Ukuqonda Izikhundla Zorhulumente

Isakhiwo sikarhulumente asingosilwahlulo olunye; lusebenza kulwahlulo oluninzi, ngalunye olunegunya elikhethekileyo kunye nobungakanani. Owona mzekelo uqhelekileyo kwiinkqubo zorhulumente ezifana ne-United States, iJamani, ne-Australia ubandakanya imigangatho emithathu engundoqo: ummandla (okanye iphondo), kunye nolohlanga (okanye urhulumente). La manqanaba akahlukani kodwa asebenza kwinkqubo enamandla ebumba ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukuqonda le nkqubo ingumaleko ibalulekile kubemi ukuba bazi ukuba yeyiphi into elungele ukuphethulela iinkonzo, izikhalazo, okanye ukusebenzisa amandla ezobupolitika. Ukusasaza amagunya phakathi kwala manqanaba kudla ngokuchazwa ngomgaqo okanye ummiselo wokuyila, okuthoba okuguqula imida yemithetho kunye nempembelelo.

Umgangatho wasekuhlaleni ungowona ukhawulezileyo, uquka izixeko, izakhiwo, iidolophu, neengingqi ezikhethekileyo. Isingatha imicimbi echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo inkqubo yemihla ngemihla: amapolisa nokhuseleko lomlilo, ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma, iindlela zongingqi, iipaki, nemimiselo yokuhlanganisa. Umgangatho wezwe unegunya elibanzi, ulawulo lwemfundo, oorhulumente belizwe, ubuchule bobugcisa, kunye namanyathelo empilo kawonke-wonke. Umgangatho wesizwe ufikeleleka kakhulu, ukulawula inkqubo yangaphandle, intelekelelo-mthetho, intengiso, intengiselwano yezorhwebo, kunye nomthetho-siseko wamalungelo. Umgangatho ngamnye ufumana igunya kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo: oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kwimithetho okanye kurhulumente yabo, oorhulumente besizwe, kwimimiselo yabo kunye nomthetho-US.

Amalungelo Avunywa Ngamaqela Ahlukeneyo Karhulumente

Amalungelo awasasazwa ngokulinganayo kumgangatho karhulumente. Ngoxa iBhili yamaLungelo imisela ngokuyintloko inyathelo likarhulumente, ukhuseleko oluninzi luye lwadluliselwa kumazwe ngeSivumelwano seMsebenzi se-14 se-Claus. Noko ke, urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni bayakwazi ukunikela amalungelo awongezelelekileyo kunalawo akhuselweyo ngokwesizwe. Le nkqubo igqunywe ngomlinganiselo ithetha ukuba amalungelo ommi anokuhluka kuxhomekeka kwindawo ahlala kuyo nakumgangatho karhulumente asebenza kuwo.

Amalungelo obulali

Oorhulumente bengingqi basoloko benika amalungelo ngemithetho nemithetho-siseko kamasipala. Ezi ziquka ilungelo lokuthabatha inxaxheba kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni, ukuthetha ekuchongeni kwabantu, ukufikelela iirekhodi zikawonke-wonke phantsi kwemithetho yelanga, nokusebenzisa iindawo zikawonke-wonke ukwenzela ukuhlanganisa. Ngomzekelo, abanini bezinto banelungelo lokusebenzisa umhlaba wabo kwimithetho yezonga, kuquka ilungelo lokubhenela kwimiba. Ezinye izixeko ziye zamisela "ilungelo lokukhusela" imithetho echasene nongquzukiswano oluhamba ngaphaya kwelizwe okanye ukhuseleko lwamazwe.

Amalungelo Esizwe

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe usoloko unika amalungelo aphangaleleyo kunomGaqo-siseko wesizwe. Umzekelo, eminye imiGaqo-siseko yorhulumente iqinisekisa ilungelo kwimfundo ephezulu, imekobume ecocekileyo, okanye indawo eyimfihlo. Amazwe angawandisa amalungelo okuvota, njengokuvumela ukubhaliswa kosuku olunye, ukuvota okuzenzekelayo, okanye ukuvota ngeposi. Ilungelo lokuphatha imipu liphenjelelwa ngumthetho karhulumente: amanye amaphondo anezicwangciso "zifihlo-mthetho" ngexa abanye bevumela ukungathwali. Ngaphezu koko, amazwe angawamkela amalungelo afana nokucetyiswa kweqela labasebenzi okanye umgangatho orhulumente oluntu.

