Kuyintoni Ukuxolelwa Kwabemi?

Ngokungafaniyo neemeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, apho urhulumente emangalela umntu ngokophula umthetho, ukumangalelwa kwabantu kuqukunjelwa kwinkundla yomthetho. Kuquka uludwe olubanzi lwemibandela efana nokwaphulwa kwesivumelwano, izicelo zokonzakalisa, iimbambano zempahla, iimbambano zemisebenzi, neengxabano zeshishini. Ngokungafaniyo namatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, apho urhulumente egweba umntu ngokophula umthetho, ukumangalelwa koluntu kubandakanya amaqela azimeleyo — amaqela azimeleyo kunye nabamangalelwa − efuna iingcaciso ezifana nomonakalo lwemali, imimiselo, okanye umsebenzi othile okhethekileyo. Inkqubo yenkundla yamakhaya yezentethelela, elungele ukubonelela ezi mbambano, iqinisekisa ukuba iqela ngalinye linethuba lokunikela ubungqina kwaye liviwe phantsi kwemithetho emiselweyo.

Le nkqubo ilawulwa yimithetho ye-procedal `````````ifederal''''' okanye isithi) ilawula indlela iimeko ezisuka ngayo ekuqalisweni ukuya kwizigqibo. Ukuqonda le mithetho kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo okanye ofunda inkqubo engokwasemthethweni, njengokuba ukuchazwa kwemithetho yoluntu kungundoqo wesigqibo sengxoxo yabucala eUnited States. Ukuba ungumnini weshishini, umntu ocinga ukumangalelwa, okanye umfundi, ukwazi amanyathelo abandakanyekileyo anokukunceda uhambele phambili kwiimeko ezintloni kunye nocwangciso zexesha, iindleko, kunye nomgudu ofunekayo.

Amanyathelo Angundoqo Ekucinyweni Kwabemi

Uhambo loburhulumente lolwamkelo lulandela ulandelelwano lwezicwangciso, nganye ineemfuno ezikhethekileyo kunye neenkcazo ezicwangcisiweyo. Ngelixesha imigca echanileyo kunye neenkqubo zokwahluka ngokwendlela yolawulo kunye nohlobo lomzekelo, amanyathelo angaphakathi ayaguquguquka. Ngapha koko kukukuqhekeka okuphezulu kweqonga ngalinye, ukusuka kwimisebenzi yangaphambi konyaka ukuya kukhuthuzo olunokwenzeka.

1. Ubeko: Ukubekwa Kwendawo

Ngaphambi kokuba kuthethwe ityala, amaqela asoloko ebandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yangaphambi kwe-(2006). Eli candelo libalulekile kuba iimpikiswano ezininzi zingaconjululwa ngaphandle kongenelelo lwenkundla, ukugcina ixesha nendleko. Amanyathelo aqhelekileyo okuqukwa kwemali aquka:

  • [[UMTL: 0] IiLeta ezi- – I-placttiff enokubakho ithumela ileta esemthethweni kwiqela eliphikisanayo elichaza impikiswano licele unyango oluthile (umz., ukuhlawula ityala okanye ukurhoxiswa kwezenzo eziyingozi).
  • [[UMTL:0] Incoko yoTshenxiso noHlomelo – Attorneys okanye amaqela ngokwawo azama ukufikelela isivumelwano esamkelekileyo sobabini ngonxibelelwano oluthe ngqo.
  • Isigqibo se-AlternIffective Dispute (ADR) – iinkundla ezininzi ziyafuna okanye zikhuthaza ukhuthazo okanye ukurhoxiswa phambi kokuba kuqalise. I-Media ibandakanya iqela lesithathu elingoondileleyo elincedayo ukuququzelela uphicotho-lwazi; iziphumo zokudibaniselana kwisigqibo senyanzelo ye-arbitrotor.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukungaqondi kweSiphene Ukhangelo - Zonke iimbono zasekuhlaleni zinexesha elimisiweyo apho ityala kufuneka ligcinwe khona. Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza ngexesha elifanelekileyo kunokuthimba isigxina. Imimiselo eqhelekileyo yommiselo womlinganiselo ukusuka kwiminyaka enye ukuya kwemithandathu, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwento efunwayo nomthetho worhulumente.
  • [[Ugcino lwezithintelo] Ugcino lwendawo – Ilindelo lilindeleke ukugcina amaxwebhu afanelekileyo, ugcino-lwazi lwe-elektroniki, kunye nobunye ubungqina obukhanyelwe kakuhle. Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza oko kungakhokelela kwimvume yokukhupha i-athom.

