko boyilo lwazo. Njengoko uhlanga luguquka, ulungelelwano phakathi kwamasebe amathathu luqhubeka lutshintsha, lufuna ukuphaphaphama nokubophelela okuqhubekayo ebantwini. Kubo banqwenela ukubhukuqa, umGaqo-siseko [[FLT:]] oMgaqo-siseko woMgaqo-siseko woMgaqo-siseko wesizwe owesizwe ongaphezulu kweenkulungwane ezimbini.