AmaLungelo

Urhulumente wesizwe ukhusela amalungelo asisiseko ngokuyintloko ngoMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kunye nokulungisa kwawo. Ezi ziquka inkululeko yokuthetha, yokushicilela, yonqulo, yokuhlanganisa kunye nesibongozo (Ukwandiswa Kokuqala); ilungelo lokuthwala iingalo (uMphetho-Mdaniso wesiXhosa); ukhuseleko ekuphenjelelwa okungekho ngqiqweni nokukhuthuzwa okungaqikelelwanga (Umphetho wesiGawulayo); inkqubo efunekayo kunye nokukhuselwa okufanayo (Ulawulo lwezinyuko lweNyaka); kwanelungelo lokuvota ngaphandle kocalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, isini, okanye ubudala (Fentententh, i-1979th Revolutionstions). Amaziko akwamanyeneyo afana [FLD: 0].U.S. urhulumente uyakwazi ukukhusela amalungelo e-oventi ye-octiventineencel [FFoctive [Foctive] kunye nemithetho yesizwe]

Iimbopheleleko ezinxulumene nomgangatho ngamnye kaRhulumente

Amalungelo neembopheleleko ziyinxalenye ezimbini zengqekembe enye. Abahlali banemisebenzi kuzo zonke imigangatho, njengokuthobela irhafu nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezentlalo.

Iimbopheleleko Zasekuhlaleni

Kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, abemi kufuneka bathobele imithetho kamasipala, njengemimiselo yengxolo, imithetho ye-leash, kunye nemithetho yokwakha. Ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu yempahla ngumsebenzi oyintloko, njengoko oorhulumente bengingqi bexhomekeke kakhulu kwingeniso yerhafu yempahla yezikolo, iindlela, neenkonzo zongxamiseko. Kulindeleke ukuba abemi baloo ndawo babe nenxaxheba kwimigudu yoluntu, njengokusebenza kwiibhodi zasekuhlaleni okanye ukuya kwiintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu. Kwezinye iindawo, kukho iimfuno zokususwa kwekhephu ezitrafini okanye ukulungiswa kwebala le-fashoni. Iimbopheleleko zasekuhlaleni ziquka ukuqukwa nokwenza i-equququzelela nokugcinwa kwemiqathango, nokusetyenziswa kwenkunkuma, kunye nokulumkisa abasemagunyeni kwiingozi zedolophu.

Iimbopheleleko Zesizwe

Iimbopheleleko zemeko-ntle ziquka ukuthobela imithetho yetyala lesizwe kunye neyeendlela, ukuhlawula ingeniso yemali kunye nerhafu yezorhwebo, kunye nokubhalisa iimoto. Abami kufuneka bafumane amalayisensi afakelweyo karhulumente okuqhuba, ukuloba, okanye ukwenza imisebenzi efana namayeza nomthetho. Umsebenzi kaJury usetyenziswa kwinkundla yenkundla yezomthetho, kwaye abemi kufuneka basebenze xa bebizwa. Unyulo kunyulo lukarhulumente luyimbopheleleko elungileyo neyoluntu; uninzi lwamazwe lukhuthaza okanye lubhaliselele. Ngaphezu koko, kusenokufuneka abemi bathathe inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zempilo ezinxulumene nomkhosi, njengaleyo yezo zokuthintela okanye ukubhalisa ukuzala.