Ukuququzelela kwangaphambili akuyonyathelo eliyimfuneko kuzo zonke iimeko, kodwa kusoloko kucetyiswa. Isicelo esithe gqolo sithengiswe kakuhle sokufuna uncwadi okanye intlanganiso ye-adismedia ephumezayo ingasombulula impikiswano ngaphandle kwexabiso kunye nokubhengezwa kwetyala.

Ukuzifica Izikhalazo

Inkqubo yonikezelo olusesikweni iqala xa i Plantiff ifayile i collett izakuqulatha inkundla efanelekileyo. Olu xwebhu lusebenza njengesicelo sokuqala kwaye kufuneka luqulathe:

  • Juridiction and Venue -A chaza isizathu sokuba inkundla inegunya phezu kwetyala (umz., ulawulo oluhlukeneyo okanye umbuzo wequmrhu) kwaye kutheni inkundla ekhethiweyo iyindawo efanelekileyo.
  • Imeko yezibango – Ingxelo ecacileyo, efingqiweyo yeziganeko ezibangela ukuba ikhawuleze.
  • [[UMTL:0] Intengo zemali – Izizathu ezikhethekileyo zesenzo (umz., ukungakhathali, ukwaphula isivumelwano, ukuqhatha) kunye nesiseko esisemthethweni sesenzo ngasinye.
  • [[UMTL:0] Icela Uncedo – Oko umchasi afuna khona: umonakalo wemali, umyalelo, ugwebo lokukhupha ityala, okanye ezinye iingcaciso.

Isikhalazo kufuneka sibhalwe ngokuchanekileyo; iinkundla zingawakhupha amatyala ukuba azimelenga asemthethweni. I-poletiff ikwahlawula umrhumo wetyala, ohluka ngokwenkundla. Ezinye iinkundla zinika amaqela angenamali.

Kweli qondo, iplattiff ingayifakela indlela yokunqanda (TRO) yexeshana okanye umyalelo wokukhanya[ ukuba ukukhululeka kwangoko kuyimfuneko ukuthintela umonakalo ongalungisekiyo phambi kokuba uviwe ngokupheleleyo.

Inkonzo yeNkqutyana

Emva kokugqiba isikhalazo, ummangalelwa kufuneka anike ikopi yesicelo nesikhalazo kummangalelwa. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba isebe lenkqubo. Inkonzo efanelekileyo yinkqubo efunekayo yomgaqo-siseko ("ngaphandle kwayo, inkundla ayinakusebenzisa igunya lobuqu lommangalelwa.)

Iindlela zenkonzo zohluka-hlukene ngokolawulo kodwa ziquka:

  • Inkonzo yeyakho buqu – iseva yenkqubela inika ummangalelwa amaxwebhu ngokwawo.
  • Inkonzo ecwangcisiweyo – ukushiya amaxwebhu kumntu onoxanduva kwikhaya okanye kwishishini lommangalelwa, lilandelwa yiposi.
  • Inkonzo yeposi – Amanye amagunya avumela inkonzo ngeposi eqinisekisiweyo, irisithi yokubuyisa iceliwe.
  • Isiqinisekiso sokupapashwa – isetyenziswa xa indawo yommangalelwa ingaziwa; isaziso sipapashwa kwiphephandaba.

I-statiff kufuneka ifake isiqinisekiso senkonzo nenkundla. Ukuba inkonzo ayigqitywanga ngexesha elibaluliweyo (idla ngokuba ziientsuku ezingama-90), ityala lingagxothwa ngaphandle kwekhethe. Abamangalelwa abaninzi bazakutyikitya u umxhasi wenkonzo [ ukuphepha ixabiso lenkonzo esemthethweni, kodwa oku kungoko ngokuzithandela.

