Ilungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo liyisiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi, linika abantu amandla okuvakalisa iimbono zabo, ukucel ’ umngeni igunya, nokuthatha inxaxheba kwintetho yesidlangalala ngaphandle kokoyika ukuhlolisiswa okanye ukuphindezelelwa ngurhulumente. Kodwa le nkululeko isisiseko ilula. Ibunjwa ziingxoxo zentanda-bulumko, isiseko somthetho esintsonkothileyo, kwaye isoloko ichaza izithethe zentlalo. Ukuqondwa okucacileyo kokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo akuyo kuphela into ebalulekileyo kubafundi nabafundisi kodwa nakumntu ngamnye olawula ulwazi lwanamhlanje.

Imvelaphi Yembali

Iimvelaphi zenkululeko zifikelela nzulu mandulo. Kwi Atene yamandulo, uqheliso lwe rrussia] `ukuthetha ngenyaniso ngokuphandle, ukuchana ngenyani--kujongwa njengendlela elungileyo yoluntu, njengokuba kwakusoloko kulinganiselwe kubemi. Abathandi bezakwalizwi abanjengoSocrates noPlato baphikisana ngendima yobuchule kunye nengxoxo ekuphunyezweni kolwazi, bebeka isiseko sokuqala sengcamango yokuba ukutshintshisana okuvulekileyo kubalulekile kwibutho eliphilileyo.

Noko ke, ingcamango yanamhlanje yamalahle akhutshwa ngexesha lokukhanyiselwa. Abacingisi abafana noJohn Locke baphikisa ngelithi abantu banamalungelo emvelo oorhulumente abamele bawahlonele, kuquka ilungelo lokucinga nokunxibelelana ngokukhululekileyo. UVoltaire wabhengeza ngokudumileyo (ukuba ngokungekho mdlali-bukhomfa) wavakalisa, “Andikuthandi oko ukukuthetha, kodwa ndiza kukukhusela de ufe ilungelo lakho lokukuthetha.” Ezi ngcamango zafumana intsingiselo ecacileyo kwiSinyuselo sokuqala soMphengululo ku-U.S., umGaqo-siseko, owagunyaziswayo ngo-1791, othi, akukho mthetho uchaza ukuba“ iKonferi akasayi kwenza nkululeko yokuthetha.”

Iinkulungwane ukususela ngoko ziye zabona ukwanda okuthe ngcembe kodwa okunamandla kokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo. Amabhinqa, amaqela amancinane eentlanga, namanye amaqela aphantsi aye alwela ukulwela, kwaye afumana ukhuseleko oluthi lululwe kangangexesha elide. Inkulungwane yama-20 yazisa imithetho yezomthetho ebalaseleyo eyathi yaphucula imida kwaye yafikelela kwinkululeko, ibonakalisa indima yayo njengelungelo elisisiseko kwibutho labantu elikwidemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke.

Isiseko Esibunzululwazi

Intengiso Yeengcamango

Enye yezona ndlela zinempembelelo zokuthethelela inkululeko yokuthetha “isingathekiso sentengiso”, esixhaswe nguJaji Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. Le ngcamango ithi inyaniso ivela kukhuphiswano oluvulekileyo phakathi kweembono ezahlukeneyo, kwaye uphando lukarhulumente luthintela le nkqubo ibalulekileyo. Kwaneengcamango zobuxoki okanye ezokukrwada, impikiswano isebenza injongo eluncedo ngokunyanzela ibutho ukuba livavanye lize liqinisekise kwakhona iinkolelo zalo ezinzulu.

Ulawulo-lwedemocratic ^Ulawulo-lwazi

Enye intsika yengcamango yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo ivela kwincwadi ka-Alexander Meiklejohn, owathi impikiswano engathintelekiyo ibalulekile kwi-demokhrasi ukuze ingabi nalwazi. Abami abanakwenza izigqibo ezithe ngqo ngeenkokeli zabo okanye imigaqo ukuba abavunywanga ukuba bafumane iimbono ezininzi. Intetho yezobupolitika, kule nkqubo, ifanelwe yeyona migaqo iphakamileyo yokukhusela kuba iyingenelo ebantwini.