Iimbopheleleko Zesizwe

Iimbopheleleko zesizwe ziquka ukuthobela imithetho karhulumente (umz., ukufuduka, ukubhalisa irhafu, imithetho yerhafu karhulumente), ukuhlawula irhafu yengeniso karhulumente, nokusebenza kwiinkundla zetyala lesithili. Iintsebenziswano kufuneka zithobele iimfuno zeNtlalo-ntle neMedicare, kuquka ukuhlawula iirhafu ezihlawulwa ngerhafu. Mhlawumbi eyona mbopheleleko iphambili kukuvota kunyulo lukarhulumente. Nangona ingeyomfuneko esemthethweni esemthethweni, ilelityekelo lobudemokhrasi. Omnye umsebenzi ongundoqo uhlala usaziswa ngemibandela yesizwe kunye nokubandakanya nabameli. Ukubhalisa umsebenzi okhethekileyo emkhosini kuhlala kuyimfuneko esemthethweni kubemi abangamadoda abaneminyaka emalunga eli-1825. Ngaphezu koko, abamele bawuhlonele umthetho womthetho-mthetho-onke.

Imidlalo edityanisiweyo phakathi kwamaqondo karhulumente

Ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente, urhulumente, norhulumente wasekuhlaleni aluyonkqubo elula; lubandakanya intsebenziswano, ingxabano, kunye nengxoxo. Ukuqonda esi sixhobo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela imigaqo efana ngayo nokunyamekela impilo, imfundo, kunye nezibonelelo.

Umanyano lwamaPhondo

I-afminitialism yomanyano lomanyano yimodeli apho imigangatho eyahlukeneyo isebenza kunye kwiingxaki ezifanayo, ngokufuthi ngenkxaso kunye nemigangatho ephuma kurhulumente wesizwe ukuya kumazwe nakwimimandla. Imizekelo iquka umanyano lwesizwe lweMedicaid (inkxaso-mali exhasweyo kwaye ilawulwa), iNkqubo yeSizwe (imigaqo yeNkqutyana ePhakamileyo kunye nokwakhiwa kweSizwe), kunye neNgxowa-mali yeNkxaso-mali (i-mali ehambisana nolawulo longxamiseko lwasekuhlaleni). Le ndlela ingenza imilinganiselo efanayo yohlanga ngexesha elingunxantathu xa kusetyenziswa ubuchule bokusebenza.

I-Supremacty Claus kunye nokuzicingela

Ngaphantsi koMgaqo-siseko waseSupremacy Claus (Article VI we-U.S.), umthetho wesizwe uthatha indawo yokuqala kunomthetho wesizwe ongqubanayo. Oku kungayikhulula okanye kusebenze kwasekuhlaleni kwiindawo ezifana nokufuduka, umgaqo wokusingqongileyo, okanye ukhuseleko lomthengi. Umzekelo, urhulumente akanakuyigunyazisa intsangu ngokusemthethweni ngenxa yokuzihlaziya ngaphandle kokujongana nemithetho karhulumente (ukunyanzeleka komthetho womthetho womthetho oyekelelayo). Umthetho wesizwe unokubalula (umthetho karhulumente uchaza ukuba uthathe indawo ephambili) okanye uqikelelwa (urhulumente akashicingi thuba lokuba ushiye indawo yesenzo sikarhulumente solawulo). Ngokufanayo, imithetho yelizwe idla ngokujongana ichasene nemithetho yasekuhlaleni, njengaxa urhulumente ekwalela izixeko ukuba kudluliselwe imithetho yokuqesha.

Ulawulo lwangaphakathi nolwasekhaya

Amazwe amaninzi anika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ulawulo lwamakhaya, evumela ukuba badlulisele imithetho kunye nokulawula imicimbi yasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokufuna ugunyaziso olukhethekileyo lukarhulumente. Oku kuzilawula kusenokukhokelela ekuhlaziyweni kweemeko ezifana ne-San Francisco ne-New York, imigaqo yempilo yasekuhlaleni, ukunyuka okuncinane kwemivuzo, kunye nemithetho yemeko-bume edlula imigaqo karhulumente okanye karhulumente. Noko ke, ulawulo lwasekhaya lulinganiselwe; imithetho yasekuhlaleni ayinakuphikisana norhulumente okanye umthetho karhulumente. I-Oficityhalo-mthetho yasekuhlaleni ikwathetha ukuba lo rhulumente unokuba nemithetho yasekuhlaleni eyahlukileyo kakhulu, ukusuka ekunqandweni kwemisweni kokutshaya kutsho kwizindlu ezinokulinganayo.