Ukusabela Kwamagqwetha

Xa enikezelwe, ummangalelwa unexesha elilinganiselweyo, ngokubhekiselele kwientsuku ezingama-21 ukuya kwezingama-30 (*) ukuphendula. Impendulo ingathatha iintlobo ezininzi:

  • Impendulo – Ummangalelwa uyavuma okanye uyakhanyela ityala ngalinye kwisikhalazo. Impendulo isenokuquka izikhuselo ezizinzileyo [ [umz., ummiselo wesithintelo, ukungakhathali komnikeli, ukubetha ngoyaba) okumele kunyuswe okanye kubekwe engozini.
  • Ukukhupha – Isicelo sokuba inkundla ikhuphe ityala ngezizathu ezithile, njengokungabinagunya, indawo engalunganga, ukungaphumeleli ukuchaza ikhawunta (Umthetho we-Federal 12(b)(6), okanye inkonzo enganelanga inkqubo. Ukuba intshukumo ivunyiwe, umkhandi ungavunyelwa ukuphelisa isikhalazo.
  • Ibalaunderclaim okanye iCross à – Ummangalelwa angaqiqa ngokuchasene ne-startff (i-coutercaim) okanye ngokuchasene ne-coparty (emnqamlezweni 76claim) kwityala elifanayo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ukusetyenziswa kweNgxelo yoMcimbi othe kratya – ukuba isikhalazo asicacanga, ummangalelwa angacela inkundla ukuba iyalele ummangalelwa ukuba anike izityholo ezicacileyo.

Ithuba lokuphendula libalulekileyo. Abameli kufuneka bahlolisise ngenyameko ukuba baza kukucel ’ umngeni ukumangalelwa okanye baqhubeke befumana iimfanelo ezintle.

5. Ukufumanisa Oku: Ukutyhila Inyaniso

Ukufumana okusoloko kulelona xesha lininzi lokufumana iprojekthi. Yinkqubo eqhelekileyo apho omabini amacala edityaniswe khona ulwazi nobungqina obunxulumene nalo mcimbi. Umlinganiselo wokufumana okubanzi/iinxenye zingafumana ukufunyanwa malunga nayo nayiphi na into engekhoyo enxulumene nento okanye i-ekhusi nemfuno yemeko (Fedal Laveral Rule 26(b)(1)).

Izixhobo ezingundoqo zokufumana:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Iziphumo zetyala – imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo, eqheleke kakhulu kwi 25 (kuquka inxenye esezantsi) kwinkundla yequmrhu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zokuveliswa kwamaxwebhu – iimfuno zeerekhodi zokoqobo okanye ze-elektroniki, ii-imeyili, izivumelwano, iingxelo zezamayeza njl.njl.
  • Izicelo ze Actisation - iingxelo ekumele utshaba luvume okanye lukhanye; ulwamkelo lungenza lula ukuvavanywa ngokuncina izibakala eziphikiswayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izibeko – Sworn, ngaphandle kobungqina obuthatyathwe phantsi kwesifungo, namagqwetha amacala omabini akhoyo. Umthetho ugcina ubungqina bokuvavanywa kwetyala kwaye uvumela amagqwetha avavanye ukuthembeka kwamangqina.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlolo lwezimvo okanye lwengqondo – Kwimeko zobungozi bobuqu, ummangalelwa angacela uvavanyo lwezamayeza oluzimeleyo lomntu ochaphazelekayo (ocetyiswe nguMthetho wamaFederal 35).

Ukufumana kubandakanya iziphumo]. Ukutshintshiselana ngolwazi olugcinwe ngombane (ESI). Iinkundla zinika imfuno eziya zifuneka kumaqela ukudibana nokucela malunga nokulondolozwa kwe-ESI, iindlela zokuphendla, kunye neefomati. Ukungaphumeleli ukugcina nokuvelisa iESI kungakhokelela kwisigwebo esinzima, kuquka ukugxothwa okanye imiyalelo engalunganga.

Kuko konke ukufunyaniseka, amatheko angaqinisekisa ukuba anelungelo (umz., igqwetha elinelungelo, umsebenzi wemfundiso yeproducess) ukunqanda ulwazi oluthile. Ukungafumani nto kudla ngokufuna ukungenelela kwenkundla ngentshukumo ukunyanzela okanye ukukhusela imiyalelo.

