Ukuqonda Umbandela Wobuqalu Wokufikelela Kwisiqinisekiso Samalungelo

Indlela yokwalathisa ukutolika iBhili yamaLungelo igxininisa ukuqondwa kwentsingiselo yezi zilungiso zomGaqo-siseko njengoko zaziyinjongo yokuqala ngabalawuli. Le mbono ifuna ukutolika umbhalo osekelwe kwimbali kunye neenjongo zabo bayibhalayo. Kumthetho wezi miqathango zangoku, inkqulu-siseko iye yaba yinkqubo elawulayo, ingakumbi emva kwempembelelo yeJaji Antonin Scalia kunye nabanye abagwebi abafunda imibhalo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iziseko zembali, imigaqo engundoqo, izicelo eziluncedo, kunye neengxoxo ezihlala zikho ngokubhekiselele kwinkqulukwano yokuqala njengoko isebenza kwimiqatha yokuqala ye-U.

Yintoni Ingcamango Yantlandlolo?

Ubuqaqoba yingcamango yokutolika komGaqo-siseko exhasa ukuba umbhalo womGaqo-siseko kunye neBhili yamaLungelo kufuneka zinikwe intsingiselo ababenayo ngexesha lokumkelwa. Le ntsingiselo ```intsingiselo kawonke-wonke''''. Ngokungafaniyo nentsingiselo yokuphila yemithetho-siseko, ifuna ukumisa izigqibo zomthetho-siseko ukutshintsha ixesha elide.

Indlela ayibhekisi kwicala elinye. Iquka imisonto emininzi eyahlukileyo kodwa elalanayo: intsingiselo yokuqala, intsingiselo (okanye intsingiselo kawonke-wonke) kunye nentsingiselo yombhalo. Nganye igxininisa kuyo, kodwa bonke bahambisana nokuzimisela ukuthembeka ngokwembali.

Isiseko Sembali

I-FLT: 0 ikholelwa ukuba umGaqo-siseko kunye neBhili yamaLungelo kufuneka ziqondwe ngokwentsingiselo yokuqala kawonke-wonke ngexesha ebhalwe ngalo. Le ndlela ixhomekeke kakhulu kumaxwebhu embali, anjenge Federalist Papers, iingxoxo ezivela kwiNgqungquthela Yokuqala, kunye neencwadi zamaFramers (umz., James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, George Mason). Umzekelo, uMadison uluvo lokulungisa iBhili yamaLungelo alwela amalungelo atyhila ukuba ii-mends zazicet'ucet'inte, hayi iingomqathango zamva zimiselwe ngumthetho wolawulo lwe-Planti.

Imbali ayisoloko icacile. Amalungiselelo amaninzi aye alalanisa phakathi kwabameli abaneembono ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, imbekiselo yeSecond Amendment ebhekisa ku- “Militia elawulwa kakuhle” yadala impikiswano enkulu ngobungakanani belungelo lokuphatha izixhobo. Izazi-magama zoqobo zihlolisisa iisichazi-magama zexesha elinye, iinkcazelo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo, kunye neendibano zokwahlula urhulumente ukuhlaziya indlela yokuqonda yantlandlolo.

Owona mthombo uphambili osetyenziswa ngabaphengululi bemvelaphi yokuqala uquka:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Iphepha loluhlu loManyano (ingakumbi inombolo. 84 kunye no-46 kwiBhili yamaLungelo ne-application) – ekhoyo kwithala leencwadi leBhunga [.
  • Ingxelo yeNdibano yeFederal yewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe anesixhenxe (uhlelo lonyaka).
  • Amanani eBhunga (ithetha ngeBhili yaMalungelo kwiNgqungquthela yokuqala).
  • umgaqo-siseko wezwe wangaphambili kunye nezibhengezo zamalungelo ezaphembelela ulungiso lwemeko lwamaqumrhu.

Oku kumiselwa kwembali kubalulekile kuba ithintela ukugweba. Njengoko iJaji uNeil Gorfo ebhalile, “intsingiselo yantlandlolo yombhalo womGaqo-siseko yiyo kuphela esemthethweni kubagwebi.”

