Isiseko sembali samalungelo omgangatho womGaqo-siseko

Umgaqo wokuba bonke abantu bafanelwe kukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokuba umthetho ungabikho ngokupheleleyo. Wakhiwa ukutyhubela iinkulungwane zomlo nxamnye nobukhoboka obuzinzileyo ```igqilazo, i-liverianism', ulawulo lwamathanga, kunye nemithetho esemthethweni eyathi ngokucacileyo yabeka abantu ngokwendlela yokuzalwa, uhlanga, okanye ubufana. EUnited States, amaxwebhu asungulweyo enkulungwane ye-18 avakalisa ukuba “bonke abantu badalwe belingana,” kodwa umGaqo-siseko omnye ujonge ubukhoboka bengxoxo. Oko kuphikisa kwamisela iqonga elide nenobukrakra ukuze kuguqulele umlinganiselo ongenakuchazwa kwisiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko esingumthetho.

Amalungelo okulingana njengoko siwazi namhlanje abangelwa kakhulu yimibutho emikhulu yenkululeko yenkulungwane ye-19 kunye neye-20. Ukupheliswa kobukhoboka kuBukhosi baseBritane (1833), i-United States (1865), kunye nezinye iindawo kwachithwa, kodwa ukukhutshwa okusemthethweni okusemthethweni kuphela akuzange kukhuseleke. Ulawulo lweSindululo sobuGaqo-mthetho lwama-U.S.(umGaqo- 18,5, kunye ne-15) luqinisekisiwe ukukhuselwa kokhuseleko olulinganayo kunye namalungelo okuvota, nangona isithembiso sawo sakhuselwa ngokukhawuleza yimithetho yeCrow kunye nenkundla e-RCUPGPGP), ingulight [[FLT:] v[FLD].[FULD1:1] [1866], ngokufanayo, amabhinqa afumana amalungelo amabhinqa amaninzi okuvotasa phakathi kootawa, kodwa alingana nemfundo yeze yahlala ikho.

Imibutho yamalungelo abantu ephakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20 yazisa ungxamiseko olutsha olusemthethweni nolungokokuziphatha ekulinganani. EUnited States, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1854] (1954) yabhukuqa “ukungalingani kodwa ilingana” imfundiso, ngelixa i-Civil Rights Act ka 1964 kunye nomthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965] oguqulelwe kwimigaqo-siseko enyanzelekileyo. Ehlabathini lonke, ukuhlaziywa kwamalungelo abantu nokunyuka kwamalungelo ehlabathi liphela (epitomizelwe yi-Universal Declation of Human Rights (198).[8] ikhuthaza imimiselo emitsha yokwahlulelo eqinileyo. Iinko yemiqatha

  • Ukumkelwa kweCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982), eCandelo layo le - 15 liqinisekisa ukulingana ngaphandle kocalucalulo.
  • UMgaqo-siseko waseMzantsi Afrika (1996), oluthintela ngokucacileyo ucalucalulo ngezizathu ezininzi yaye uvumela ukuvuma.
  • Ukwanda komthetho olinganayo kwiNkundla yaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu phantsi kweGatya 14 leNkomfa yaseYurophu.

Amalungiselelo omGaqo-siseko oMgaqo-siseko oLuntu

Umgaqo-siseko wangoku uqulathe iintlobo ezimbini zokulingana eziziqinisekiso: icandelo elilinganayo jikelele kunye nomtya ongadibaniyo. Igalelo jikelele lisebenzisa ulwimi olufana “bonke abantu bayalingana phambi komthetho kwaye banelungelo lokukhuselwa ngokulinganayo komthetho.” Olungelulo hlanga lunemiqathango eyalelweyo, edla ngokubaquka uhlanga, unqulo, ubuhlanga, ubulwelwe, imbonakalo yesondo, kunye nobudala. Eminye imimiselo iquka umgaqo wemigaqo-miyalelo okanye imbopheleleko karhulumente yokukhuthaza ulingana ngemilinganiselo elungileyo.