6. Intshukumo yangaphambili

Phambi kokuvavanywa, amaqela angafaka iifayile zokuthatha iintshukumo ukusombulula imiba yomthetho, umlinganiselo wobungqina, okanye kwanokuphela ngokupheleleyo. Isitshixo se projekti siqukelisa:

  • [[NTL:0] Motion yesigwebo sesishwankathelo (RULE 56) - ifayile ifakwe xa kungekho mpikiswano yenyani ngenyaniso yezinto, ivumela ijaji ukuba ilawule ixhasa iqela elinye njengomcimbi womthetho. Oku kungalahla zonke iziphakamiso okanye imiba ekhethekileyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Motion kwi Limine – Ifuna ukungabufaki ubungqina obuthile ekuvezweni ekucinyweni (umz., ihem, iifoto zegama, ubungqina obungasebenziyo).
  • [[NTL: 0] Intshukumo eBalulekileyo – lucelomngeni lokungangqinelani koochwepheshe bobungqina obusekelwe kumsebenzi nokunyaniseka (iimvume kwiinkundla zequmrhu phantsi Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals).
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Motion kwi Compel – ibuza inkundla ukuyalela iqela eliphikisanayo ukuba livelise iimpendulo zofunyo okanye imibuzo yokuzigcina.

Intshukumo ephumelelayo yangaphambi kovavanyo ingayicutha ngokuphawulekayo imiba okanye iphumele ekugxothweni ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokuvavanywa. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukuphulukana nenyathelo lomgwebo elifutshane kusenokunyanzela imeko ukuya ekuxazululweni okanye ekucinyweni.

7. Ukuzinziswa kunye nesinye isisombululo sengxabano

Nakweliphi na ixesha lokubekwa kwetyala, okanye ngexesha lokuvavanywa kwetyala, amaqela angahlala. Amatyala amaninzi amakhaya ahlala phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Iinkundla zisoloko zicwangcisa iingqungquthela apho ijaji okanye imaji ivumela ingxoxo. I-Media iqhelekile, kunye neqela lesithathu elinobundindi nceda amaqela afumane indawo enye.

Ukuba uhlaziyo aluphumelelanga, amaqela angavumelana nolwahlulo , olusisibophelelo okanye olungabopheleliyo kwinkundla. Izivumelwano ezininzi ziquka izivakalisi ezinyanzelisayo ezifuna iimpikiswano ukuze zisombululwe ngaphandle kwenkundla.

Izivumelwano zokumisa zizivumelwano eziquka ukukhutshwa kwezimvo, iirejista zemfihlelo (ukuba kufunwa), kunye nemithetho yokuhlawula. Isivumelwano sisoloko sinyanzeleka enkundleni ukuba sophulwa. Ngokwembono ecwangcisiweyo, ukuhlaziywa kuphepha ukungaqiniseki, iindleko, kunye nokubhengezwa kwetyala.

8. Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba imeko ayisombululi ngokuhamba okanye ngokuhlaliswa, iqhubekeka ukuvavanywa. Iimvavanyo zinokuba yi- ukuvavanywa kwebheni-nteck (umgwebo ogqibe) okanye uvavanyo olunzima [ [iiimeko ezicwangcisiweyo] [] (isigqibo semibuzo yenyaniso; igqiba imibuzo yomthetho). Ukulingwa kwetyala kumatyala amakhaya kuqinisekiswe phantsi koMgqibo weSigqibo soLawulo lwetyala olubandakanya ii-R10, kodwa ngokufanayo amazwe amaninzi anika iimvavanyo zejaji zentelo ezithile.

Ityala lilandela esi sakhiwo:

  1. [[NTL: 0] Ukukhetha (Inani elipheleleyo) – Attorneys nabagwebi babuza ukuba abalawuli bejaji abanokuba ngabanokuqinisekisa ukungakhetheki. Icala ngalinye lingasebenzisa imingeni engapheliyo (inani elilinganiselweyo) kunye nocelomngeni lokwenza.
  2. [[UMTL:0] IiNgxelo eziVulayo - kwicala ngalinye lichaza ubungqina abalindele ukubunikela. Akukho mpikiswano ivumelekileyo; ezi zizinto ezibunyani.
  3. Umzekelo wokoqobo we-Case àin hief – I-Placttiff inika amangqina nemiqondiso. Uvavanyo oluthe ngqo, ukunqamleza jgrain j, kunye nokubuyisela imibuzo iyavela.
  4. Ukujongwa komgwebo njengeManute yoMthetho (JOL) – Ekupheleni kwetyala lommangalelwa, ummangalelwa angashukuma ukuze afumane isigqibo esiyalelweyo ukuba ummangalelwa akabuniki ubungqina obaneleyo. Oku akufane kunikezelwe.
  5. Ityala leDefentant à quin hief – Ummangalelwa unika ubungqina kunye namangqina, elandela iinkqubo zovavanyo ezifanayo.
  6. [[UMTLL:0] Ingxowa-mali kunye ne-Vertal – Ilinganiselweyo isiqinisekiso esongezelelekileyo sokuphikisa umba omtsha.
  7. [[FLT: 0] Impikiswano ezichazayo kwicala ngalinye lishwankathela ubungqina kwaye liphikisa isizathu sokuba ijaji okanye abachopheli-tyala bafumane uncedo lwabo. Umgwebi udla ngokuya kuqala nokokugqibela (ukuba unoxanduva lobungqina).
  8. [[UMTHETHO: 0] Imiyalelo e-Jirf – Ijaji iyalela abachopheli-mthetho ngomthetho osebenzayo kunye nemigangatho esemthethweni abamele bayisebenzise.
  9. [[FLT: 0] Jurry Delibration kunye neVerdict - Abachopheli betyala ngasese kwaye babuyisela isigqibo. Kwityala lebheri, ijaji ikhupha iziphumo zento nezigqibo zomthetho.