Imigaqo Efanelekileyo Yokuyila

Ubhalo

I-textalism igxininisa kwintsingiselo ecacileyo yamagama akwintsingiselo ecacileyo ebhalwe ngomGaqo-siseko, njengoko iqondwa ngumntu oqhelekileyo ngexesha lokudityaniswa. Iyakuphepha ukuthelekelela ngeenjongo ezizizo zeFrames. IJaji Scalia ithe thaba ukuba ubhalo aluyiyo “inkcazo,” eyakufunda amagama ngendlela encinane, kodwa kunoko ukufundwa ngokuthembeka koko kuthethwa ngumbhalo. Umzekelo, isiqinisekiso seFirst Amendment se-“nkululeko yokuthetha” sitolikwa ngokwentsingiselo yayo 1791: lukhuselwe ekuthintelweni nakunganyangenwa, kodwa hayi zonke iintlobo zale mihla zokuthetha njenge-intanethi.

Ukuzimisela Kwangaphambili

Injongo yokuqala iqwalasela oko iziFrames ngokwazo zifuna umphako wokuthetha. Olu hlobo lobuGqaba lwaluqheleke kakhulu ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kodwa ukususela ngoko luthathelwe indawo yintsingiselo kawonke-wonke. Utshintsho lwenzekile ngenxa yokuba ukuxhomekeka kwinjongo yomxholo ngokufuthi akusebenzi . Iinjongo ezininzi zazineembono ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ezininzi azikhange zibhale iingcamango zazo. Kodwa, injongo yokuqala isebonakala kwiimbono eziphikisanayo, ingakumbi malunga nokumiselwa ko Classiaste kunye noMmiselo wesibini.

Intsingiselo Yoluntu Yokuqala

Intsingiselo kawonke-wonke (OPM) ibuza indlela umntu osengqiqweni anokuwuqonda ngayo umbhalo ngexesha lokudityaniswa. Olu luhlobo olungundoqo lobuGcisa. Ngoku lufumana kwisichazi-magama ukusuka kwixesha lokusekwa (umz., Samuel Johnson's ]A Dictionary yolwimi lwesiNgesi , 1755], isetyenziswa kwimimiselo yombuso, kunye neencwadana ezidumileyo. Umzekelo, igama elithi “isohlwayo esingaqhelekanga” kwiSinyuko sesibhozo sokudalelwa ku-1791 ukunqanda isohlwayo efana nomzobo kunye nekota, kodwa hayi ngokuqhelekileyo zonke iintlobo zokuvalelwa ngokwazo.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwamalungelo

Xa isebenzisa indlela yokwalathisa kwiBhili yamaLungelo, iinkundla zijonga oko kwakuthethwa zizilungiso xa zavunywa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18. Oku kunceda kufumanise ukuba umthetho othile okanye isenzo sikarhulumente sihambelana nakokuqala ukukhusela okucetywa ngabalawuli. Ngentla ziintsontela zokulungisa nendlela uhlalutyo loqobo oluye lwayiguqula ngayo indlela abaguqulela ngayo.

Uhlaziyo Lokuqala: Unqulo, intetho, Uhlaziyo, Indibano, Isicelo

Izazisi zoqobo zihlolisisa indlela isizukulwana esisunguliweyo esasiqonda ngayo “uqheliselo olukhululekileyo” lonqulo kunye no“ukumiswa. Umzekelo, abaxhasi abaninzi bobuGcisa baphikisa ngelithi ukuMiselwa kuka-Claus kuphela kwalela ihlelo lesizwe elinye kunenye, asizizo zonke iintlobo zokuhlala koburhulumente. Kennedy v. Bremeton School District [2022], uluvo lukaMasipala Gorfoth lwamaye luxhomekeke kakhulu kwizenzo zembali yonqulo ukugqiba kwelokuba umthandazo wabucala wesikolo wabucala.