Ukukhuselwa Nokungenelwa Ngokulinganayo

ISikhuseli esilinganayo sika-Claus weSinyusi se-U.S. singumzekelo onempembelelo kumthetho oqhelekileyo. Iyalela ukuba akukho rhulumente “uya kukhusela nabani na okwigunya lakhe ukukhuselwa okufanayo kwemithetho.” IiNkundla ziye zasebenzisa eli binzana zisebenzisa uphando olunemiqathango olulandelelanayo kuhlolo olufana nohlanga, ukuhlolwa okuphakathi kwemithetho yezezoqoqosho neyoluntu. ECanada, icandelo le-15(1) loMgaqo-wo-woMgaqo-ngo ukhusela umgangatho olinganayo noncedo olulinganayo lomthetho, kunye noncedo olulinganayo lomthetho, "lokuqinisekisa ukuba zilingana nolulungele ukulingana."

Icandelo 9 loMzantsi Afrika liphakathi kobubanzi obugqithisileyo, lithintela ucalucalulo olungekhoyo ngqo okanye ngokungangqalanga kwaye ngokucacileyo livumela amanyathelo okuvuma. INkundla yezomGaqo-siseko ibambelele kwelokuba ukulingana kubandakanya ilungelo lokungacalulwa kunye nelungelo lokuthatha amanyathelo okufikelela ukulingana okupheleleyo. Lo mlinganiso mphini ubonisa ukutshintshwa [ kobulingana (ukusetyenziswa kwamatyala afanayo) ukulingana nomlinganiselo olinganayo [[FLT] opheleleyo] (ukwamkela ukuba unyango olufanayo lunokudlulisela ukungalingani okungalungelelani

Ukupheliswa Kocalulo

Uludwe olucacileyo lwezicwangciso ezalelweyo lunzima kuba lubonisa ukuba amaqela embali athotyelwe phantsi kwaye lubonisa ukuzimisela kukarhulumente ukulungisa loo mbali. Umgaqo-siseko omninzi uquka udidi oluphindayo olufana “okanye nawuphi na omnye umhlaba” ukuvumela ukukhuselwa okuququzelela ucalucalulo. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko wamaIndiya (uMgaqo-siseko 15) uthintela ukucalucalucalucalulo ngokwezikhundla zonqulo, uhlanga, uhlanga, isini, okanye indawo yokuzalwa, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yafunda kulo imigaqo-nkqubo ye-ntloko yesini. Ngokufanayo, imfundiso ye-Canadian Chater iyazi yemfundo esekelwe kwizifundo ezintsha.

Isenzo Esizinzileyo Neembopheleleko Ezifanelekileyo

Amalungelo okulingana akangowona ajongelwa phantsi kuphela, asoloko emisela imisebenzi elungileyo kurhulumente. Amalungiselelo aqinisekisiweyo avumela okanye afuna ukuba urhulumente amkele amanyathelo aluncedo amaqela asweleyo ngokweembali. UmGaqo-siseko woMzantsi Afrika ucacile: “Ukukhuthaza ukuphumelela kokulingana, uwiso-mthetho kunye namanye amanyathelo acetyelwe ukukhusela okanye ukuqhubekisa abantu, okanye amaqela abantu, angenankathalo lunokuthatyathwa.” Amalungiselelo anjalo ayaqonda ukuba ulinganisela kufuna ukucutha ibala, hayi nje ukususa imithetho yokukhetha.

Ukucaciswa kwesigwebo nemigangatho yokuzihlola

Iinkundla zikhusela amalungelo alinganayo. Iinkqubo zazo zokuchaza indlela izithembiso zomgaqo-siseko eziguqulela ngayo kwizinto zokhuseleko lokwenene lwehlabathi. Abagwebi kufuneka balungelelanise imfuneko yokulungisa ucalulo kwiinjongo ezisemthethweni zikarhulumente, ezifana nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke okanye ukhuseleko lwesizwe.