Ubuzwe beFederalism

Ulwalamano lwemali phakathi kwamanqanaba nalo lubumba amalungelo kunye neembopheleleko. Urhulumente wesizwe unika inkxaso-mali kumazwe nakwimimandla (umz., ukuze afumane imfundo ngeSihloko I, ukwenzela isithuthi esidlula kwiNkxaso yeNkxaso Ephakamileyo). Iimeko zidla ngokuhambisana nezi zibonelelo, ezifana nokufuna ukuba amazwe amisele isantya esithile okanye anyuse ukusela ngeminyaka ethile ukuya kunyaka wama-21. Oku kunika urhulumente ukuba axhotyiso lwemali kulawulo lolawulo lushiye ukuphumeza izinto ezithile.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Amalungelo Neembopheleleko Ziyasebenza

Xa kuhlolisiswa iinkalo ezithile zemigaqo yezopolitiko, kutyhilwa indlela imilinganiselo karhulumente ewachaphazela ngayo amalungelo nemisebenzi yemihla ngemihla.

Imfundo Kawonke-wonke

Imfundo ingumsebenzi oyintloko karhulumente nowasekuhlaleni. Indima karhulumente ilinganiselwe ekuxhaseni ngemali (umz., isiHloko se-II sabafundi abasweleyo, I-IDEA semfundo ekhethekileyo nokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu. Ngenxa yoko, inkxaso-mali yesikolo ixhomekeke kwirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni, idala izahlulo phakathi kwemimandla yezityebi namahlwempu. Ezinye iinkundla zesizwe ziye zawisa umthetho wokuba oku kuphule iziqinisekiso zomgaqo-siseko wemfundo efanayo, kukhokelela kutshintsho. Abazali banelungelo lokuya kwisikolo sasekhaya okanye bathumela abantwana kwisikolo sabucala (ngokubhekisele kwimithetho yemithetho yemfundo yezomthetho), kodwa kwakhona uxanduva lokuqinisekisa ukuba khona kwesikolo. .U.

Ukufumaneka kokuBonisa

Amalungelo okunika amalungelo akhuselwa kumgangatho wesizwe ngomGaqo-siseko kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo, kodwa alawula ulawulo oluninzi lonyulo. Oku kukhokelela kulwahlulo olubanzi: amanye amaphondo anovota kwangoko, akakho-mgunyathi ongekhoyo, kwaye abhaliswe ngokuzenzekelayo; amanye afuna i-ID engqongqo kwaye afumana ixesha elifutshane lokuvota. Amagosa onyulo asoloko egcina iirobhothi zovota kunye nolawulo lweendawo zokuvota. Abahlali banelungelo lokuvota ngokukhululekileyo, kodwa kwakhona bamele babhalise ngexesha, bazise ulwano olufunekayo, bayazi indawo yabo yokuvota. [[[FLT:]] IKhomishini yokhetho ibonelelo-luvolo. [[FLT]] inikela izikhokelo, kodwa abasebenzi begunyazi begunyazwe kunye namagunya asekuhlaleni.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo

Ukhuseleko lwemekobume lubandakanya onke amanqanaba. I-EPA yeNkcubeko yokuKhuselwa kweNtlalo-ntle yamanzi neNtloko yamanzi ecocekileyo, kodwa imigaqo-nkqubo isoloko isebenzisa le migaqo ngoorhulumente bengingqi. Oorhulumente bongingqi baphatha ulawulo lwenkunkuma, ukuphinda baphinde bafumane umgangatho wamanzi. Ezinye izixeko ziye zazivalela iiplastiki ezisebenzisa iplastiki enye okanye iikhowudi zokwakha ezifuna amandla asebenzayo, zidlulela ngaphaya kwemigaqo karhulumente okanye kwemithetho karhulumente. Ingingqi inelungelo lokucoca umoya namanzi (ngokufuthi ikhuselwe yimithetho karhulumente) kunye noxanduva lokulandela imithetho yokubuyisela iinguqulo, ukuphepha ukupheliswa nokuxhaswa komthetho.