Ngenkululeko yokuthetha, i-spreadsitions zomThengiselwano we-Sedition Act ka-1798, osohlwaya “iincwadi zobuxoki, ezihlasimlisayo, kunye nezinolunya” ezichase urhulumente. I-riphabliki yokuqala yayinyamezela imiqathango enjalo, icebisa ukuba ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni“ inkululeko yokuthetha” akuquki lungelo lokunyelisa urhulumente. Noko ke, iingcali ezininzi zale mihla zikholelwa ukuba uMthetho weSigqibo sobuGqibeko ngokwawodwa awungqubananga nomthetho kuba ungquzukiswano lwenjongo yoLawulo Lokuqala loMphengululo-* ukukhuthaza intetho yedemokhrasi.

Uhlaziyo Lwesibini: Unelungelo lokugcina Nokuthwala Izixhobo

ISiphendu sesibini sinikela oku: “ISiphendu soMkhosi olawulwa kakuhle, ekubeni kuyimfuneko kukhuseleko loRhulumente olukhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Iizixhobo, alizukumonyulwa.” [[FLT: 0]] I-Dialification of Columbia v. Heller[ [2008], uJaji woMgaqo-mthetho weSizwe], uluvo luka-Scalia olusetyenziswa luluntu ukugqiba kwelokuba intsingiselo yantlalo ikhusele ilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokuba nezixhobo zokuzixhasa ngesiqu sakhe, engadibaniselwanga kwinkonzo ye-athom. Uluvo lwahlola imvelaphi ebonisa ukuba “injongo yezixhobo” yayiquka ukusetyenziswa kobuqu, ukungasetyenziswa nje kwemikhosi. Isigqibo sifumaneka kuMthetho woMgaqo-o-onke [Follne] [Fotenst Cood T.[3] kwiN.NT.N.Nt.N.U.U.UM.

UMthetho - siseko Wesine: Uphando Olungenangqiqo Neziphene

Intsingiselo yokuqala yomthetho wesine Amendment owenzelwe “ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni” iye yachazwa kakhulu. Ngo1791, “ukuphengulula” kudla ngokuthetha ukungena ngokoqobo kwikhaya okanye ukuphangwa kwamaphepha. I-xriformis iphikisa ukuba ubugcisa bezi mini (umz., i-PGPS, i-GPS) ayiphengululi ngaphandle kokuba bangene kwindawo ekhuselekileyo ngokusemthethweni. Le mbono yagunyaziswa ku- United States v. Jones[FLT:] (202) apho IJastium Scalia ilandela uvavanyo lwetyala eliqhelekileyo. Noko ke, iJactomains Conftion’sctive ibuzation i-Prigion i-Prence ibuza enoba i-octal i-ficeddiactive i-actrison i-'ex'.

UHlahlo-nkqubo lweNkqutyana: INkqubo eBambeleyo, Ukuzithethelela,

Abaxhasi bembali bachaza i-Currect Claus njengengakhuseliyo “inkqubo yeprocebral” kuphela efunekayo "inkqubo" --fair +_rather inkqubo efunekayo, ethetha ukuba kukhethwe inkqubo. Kwizindululo zika-Claus, i-Observation ihlolisisa ukusungulwa--overa u-“msebenzi kawonke-wonke.” Kello v. Isixeko saseNew London [2005], iJaji uThomatheli udityaniswa ngamandla, ingqina ukuba intsingiselo yokuqala ye-“ usetyenziso lukawonke-owonke" ifuna ngokwenene urhulumente ukuba asebenzise impahla okanye ayivulele uwonke, hayi nje ukuba uyidlulisele kumbhekisi phambili wabucala wezoshishino lwezoqoqosho.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwemiqathango Esibhozo: Inkohlakalo Nesohlwayo Esingaqhelekanga

Ibinzana elithi “ingqwalaselo engaqhelekanga” labolekwa kwiBhili yamaLungelo yaseNgilani yowe-1689. Abaxhasi boqobo bakhangela kuqheliselo lwexesha lokusekwa ." oluquka ukujingajinga, ukubetha, nokubeka izitya] ngokujijela ngokudibanisa ukuba isohlwayo esiqatha siphendu ukuba asigqalwa njengenkohlakalo ngelo xesha. Le ngcamango iye yasetyenziselwa ukuxhasa isohlwayo sokufa. Noko ke, uJaji Scalia wavuma ukuba imilinganiselo ecacileyo yesidima ingachaza ukuba isohlwayo “asohlwayo,” nangona wakhaba wakhaba ukusebenzisa isakhelo sobuhlanga olungeluhlanga lwamandulo.