Umntu Ngamnye

Ngaphandle kwemisebenzi yayo yentlalo neyezobupolitika, inkululeko yokuthetha inika imbeko kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ukukwazi ukuthetha ngengqondo kungundoqo wesidima somntu, ukuzixabisisa, nokuphuhlisa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Xa imo ithulisa umntu, ayiwaphiki amalungelo ezobupolitika kuphela kodwa ikwangunobangela oyintloko woluntu lwabo.

Ifomati ye CD

Ukukhusela okusemthethweni kwenkululeko yokuthetha kuyahluka ngokuphawulekayo kwilizwe ngalinye. EUnited States, uHlaziyo Lokuqala lunikela imigaqo ebanzi ekhethekileyo, kodwa kwanalapho, ilungelo aliphelelanga. Iinkundla ziye zayila iindidi ezimxinwa zentetho engakhuselekanga okanye ephantsi komthetho.

IsiHlomelo Sokuqala Nendlela Esisetyenziswa Ngayo

Umbhalo weFirst Amendment mfutshane, kodwa indlela otolikwa ngayo yavela ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Urhulumente udla ngokungasibeki umda isithethi ngenxa yeengcamango azidluliselayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isithintelo esisezantsi: Urhulumente akanqabi ukunqanda ukuthetha ukuba kwenzeke kwindawo yokuqala, ngokunqanda uphando olunzima ngokuchasene nohlalutyo phambi kwemeko.
  • Imithetho ethintela ukuthetha kufuneka icace kwaye ilungiselelwe ngokucutheneyo ukunqanda intetho ekhuselwe ngokwentiyo.

Ityala Eliphakamileyo Lenkundla

Izigqibo eziliqela eziphawulekayo ziye zaguqula indlela yokuchaza inkululeko yokuthetha kule mihla:

  • [FLT] Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969] INkundla yakholelwa ukuba intetho ekhuthaza ihambo engekho mthethweni ikhuselekile ngaphandle kokuba ijoliswe ekukhuthazeni okanye ekuveliseni isenzo solwaphulo-mthetho esisondeleyo kwaye isenokukhuthaza isenzo esinjalo. Oku “kuvavanya okungalawulekiyo” kuthathel' indawo yangaphambili, imilinganiselo engqongqo ngakumbi.
  • .Des Moiconpendent School School [(1969)] Abafundi abawasebenzisi “malungelo abo omgaqo-siseko kwinkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokuthetha kwisango lesikolo.” Lo mbandela waseka ukuba amagosa esikolo kufuneka abonise ukuphazamiseka kwezinto eziphathekayo ukuthethelela ukubeka imiqathango kubafundi.
  • [FLT] New York Times Co. V. Sullivan [1964]]: ukukhusela impikiswano eyomeleleyo ngamanani kawonke-wonke, iNkundla yagqiba ukuba iintetho zobuxoki ngamagosa kawonke-wonke azingcolisi ngaphandle kokuba zenziwe “ngobubi obuqhelekileyo”", ulwazi lwenkohliso okanye ukungakhathaleli inyaniso.

Ingqikelelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Ngaphandle kwe-United States, ukhuseleko lwenkululeko yokuthetha lusoloko lungafani. Umzekelo, amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, ayalwa ukuthetha ngentiyo ngokungqongqo kune-U.S. uMthetho osisiseko waseJamani uqinisekisa ukubonakaliswa ngokukhululekileyo kodwa uyivumela ngokucacileyo imiqathango yokukhusela ubutsha nembeko yobuqu, nokulwa nokuphembelela intiyo. ISicatshulwa seKhanada samaLungelo neFreedoms sikwakwamisela ukuchaza okukhululekileyo nxamnye nezinye imilinganiselo ezifana nokulingana kunye nezithethe. Ukuqonda oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwihlabathi elityeleleneyo.