EUnited States, ukuvavanywa okunemigca kuphumele kwingxelo eyomeleleyo kodwa engalinganiyo. Uhlalutyo olungqongqo luye lwasetyenziswa ukubetha imigaqo-nkqubo yokukhetha uhlanga kunye nokufuduka kohlanga, kodwa luye lwasetyenziswa ngokungaguquguqukiyo ekuvumeni amatyala. Imeko yophawu . I-Regents zeYunivesithi yaseCalifornia v. Bakke[FLT][12] [1988] luye luvumele uhlanga lube yimeko ekuvumeleni kodwa lungavumeli imiqathango ekwamkelweyo, kwaye kamva izigqibo ziye zanciphisa umda ovumelekileyo. Iimeko zocalucalulo zifumana uhlolo oluphakathi, njengoko zimiselwe .[FLT] v[FLT][FT][3] [3]][3][6], nto leyo efuna ukuba urhulumente urhulumente abonise “ukwanelo oluneyo lobulungisa bemithetho yesini.

Ezinye iindawo zisebenzisa uvavanyo oluninzi lwemeko. Icandelo 15 laseKhanada libandakanya amanyathelo amabini: okokuqala, nokuba umthetho udala umahluko obangela umthwalo okanye uthintela uncedo olusekelwe kwibala okanye kwilizwe elinomahluko; okwesibini, nokuba umahluko ukwindlela encinci. "````````'''''''''' ukhuthaza ikhethe okanye imodeli.' Inkundla ePhakamileyo yeKhanada' isenza isigqibo esikwi-[. RR.[[FLT: 1] [2008]] [2008]) icacisa ukuba umahluko awungqubani na umlinganiselo wokulingana; ukugxininiswa nokuba umahluko unesiphumo soncedo.

INkundla yezomGaqo-siseko yaseMzantsi Afrika isebenzisa uvavanyo oluntsonkothileyo localulo olungekho sikweni. Phantsi kweCandelo 9, ucalulo luthathwa njengolungasesikweni ukuba lukwindawo edwelisweyo, kwaye umphicothi-nxaxheba kufuneka angqine ukuba lulungile. Inkundla iqwalasela isikhundla somntu okhalazayo kwibutho labantu, injongo yocalulo, kwaye nokuba lo nto iphazamisa isidima sabo sobuntu. Le ndlela, iphuhliswa kwi- Harksen v. Lane (1997), ibeka umthwalo onzima ocacileyo kwimo.

Imigaqo engundoqo ekwimithetho elawulayo iquka:

  • Strict uphando lokwahlula ngokwesizwe, uhlanga, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe, olufuna umdla karhulumente onyanzelayo kunye nokuthunga okumxinwa.
  • Uphando oluphakathi lokwahlulwa ngokweentlobo ezisekelwe kwilungu, okufuna umdla obalulekileyo karhulumente kunye nolwalamano oluqinileyo kwinjongo.
  • Isiseko sesiseko sohlolo kwezinye izigaba, apho umthetho kufuneka unxulumene ngokufanelekileyo nenjongo esemthethweni karhulumente.
  • Ukuqonda ukuba ucalucalulo olungangqalanga (imiphumo engacalulwanga) kunokuwaphula amalungelo okulingana kwanokuba umthetho awuthathi cala.
  • Ukungatshati ngocalulo olusekelwe kwiingcamango eziqhelekileyo nezisekelwe kwiingcamango ezingeqela, ngokuchaseneyo nomahluko wokwenene.

Ucelomngeni Lokufumana Amalungelo Alinganayo

Nangona kukho ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, umsantsa phakathi kwemigaqo esemthethweni namava aphilayo uhlala mkhulu. Ubuhlanga, ubufanasini, nokuchasana neLGBTQ kuyaqhubeka nakwezona ntlalo zihambele phambili.

Ubuhlanga Nezenzo Zogonyamelo Zamapolisa

Ukulingana komGaqo-siseko akukhange kuphelise umahluko wobuhlanga kwizaphuli-mthetho, kwindlu, emsebenzini, kunye nempilo. EUnited States, umbutho onjengoBlack Lives Confect ubalaselise indlela yokusebenzisa i-flags, ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango, kunye nokuthunjwa kwabantu abaninzi ngokungenakulinganiswa kuchaphazela imimandla yabantsundu nababhila nababhila-bhabhabhayo. Iinkundla bezisoloko zingakuthandi ukufumana ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko kwiindlela zokwenza izinto, zifuna ubungqina bokucalulwa ngokweqhinga phantsi “injongo” ebekwe ku umgangatho we-Shyhington v. [[FLT:][1] [12] [19,6]. Oku kwahluka-mthetho efana ne-Canada, apho iinkundla zikulungele ukuqwalasela iziphumo ezichasene-mgalelo.