Izazi Ezibalaseleyo Zamandulo Neemeko Ezinkulu

IJaji uAntonin Scalia (1936-2016)

IJaji Scalia yayililizwi elikhokelayo lobuGqaba boqobo kunye nokubhalwa kwemibhalo kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo. Iimbono zakhe (Umphetho oGqinisiweyo]), Smith v. United States[[FLT]] [utoliko lobucukubhede bekhompyutha], [iiindlela yokuzilolonga i-demokhrasi], kunye Crawford v. Washington (i-Clate]) (ibhinqiniza) ingu-mayela. Waphikisa ukuba uqobo “kukundlela esemthethweni kuphela esemthethweni yokusondela kuyo" ngenxa yokuba ikhethelo olulawulwa ngabagwebi ngokweedemo-demokhtiki engaphandle kwemiGwabo abamele i-Gwabo abamele umGwamathe.

UClarence Thomas

UJaji Thomas usoloko ethatha isikhundla sobundlobongela bobundlobongela kunoScalia. Uthe waphikisa ukuba uPhinda-nkqubo weshumi elinesine uHlaliso lwaMalungelo okanye i-Immunities Claus (hayi i-Umthetho ka-Claus) sisithuthi esichanekileyo sokudibanisa iBhili yamaLungelo nxamnye namaphondo, `Imbono engaguqula amashumi eminyaka entsingiselo. Ukuvumelana kwakhe ku [FLT: 0] Bruen kunye nokungavumelani kwakhe Klo[FLT] kubonakalisa ukuzimisela kwakhe kwintsingiselo yokuqala, kwanaxa kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingathandwayo.

UJaji uNeil Gorfo and Justice Amy Coney Barrett

Zombini ezi zicatshulwa zitsha zibhale kakhulu ngemvelaphi. Incwadi kaGorfoth A Republic, Ukuba Ungayigcina I" ikhusela uqobo lwengcamango kwityala lokungafezeki. Ugxininisa ukuba ukwenziwa koqobo akunaziphumo ezicacileyo; ngamanye amaxesha kungavelisa iziphumo eziphandle (umz., ukukhusela amalungelo eejaji ngaphantsi kweSixth Amendment). Barrett, phambi kokuba amiselwe, ubhale amanqaku angolwazi ngemvelaphi kunye ne-scaresis.

Ukugxekwa Nezityholo

Ukukholelwa kwisithethe sangaphambili kuye kwavunywa ngokuphandle, kubaphengululi abangokwasemthethweni nangabagwebi abaqheliselayo.

  • Uluntu lutshintshe ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ngo1791. Uqobo lungazenza lukhuni imigaqo-siseko yokhuseleko kwixesha elingafuni ukuba amabhinqa abe nelungelo lokuvota kwaye avumele ikhethe intlalo-ntle. Abahlalutyi bathi oku kutyeshela “umGaqo-siseko ophilayo” ofunekayo ukucombulula imicimbi yamanani efana nemfihlo kunye namalungelo okuzala.
  • Imbali yembali isoloko ingaphelelanga okanye iphikisana. Abalandeli abahlukeneyo bemvelaphi abavumelani noko kanye intsingiselo yantlandlolo iyiko-----kanjani, umzekelo, kwiSigqibo sesibini, abanye abaphengululi bemvelaphi (njengoSaul Cornell) baphikisa ngokuthi ngokuyintloko ikhusela ilungelo elidityanisiweyo kwimikhosi yamazwe, ngelinye ixesha abanye (njenge Randy Barnett) babona ilungelo elibanzi.
  • Ukusetyenziswa ngokukhethekileyo kwembali: Abagxeki batyhola abaququzeleli be-cherry-short abaxhasa iziphumo ezikhethiweyo, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezichaphazelekayo zezobupolitika. IJaji Stephen Breyer, kwincwadi yayo ILiberty, iphikisa into yokuba ubukho bakuqala abunakusombulula amatyala anzima kwaye ngokufuthi bufihla isigqubuthelo sogwebo.
  • Ingxaki yoMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine: IBhili yamaLungelo yaqala ukusebenza kurhulumente wezwe. Imfundiso yokuququzelela ```Izigqibo'' kumazwe ngokusebenzisa uLawulo lwe-145th Amendmence-0] iphakamisa imibuzo enzima malunga nentsingiselo ekhoyo "yentsingiselo" yokusebenzisa: 1791 okanye 1868? Abanye abaquququzeleli bemithetho yezobuhlanga, njengoJaji Thomas, baphikisa ngelithi kuphela amalungelo okanye i-Immunicle Claus (inte kuneMsebenzi ye-Romati) kodwa loo ndlela izakuvelisa iziphumo eziphikisanayo namalungelo akhoyo amakhaya.

