Uxinzelelo phakathi kokhuseleko lwesizwe namalungelo omntu luye lwaba ngumxholo ozingisileyo kulo lonke ulawulo lomntu, ukwandisa amaxesha amanqam nokuhlehla ngexesha lozinzo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ukuba ulungelelwaniso ngelesipili senkqubo efanelekileyo, umgaqo osemthethweni owenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuphathwa kakuhle nokuthintela izenzo zoburhulumente ezizimeleyo. Ngokuhlolisisa imizekelo yembali, imingeni yangoku, kunye nendima equkuqelayo yejaji, singayiqonda kakuhle indlela iingingqi ezizama ngayo ukudibanisa ukhuseleko lweqela kunye nokhuseleko lwenkululeko esisiseko.

Ukuqonda Ukhuseleko Lwesizwe

Ukhuseleko lwesizwe lubhekisela ekukhuseleni abemi besizwe, kwezoqoqosho, kwimibutho, nasekugqibeleleni kwelizwe kwizinto ezisongelayo.

  • Ukulungiselela umkhosi kunye namaqhinga okuzikhusela ukunqanda okanye ukusabela kuhlaselo lwezixhobo.
  • Ukuqokelela ubukrelekrele nokugada ukuze kubonwe nokupheliswa kweso sisongelo.
  • Imigudu yokulwa nobunqolobi, ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.
  • Unxulumano oludityanisiweyo kunye nezivumelwano ezinyusa ukhuseleko lweqela.
  • Inyathelo lokukhusela izibonelelo ezicetyiweyo kunye nogcino-lwazi.

Nangona le miqathango ibalulekile kwimo esebenzayo, isoloko ibandakanya izenzo eziphazamisana nenkululeko yokuhamba, kunye nezinye iinkululeko zoluntu. Ucelomngeni olungundoqo lukukwazi ukubalasela imida nemida yezenzo ezinjalo, ingakumbi xa zithatyathwa emfihlekweni okanye zingahoywa.

Ukubaluleka Kwamalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Amalungelo omntu ngamnye yinkululeko nenkuselo esisiseko eqinisekiswe kubo bonke abantu abakwigunya elithile. Kwibutho ledemokhrasi, la malungelo asebenza njengendlela yokuhlola igunya lorhulumente kwaye angundoqo kwisidima soluntu. Amalungelo angundoqo asoloko equka:

  • Inkululeko yokuthetha neyokuthetha, kuquka ilungelo lokugxeka urhulumente.
  • Ukuzilawula nokuzikhusela ekungeneni okungeyomfuneko.
  • Inkqubo yomthetho elindelekileyo, ukuqinisekisa iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente ahluthe umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla.
  • Ukhuseleko ekuphandeni okungekho mthethweni nasekuxhuzuleni, kufuna unobangela olindelekileyo kunye nemithetho egwebayo.
  • Inkululeko yonxulumano nendibano, evumela abemi ukuba balungelelanise baze baxhase bonke.

La malungelo akaphelelanga; anokulinganiselwa xa kuyimfuneko ukuze afikelele izilangazelelo zikarhulumente ezinyanzelisayo, ezinjengokhuseleko lwesizwe. Kodwa indlela nomlinganiselo waloo miqathango umele ugwetyelwe kakuhle yaye ufanele uphandwe ngokusemthethweni.

Imodeli

Inkqubo elindelekileyo yeyomGaqo-siseko neyomthetho egunyazisa ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo kwinkqubo yezomthetho eqhelekileyo. Isebenza njengesixhobo sokukhusela ukuncishwa kobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngokungeyomfuneko. Inkqubo elindelekileyo ifakwe kumaxwebhu aliqela asisiseko:

  • IsiHlaziso sesihlanu soMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, esisebenza kurhulumente wesizwe yaye siqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu “uzakufumana ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.”
  • ISindululo Seshumi Elinane, esidlulisela esi siqinisekiso koorhulumente.
  • Izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu zamazwe ngamazwe, ezifana noMnqophiso Wezizwe Ngezizwe Ongelungelo Lamalungelo Asekuhlaleni Nelasekuhlaleni, nazo ezifuna ukwenziwa kweenkqubo ezifanelekileyo.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo inemilinganiso emibini ephakathi kunye neyangaphakathi. Inkqubo yengcaciso ibhekiselele kumanyathelo urhulumente amele awathabathe ngaphambi kokuba enze oko kuthethwa ngurhulumente, njengaxa kunikwa isaziso, ithuba lokuva, kunye nomenzi wesigqibo sobundilele. Inkqubo yokuzibophelela engaphantsi kwenqanawa ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleni kwemiqathango karhulumente, kwanaxa kukho ukhuseleko lwesizwe, inkqubo efanelekileyo ithatha uhlobo lokhangelo lwezahlulelo, habeas corpus, kunye nokufikelela kwisiluleko.