Ukungalingani Emsebenzini

Ukulingana komGaqo-siseko akuwuvali umsantsa wemali ehlawulwayo, oqhubekeka kumazwe amaninzi. Iimpumelelo ezisemthethweni ezinjengokuhlawula umthetho olinganayo kunye nemithetho elwa nocalucalulo-calulo lwezobuhlanga ziye zabangela umahluko, kodwa ukwahlukana ngokwemisebenzi, ukungaboni, nokungakhathalelwa kwabantwana kuyaqhubeka kuthintela amabhinqa. Eminye imimiselo iqinisekisa ngokucacileyo ukuba ihlawulwa ngokulinganayo ngomsebenzi olinganayo, kodwa imiqathango yokuqinisekisa isoloko ibuthathaka. Umbutho we-Meo ukwabhebhebhenelisa indlela ucalucalulo ngokwesini, kwaye ulu hlobo localucalucalulo ngokwesini (ukunga kwesondo) kunye nokungalawuleki kwendlela yokunga.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo kunye nokukhulula konqulo

Amalungelo okulingana eLGBTQ+ abantu baye bahambela phambili ngokuphawulekayo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, nomgaqo-siseko omninzi ngoku ukhusela imbonakalo yesondo kunye nobufanasini. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo Obergefell v. Hodges[ (202011] ulwamkele ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko kumtshato omnye. (2011) kodwa, iingxabano ziye zavela phakathi kwamalungelo alinganayo kunye neemfuno zenkululeko yonqulo. Ityala enjenge [[FLTLT:2]] iMacapeck Workings v. Coloradovian Rights Comment Comment Comment ) [2018]) ku-U. kunye neemeko ezifanayo ze-UK kumboniso wamanye amazwe alungele ukukhuselwa kobuphiswa kobuhlanga.

Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho Nokufumana Okusesikweni

Umgaqo-siseko olinganayo uthetha ngokuyintloko ngekhethe, hayi ngokweemeko zezoqoqosho. Ngoxa eminye imimiselo iquka amalungelo entlalo nezoqoqosho (umz., ilungelo loMzantsi Afrika lokufumana izindlu, ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo nemfundo), inkoliso ayiphumeleli. Isiphumo kukuba umntu osisityebi unokufikelela kwimiqathango ephezulu esemthethweni ukunyanzelisa amalungelo akhe okulingana, ngoxa umntu olihlwempu engenako. Ukunqunyulwa, iindleko zenkundla, kunye nenkqubo entsonkothileyo edala inkqubo emibini ejongela phantsi isithembiso sokukhusela okulinganayo. Amanye amaqela eencwadi ajongeneyo ajikele ekuceleni imigaqo efuna ukulingana komgangatho olinganayo, ngoxa umntu olihlwempuzekileyo engakwazi.

Indima Yoluntu Nokulawula

Imibutho yobugcisa ibalulekile ekuguquleni amalungelo okulingana komGaqo-siseko ukuba abe lutshintsho olubonakalayo.