Iindidi Zentetho Ekhululekileyo

Ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kuquka intetho eyahlukahlukeneyo, nganye inemilinganiselo eyahlukileyo yokuyikhusela.

Intetho Yezobupolitika

Intetho yezobupolitika isekelwe kwisiseko sokhuseleko loMphetho-nkqubo Wokuqala. Iquka ukugxekwa kwamagosa karhulumente, ukulawulwa kwabathathi-nxaxheba kwezobupolitika, ingxoxo ngomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke wonke. Iinkundla zisoloko zinika intsebenziswano yezopolitiko ephakamileyo, ziqiqa ukuba ibalulekile ekulawuleni kwedemokhrasi.

Intetho Yentengiso

Ukubhengezwa nezinye iindlela zonxibelelwano zorhwebo zifumana umgangatho ophantsi wokukhuseleka. Urhulumente usenokulawula intetho yobuxoki, elahlekisayo okanye exhalabisayo ngokungekho mthethweni. Kwanentengiso yentengiso eyinyaniso yeemveliso ezisemthethweni inokuthintelwa ukuba umdla karhulumente unamandla yaye umgaqo utsalelw ’ umxakatho.

Intetho Yomfuziselo

Asiyontetho yonke ethethayo. Izimo zomfuziselo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ihambo Ebonakalisa Isidima

Ihambo enxulumene ngokusondeleyo nentetho yokomfuziselo, iquka izenzo ezithetha ngokwemvelo, ezinjengokuchola, ukuthatha uhambo, okanye ukusasaza amaphecana. Ngoxa urhulumente esenokubeka imiqathango esengqiqweni engokwaneleyo ukuze kugcinwe ucwangco, usenokungajongi kwisigidimi ngokwaso.

Imida Kwinkululeko Yokuthetha

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yamkela iindidi eziliqela zentetho ezingakhuselwanga ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kweSindululo Sokuqala, kwaneenjongo ezisemthethweni zikarhulumente ezinokuthethelela imiqathango ethile.

Ukuvuseleleka Kugonyamelo

Intetho evuselela ngokuthe ngqo isenzo solwaphulo-mthetho esisondeleyo ayikhuselwanga. Uvavanyo Brandenburg lufuna ukuba intetho ijoliswe ekukhuthazeni nasekuphumezeni isenzo esinjalo. Kukusetyenziswa nje kogonyamelo olungabonakaliyo.

Amagama Alwayo

“ Imfundiso yokulwa”, emiselwe ku Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942), ivumela urhulumente ukuba ohlwaye intetho ebhekiswa kumntu ngamnye kwaye mhlawumbi ixhokonxa impendulo enogonyamelo. Noko ke, iNkundla idibene nale ngxaki, kwaye ayisetyenziswanga namhlanje.

Izisongelo Zokwenyaniso

Izisongelo zokwenene----inyani ezithenjiwe ukudlulisela injongo yokwenza isenzo esinzulu sogonyamelo, -- azikhuselekanga. Ukuzimisela ukuba intetho iyisongelo sokwenyaniso kuxhomekeke kumongo obhaliweyo, hayi kwinjongo yesithethi.

Ukuchasa kunye neentetho zobuxoki

Iingxelo zobuxoki zenyaniso zokuba intlebendwane yomntu isenokusetyenziswa njengehlazo. Uxanduva lwamatyala lumele lungqineke luntsokothile, kodwa abantu abazimeleyo kufuneka babonise ungakhathali. Noko ke, iintetho zobuxoki zoluvo olunyulu ziyakhuselwa.

I-obcenity

Izinto ezinomtsalane kwi-injini enomdla ophezulu kwisondo, zibonisa ihambo yesondo ngendlela echaseneyo, kwaye ukuswela ukunikela ingxelo enzulu, ubugcisa, ezobugcisa, ezopolitiko, okanye ixabiso lenzululwazi zingathintelwa njengezinto ezingcolileyo. Inxenye ethathu Miller v. IKhalifoniya[FL:1] uvavanyo olusetyenziswayo, kodwa kunzima ukusebenzisa.