Ephendula, abaxhasi bembali baphikisa ngelithi indlela yabo inika ukuqiniseka nokufumana igunya elingaphezulu “kwendlela ephilayo yomgaqo-siseko”, abathi bavumela abagwebi ukuba banyanzelise iinketho zomntu ngamnye. Abaphengululi boqobo abanjengo Randy Barnett[ baye bavelisa iimpendulo ezintsonkothileyo, ukugxininisa ukuba ubuGaqo-siseko abukuthinteli ukutshintshwa okanye ukusabela komthetho-siseko kwiingxaki ezintsha.

Ukulungelelanisa Intsingiselo Yokuqala Neemfuno Zanamhlanje

Ingxoxo engundoqo kumthetho womgaqo-siseko namhlanje yindlela yokulungelelanisa ukuhlonela intsingiselo yokuqala nemfuneko engenakuphikwa yokuba umGaqo-siseko usebenze kwihlabathi Abalawuli abangenakuyicinga. Abaqalayo ngokwabo bayaluqonda olu xinezeleko. Bruen[, uMasipala uThomas wabhala ukuba imiqathango yemipu yale mihla mayibe “inxulumene nesithethe sembali somthetho wemipu, kodwa wavuma ukuba ukuqiqaqaliso-mthetho kusenokusetyenziswa ukusebenzisa imigaqo emidala kwiimeko ezintsha. Le “imfundiso yoqobo yendalo" inika abagwebi indlela: abagwebi bajonge ukuseka-enza imithetho yale mihla ukugqiba okokuba yimithetho esemthethweni.

Ngokufanayo, kwiSine Sohlaziyo, abaxhasi abaninzi bamkela ukuba umgaqo ongundoqo ``ukukhusela ukuphengululwa okungekho ngqiqweni' kufuneka usetyenziswe “ngokusengqiqweni kokulindela ukuba wedwa” njengoko kutshintshwa ngobugcisa. Kodwa bagxininisa ukuba umthetho (umz., imfuneko yokungena ekhaya) ayinakutshintshwa ngaphandle kokuthethelelwa ngokwembali.

Isiphelo

Indlela yoqobo yokufikelela kwiBhili yamaLungelo ihlala inamandla, inempembelelo, kwaye iphikisana ngamandla ngendlela yolwazi. Ilawula ukutolikwa komgaqo-siseko ngentsingiselo engokwembali yombhalo, ikhuthaza uzinzo, ukuxelwa kwangaphambili, kunye nokuphendula ngedemokhrasi. Kodwa ikwanocelomngeni olubalulekileyo: ukungazinzi kwembali, ubungozi bobu buchule, nobunzima bokusebenzisa iingcamango zenkulungwane ye-18 kwiingxaki zenkulungwane yama-21. Njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqhubeka iguqukela kwintsingiselo yolu hlobo lobuGawulayo (iiqokobhe), ingakumbi ngolwando oluthiyo lweJavaugh, neBarrett) nokuqonda iingcamango zale nkqubo yokucacisa le nkqubo kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofunda umthetho-omGwarative.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona uMgaqo-siseko weSiko loMgaqo-siseko woMbutho woMzwe , onika imbono zoqobo neyobuqali kwinguquko nganye; kunye neSiKhokelo seLifa leMveli kwiSigqeba [, imbekiselo yeNqanamli.