  • [[NTL:0] Ityala --okanye ukungenisa amatyala ovavanyo ukucacisa nokwandisa ukulingana kokhuseleko. Umzekelo, i-Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) ibiphambili kucelomngeni ukuya kwimithetho yocalulo, ukusuka kukwahlula ukuya kulingana emtshatweni.
  • Imfundo yeQumrhu [[FLT: 0] - amaphulo okubaleka ukwazisa abantu ngamalungelo abo nokuguqula uluvo lukawonke-wonke kwimibandela yokulingana. Iintlangano ezifana neCammentary yamalungelo oluntu kunye nokulingana Ngoku zisebenzisa amajelo-ndaba, iingxelo, kunye neziganeko ukunyusa ulwazi.
  • i-accompacy – Iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezibotshelelweyo ukugqithisa imithetho eyomeleleyo neyokuxhasa ukugcinwa komsebenzi. Amaqela amaninzi aye aqhubela phambili ngenxa yemimiselo ehlaziyiweyo yentiyo, ukuhlawula iimfuno zokubona ngaphaya, kunye neenkqubo zokuvota ezifikelelekayo.
  • Isakhiwo sokuqokelela imicimbi – sidibanisa uluntu olwahlukeneyo ukuze lufune ukulingana. Iindlela ezidibeneyo ezithetha amava angenayo obuhlanga, ubufanasini, kunye ne homophobia zigqalwa njengezibalulekileyo.

Imizekelo ephumelelayo yokusetyenziswa kwemithetho ekhokelela kutshintsho lomgaqo-siseko iquka iphulo lokufakwa kwembonakalo yesondo njengendawo ekwalelwe kuyo itshati yaseKhanada (ekhutshwe ngotoliko lwezomthetho kwi-] Egan v. Canada[, 1995]) kunye nokulwa eMzantsi Afrika ukuquka amalungelo entlalo-zoqoqosho kwimithetho-siseko yamva.

Imbono Yomhlaba Wonke Namalungelo Abantu Ezizwe Ngezizwe

Amalungelo okulingana komGaqo-siseko akakho kwingingqi. Ayaphenjelelwa ngokukhulayo ngumthetho wamalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke. Iingxoxo ezifana noMvumelwano wezizwe ngezizwe wamalungelo abantu nawamazwe ngamazwe (ICCCPR) kunye neNdibano yokupheliswa kwaMahlelo Onke Ocalucalulo kumabhinqa (CEDAW) zimisela imilinganiselo esoloko ikhankanywa ziinkundla zesizwe. ISicatshulwa-A African on Human and People’s Convention on Human Rights (ICCPR) nazo zibumba ukulingana kwamalungelo abantu kwimimandla yazo.

Amanye amazwe aye afaka umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ngqo kwimigaqo yawo yomthetho wasekhaya. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko waseMzantsi Afrika ufuna ukuba iinkundla ziqwalasele umthetho wehlabathi xa zitolika iBhili yamaLungelo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseKhanada isoloko ibhekisela kwizixhobo zamalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke ekutolikeni kwecandelo 15.

Isiphelo: Umsebenzi Ongagqitywanga Wokulingana

Amalungelo okulingana komGaqo-siseko aphakathi kwezona zixhobo zinamandla ibutho labantu elinokuzisebenzisa nxamnye nokungekho sikweni. Achaza imbopheleleko eyabelweneyo ngesidima somntu kwaye anika isiseko esisemthethweni sokuvavanya ucalucalulo kuzo zonke iintlobo zalo. Kodwa imimiselo ayizibulali. Umahluko phakathi kwedinga lokukhuselwa okulinganayo kunye nezona zinto zikhoyo zokungalingani kwenkqubo kufuneka uhlale uphaphile, ukhuthazo, ukunyanzeleka, nokugcinwa komthetho.

Ukuqonda imvelaphi yembali, amalungiselelo angundoqo, isiseko sokwenziwa, kunye nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo lwamalungelo okulingana komGaqo-siseko kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kumlo wokulwela ibutho labantu elinobulungisa. Inkqubela iye yayinto yokwenene kwaye ibalulekile, kodwa ayinakunqandwa. Njengokuba iindlela ezintsha zocalulo zivela `ngobugrafini, ukungalungisi-mthetho-siseko, okanye ukukhukuliswa kwemilinganiselo yedemokhrasi ."umgaqo-siseko omele ukuba wonke umntu ufanele ukukhathalelwa nokuhlonelwa ngokulinganayo kwaye ulungelelaniswa. Umsebenzi wokulingana uhlala uhleli, kwaye umgaqo-siseko uhlala usekelwe.

[[UMTL_E] ukufunda ngokuphinda-phindeneyo:[[UMTLL:1]