Ukuthiya Intetho

EUnited States, intetho ethiyileyo okanye ethoba isidima umntu okanye iqela elisekelwe kuhlanga, unqulo, ubuhlanga, okanye iimpawu ezifanayo (idla ngokukhuselwa ngaphandle kokuba ibekwe kwenye yeendidi ezingakhuselekanga (umz., ukuphembelela, izisongelo zokwenyaniso, okanye amagama okulwa). Oku kuchasene nezinye iidemokhrasi ezininzi, ezithintela ukuthetha okubanzi.

Intetho Ekhululekileyo Kumiselo Lwemfundo

Izikolo neeyunivesithi ziindawo ezikhethekileyo zokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kuba ziyindawo yokudlulisela iingcamango, sekunjalo zimele zilondoloze imeko ekhuselekileyo nephumelelayo yokufunda.

Intetho Yabafundi

INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba abafundi bawagcina amalungelo abo okuQala Uphazamiso esikolweni, kodwa loo malungelo aphantsi kwemiqathango. Phantsi .Tinker, izikolo zingasibekela imiqathango intetho yabafundi kuphela ukuba bekuya kuba luncedo okanye kukuphazamisa kakhulu ukuqhubana kwamalungelo abanye. Iimeko kamva, ezifana [[FLT: 2] BEL u-v. Fraser [1986] kunye [[FLT] [FLT]] v.[FLT][200] [200]] [7] [iiiiimeko], zikrobe ngaphandle kwezonokuziphatha okubi okanye intetho eyona engekho mthethweni yomthetho. Okunye, okusandul'ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi. [FT6] [FT] IkolkG.[7] Isikolo seSithi seSithi se-Grevertime.[5]

Ukuthetha Okuhle Nenkululeko Yokuzimela

Oothisha kunye noonjingalwazi banandipha inkululeko yemfundo-ezifundweni .ilungelo lokufundisa nokuphanda ngaphandle kokuphazamisa okungafanelekanga. Noko ke, le nkululeko ayiphelelanga. Umzekelo, oonjingalwazi baseyunivesithi kawonke-wonke, banenkululeko ebanzi kumsebenzi wabo wobugcisa nakwimfundo yeklasi, kodwa intetho yabo njengabasebenzi bakawonke-wonke kwimicimbi enxulumene nemisebenzi yabo yobugcisa inokuba phantsi kwemiqathango esengqiqweni yomqeshi. Umgca phakathi kwentetho ekhuselekileyo nengakhuselekanga ekuthotyelwa phantsi kwemithetho okanye ukukhathazwa uyaqhubeka kungumcimbi wengxoxo esemthethweni.

Iingxoxo Zokuthetha Ezikhululekileyo

Iikoleji ziye zaba ziindawo zokubonisa iimpikiswano ezikhululekileyo. Abathethi abaququzelela ukuvumisa, kunye nokurhoxa kwemibutho yamahlelo baphakamisa imibuzo ngendlela amaziko afanele alungelelanise ngayo amaxabiso okukhuphisana ekuququzelweni, ukhuseleko, kunye nophando oluvunyiweyo. Iiyunivesithi ezininzi ziye zamkela iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa ukuba uninzi lwembono lunokuviwa ngoxa zigcina imekobume ehloniphekileyo. [IFLT]] Inzaliseko yamalungelo ngamanye Amalungelo nophawu (FRE) inika oovimba kunye nokungaguquguqukiyo kwezi miba.

Ingxaki Yangaphambili Ngokuthetha Ngenkululeko

Iminyaka yokwenziwa kwamanani iye yayitshintsha ngendlela ephawulekayo indlela abantu ababonakala ngayo bekhululekile, nto leyo eye yabangela iingxaki ababengazilindelanga abaququzeleli boMphetho Wokuqala.