Imigaqo-nkqubo

Inkoliso yamapolisa ngamagunya asekuhlaleni okanye asekuhlaleni. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wesizwe (iFBI, iDEA, njl.) kusingatha ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba imithetho yamapolisa, ukusebenzisa imigaqo yonyanzelo, kunye nokuphendula kohluka-hlukene. Abami banelungelo lokukhululeka ekuphandini nasekuxhuzulweni okungekho ngqiqweni (IsiHlayishi-mbombo), kodwa kwanoxanduva lokuthobela imithetho esemthethweni. Amasebe amapolisa asekuhlaleni aqinisekisa imithetho yorhulumente nemithetho yasekuhlaleni, kwaye abemi basenokuba nelungelo lokufaka izikhalazo okanye ukugwetyelwa kwemithetho engafanelekanga phantsi kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu (42.S.C.66.196). Ukuqonda okungaphantsi kokunyanzela okunokuchaphazela okuphawulekayo ukufaneleka kwabemi ukufuna uvuzo.

Unyango nempilo kawonke-wonke

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sabalaselisa i-interlive: amasebe asekuhlaleni afana neCDC kunye neFDA anika ukhokelo kunye nemithi yokugoma egunyazisiweyo, oorhulumente besizwe bakhupha imiqathango enyanzelisayo kunye nemiyalelo yokugoma kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanyanzelisa ukugqunywa okanye ukuvalwa kweshishini. Isebe lezonyango loluntu lalineembopheleleko zokulandela imiyalelo yokuzibophelela nokuvala isigqubuthelo sodwa kwimiqathango eyahlukeneyo, ngoxa kwakhona linamalungelo asekuhlaleni kwimicimbi yezonyango kunye nokunyanyekelwa kongxamiseko. .S. Isebe lezezempilo kunye neeNkonzo zoluntu [[FLT] lilawula iinkqubo zempilo zoomatilo-Medid kunye ne-inshorensidensi, kodwa lisebenzisa i-Medid kunye ne-inshorensiverance, kunye nemibutho yezo yezonyango yasekuhlaleni isoloko isebenzisa izigodilithi yezo zonyango kunye nezifo.

Ukunika Abemi Amandla Ngolwazi

Isakhiwo sikarhulumente asiyonto ithe ngqo; ichaphazela oko unokwenza, oko umele ukwenze, noko unokukulindela kumaqumrhu kawonke-wonke. Ukuqonda ukuba imbambano iye yawa phantsi kwengingqi, kwesizwe, okanye kwegunya lesizwe kukunceda ujonge ubungangamsha bakho, uqonde iimfuno zakho ezingokwasemthethweni, kwaye ukhusele amalungelo akho. Umzekelo, ukuba isitrato sakho sinendawo evulekileyo, kufuneka ubize isebe likawonke-wonke, hayi iBhunga. Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho esizwe aphulelwe, ungafumana ukhetho kwigunya-mvume lombuso lamalungelo abantu kunye nolawulo lwe-EOC.

Ummi onolwazi uxhotyiswe bhetele ukuba asebenzise iimbopheleleko ezinjengokuvota kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni, asebenze kwinkundla ephakamileyo yabachopheli-tyala, okanye acele utshintsho olufanelekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuqonda ukusetyenziswa koorhulumente kukunceda ubone indlela imigaqo efana nezindlu ezinokufikeleleka, imozulu, okanye utshintsho lomthetho olunetyala olunempumelelo ekwakheni ungenelela ngayo kulo lonke umgangatho.

Ekugqibeleni, amalungelo kunye neembopheleleko onazo azimiselwanga; ziguquka ngomthetho, izigwebo zenkundla, kunye nokungenelela kommi. Ngokuhlala uqonda indlela umgangatho ngamnye karhulumente ochaphazela ngayo ubomi bakho, ungafeza imisebenzi yakho yoluntu ngokunempumelelo kwaye ufune ukuba uphendulelwe ngamagosa akufuphi nawe. Ukuqhubeka ufunda, uphando olufana . U-USA. urhulumente we-A. u-FOV kunye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni okanye i-Cornell Information Institute offormations karhulumente yesizwe . Ulwazi luyisiseko sobumisebenzi obusebenzayo bobumishicimbi belizwe, kwaye lusebenzisa indlela yokuhamba kwelizwi lakho.