Ukutyala kungathatha iintsuku ukusuka kusuku olunye ukuya kwiiveki eziliqela, kuxhomekeke kwiinkangeleko. Emva kwesigqibo, ijaji ingena ku umgwebo ixhasa iqela elilawulayo.

9. Intshukumo nezibheno zasemva

Iqela eliphulukana nequmrhu lingasivavanya isigqibo okanye umgwebo ngentshukumo yasemva kovavanyo:

  • Isigqibo somgwebo njengoMgaqo woMthetho (ovuselelwe) – Arges ukuba isigqibo sichasene nobunzima obucacileyo bobungqina.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukujongwa kwetyala elitsha [ – Ingxengxezo zempazamo zekhethe, ukuziphatha okubi, okanye ukuba isigqibo sigqithise kakhulu okanye asinele.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuququzelela ukugqiba umgwebo [[UMKL:1] – izicelo zenkundla ukuguqula okanye ukulungisa umgwebo (umz., utshintsho lomonakalo).

Ukuba ezi ntshukumo aziphumelelanga, iqela elilahlekayo lingafakela i appal kwinkundla ephezulu. Izibheno azizizo iingxelo zophindo; zijolise kwimposiso ezisemthethweni ezenziwe ngexesha lokuvavanya. Inkundla izakufaka isaziso sesibheno ngexesha elingqongqo (amaxesha amaninzi iintsuku ezingama-30). Inkundla ihlola ingxelo yokuvavanya, ifunde imifutshane kumacala omabini, kwaye ingaziva iimpikiswano zomlomo. Inkundla ingaqinisekisa, ibuye iphinde ifumane isiqinisekiso, iphinde ilungise ugwebo olutsha, okanye ilungise ugwebo kwinxenye.

Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, iqela elithile lisenokucela iNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States ukuba licele imvume yokucela icertiorari, kodwa iNkundla ivuma inxalenye encinane nje yezicelo.

Isiphelo

Uhlaziyo lunenkcukacha, inkqubo eninzi efuna ukulungiselela ngenyameko, ukucinga, nokuyiqonda kakuhle imithetho ebhaliweyo. Ukusuka kwingxoxo yangaphambi kwesihloko socalulo ngokufaka isibongozo, inyathelo ngalinye linika amathuba nomngcipheko onokwenzeka. Ngoxa eli nqaku linikela uqwalaselwa olunzulu, uhlaziyo lokwenene lubandakanya iinguqu ezingalinganiyo ```ulungiso olucacileyo, imithetho ecacileyo, kunye nezibakala ezicacileyo zempikiswano nganye.

Kumntu nabani na ojamelene nokumangalelwa kwamakhaya, ukudibana negqwetha elinamava kubalulekile. Icebiso elisemthethweni linganceda ekusebenziseni iinzima, ukukhusela amalungelo akho, kunye nokucebisa ngekhondo elingcono. Ukuqhubeka ufunda, uphando lwezibonelelo ezinjenge iMithetho yeProceduredure[, iMelika Bar's Icandelo leLigation , okanye [[FLT:]U].S.S. Ikhombo yokufaka ingxelo yetyala [[FLT:]], i-omatilicrackets ukukusebenza kwakho ukuze wenze izigqibo kunye nokusebenzisa iziqinisekiso zolwazi kunye nendlela yokuzithemba.