Umgangatho ophakathi wobugcisa nobugcisa boluntu

Iinkampani zezentlalo-ntle yoluntu ezifana ne-Facebook, Twitter (ngoku engu-X), kunye no-YouTube banempembelelo enkulu kwintetho kawonke-wonke. Izigqibo zazo zokususa ii-ofisi . "reaxing tisss", ukunqumamisa ii-akhawunti, okanye ukulinganisela nge-algorithric ukufikelela kwiskrini esikhululekileyo semibuzo. Ngenxa yokuba la maqonga azikhotyokiswanga ngqo yiSinyusi sokuqala, kodwa amandla awo phezu kwesikwere samanani aye akhokelela ekufuneni ukuvela nokuziphendulela. [[FLT:] I-Ectron Foundation (EFFFFF)[F:1]

Rhoxisa iNkcubeko nokuTshaha

Isiganeko solu “kwesithethe sesithethe”---"ukuchasana kwabantu ngabanye ngenxa yeengxelo okanye izenzo ezibonakala ziphazamisa," kwaye ingumbandela odidayo. Abahlalutyi bathi ihlaza ngokudala imozulu yoloyiko, ngoxa abaxhasi besithi luluhlobo lokuziphendulela kwintlalo-ntle. Ukukhusela okusemthethweni kokuthetha akuyikhuseli iziphumo zabucala, kodwa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yeqela elijongene nohlalutyo iyaqhubeka ixabana ngokushushu.

Ubuntlola kunye neziqulatho ezivelisweyo

Inkqubela yobuchule bokuzenzela, kuquka iimodeli ezinkulu zolwimi kunye nezininzi, zibangela izisongelo ezintsha kwingqibelelo yentetho yesidlangalala. I-Al ingenza iintetho nevidiyo zenkohliso, ezinokubalahlekisa okanye zihluthe abantu. Imithetho neenkundla kuya kufuneka zikwazi ukulawula oko kuqulethwe yintetho esemthethweni.

Inkcazelo Ephosakeleyo Nenkcazelo Engachananga

Ukusasazwa kolwazi oluphosakeleyo, ingakumbi kwimimandla enjengempilo kawonke-wonke kunye nonyulo, kukhokelele ekufuneni urhulumente ongqongqo nongenelelo lweqonga. Kodwa nawuphi na umthetho wentetho yobuxoki kufuneka umiselwe ngocoselelo ukuze kuphetshwe ingxoxo yenyaniso ekonakalisayo. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- yeUnited States---United States. Alvarez[ [20]) wabulala umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho obekna amayelenqe okufumana iimendumiso zomkhosi, igxininisa ukuba kwanamazwi obuxoki ngokufuthi “asaba nothi qhatho olungafanelekangayo” nokuba unyango olufanelekileyo luphikisa i-636pech endaweni yokucukuhla.

Isiphelo

Ilungelo lenkululeko yokuthetha lihlala lingomnye weyona migaqo ibalulekileyo nephikiswayo kubomi bedemokhrasi. Indaleko yalo, ulungelelwaniso lwayo, nokufuna kwayo intanda-bulumko, kunye nentlukwano engokomthetho zifuna ufundisiso olucokisekileyo kunye nengxoxo eqhubekayo. Njengoko ubugcisa obutsha butshintsha indlela esinxibelelana ngayo, kwaye njengoko ibutho labantu lizama ukumelana noxanduva phakathi kwenkululeko nokulingana, ucelomngeni olungundoqo lokuthetha ngokukhululekile luza kukhula lukhulu. Ukuxhotyiswe ngokuqonda okunamandla kweli lungelo lisisiseko, abemi bangakwazi ukudlula ngaphaya kwentetho yesidlanga-wonke kwaye bakhusele ukuxolelwana kweengcamango ezikhoyo ezixhomekeke kwidemo-demokhrasi.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, hlola iZiko leNcukumiso yokuSweba kuMbindi weTennessee yeLizwekazi, elinika intyilalwazi ebanzi yomthetho wokuGqibela kokuqala, okanye jonga kwi- iLiberties yeZibonelelo zangaphakathi zaseMelika ezikhululekileyo zobuGcine-Mveli[.