Inkqubo emiselweyo kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe

Ngexesha lokhuseleko lwesizwe, oorhulumente baye bafuna ukudlula kwimigangatho yokhuseleko olufanelekileyo, bephikisa ngelithi isantya kunye nokufihla imfihlo kuyimfuneko ukukhusela uhlaselo. Noko ke, iinkundla ziye zama ngelithi kwanakumaxesha obunzima, izinto ezisisiseko zenkqubo ezifanelekileyo azinakususwa ngokupheleleyo. Umzekelo, . RUMSfeld [2004], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ithe i-U.S. yagqiba kwelokuba ummi oyintloko wenkqubo yemfazwe akanakukhutshwa ngokupheleleyo. Njengotshaba kufuneka abe nethuba lokukhuphisana ngesizathu esiyinyaniso sokuvalelwa kwakhe phambi komenzi wesigqibo sobundilele.

Inkqubela elindelekileyo kunye nomlinganiselo wamaLungelo

Inkqubo esisiseko esisiseko isetyenziswa xa imiqathango yokhuseleko lwesizwe iphazamisa ngokuthe ngqo kumalungelo asisiseko, njengamalungelo okutshata, ukukhulisa abantwana, okanye ukukhenketha. Ngoxa urhulumente enokuthi abeke umda amalungelo athile ngenxa yokhuseleko lwesizwe, loo miqathango kufuneka iphumelele kuvavanywa ngokungqongqo. Kufuneka ilungiswe ngokucuthayo ukuze kusetyenziselwe inzala karhulumente enyanzelekileyo. Lo mlinganiselo uphakamileyo awufane uhlangatyelwe, nto leyo ebangela ukuba imigaqo emininzi yeposi ye-9/11 ijongene neengxaki ezisemthethweni.

Imeko

Ukutyhubela imbali, oorhulumente baye babeka unqabiseko lwesizwe kwindawo yokuqala, ingakumbi xa kusithiwa kuyinto eyingozi.

Ukungenelela kweMerika ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II

Ngo-1942, uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt Olungelelwano loMlawuli oPhezulu otyikitywe ngo-9066, egunyazisa ukufuduswa nokufakwa ngokunyanzelekileyo kwama-Japan angaphezu kwe-110 000, ababini-sithathu abo babengabemi base-U.S. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa inkqubo Koritatsu v. United States[FLT] [1944] [iii-1944]), ichaza ukuba ngurhulumente kwemfuneko komkhosi. Esi sigqibo sihlala singumzekelo ocacileyo wenkundla yokusilela ukukhusela amalungelo ngamanye ngexesha lemfazwe. Emashumi eminyaka kamva, urhulumente wavuma ukungabikho kobulungisa kwaye wakhupha iimpethulo, kodwa isehlolo sisebenza njengesilumkiso malunga neengozi ezinxulumene nenkqubo zobuhlanga okanye imvelaphi yohlanga.

Umthetho wePosi-9/11

Ngo-Oktobha 2001, uMthetho we-USA PATRIOT wandisa ngokuphawulekayo amandla okuhlola omthetho wase-U.S. Amalungiselelo afana neCandelo 215 avumela ukuqokelelwa okukhulu kweminxeba yeminxeba, lo gama iNational Security Letters (NSSL) yanika i-FBI amandla okufuna iingxelo zoshishino ngaphandle kokungagadiswa. Abameli benkululeko yabemi baphikisa ukuba la manyathelo aphazamisa ukukhuselwa koMphengululo weSine sokuHlaziywa nokuxhuzula okungaqinisiyo kwaye ayengenayo inkqubo efanelekileyo yokukhusela. Imingeniselo esemthethweni kunye nokukhala kwabantu ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela ekuhlazisweni, kuquka noMthetho we-USA Freeivetion (USTUS), oye waphelisa ukuqokelelwa kwemithetho yemibalwane yemigculo ngoxa igcina abanye abasemagunye abasemagunye.

Iinkqubo Zokuhamba Nesantya Ezazityhilwa NguEdward Snowden

Ngo-2013, owayesakuba yiNSA i-Snowden wabhenca amaxwebhu achaza iinkqubo zokuhlola ihlabathi lonke eziqhutywa yi-NSA kunye namahlakani ayo. Izityhilo zaziquka iPRISM, inkqubo eyanyanzela iinkampani ze-intanethi ukuba zinike i-data yomsebenzisi, kunye nokujongwa kweenkokeli zamanye amazwe zonxibelelwano. Ezi ngxelo zabangela ukuba kubekho ingxoxo yehlabathi lonke eyimfihlo, inkqubo efunekayo, kunye nemiqathango yamandla olawulo lwezizolawulo lwelizwe. Inkundla ye-U.U.S.GUGqrightinst Surveillance Court (FAN.) yagunyaza) yagunyazisa iinkqubo ezininzi zezi nkqubo, kodwa abagxeki bebo baphawula ukuba inkundla isebenza ngokufihlakeleyo, ngokunikela ubungqina kuphela, ngokufanelekileyo ingavumi naliphi naliphi naliphi ithuba lokuvavanya ulawulo olucacileyo.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje

Kule mimandla, ulungelelwano phakathi kokhuseleko lwesizwe namalungelo omntu ngamnye lujongene nocelomngeni olutsha noluntsonkothileyo oluqhutywa bubugcisa kunye neziphekepheke ezisongelayo.

Izisongelo Zokhuseleko Nemfihlo Yogcino-lwazi

Oorhulumente baya befuna ukufikelela kunxibelelwano olufihliweyo kunye nogcino-lwazi lobuqu olufihlakeleyo egameni lokuthintela ubugrogrisi kunye nohlaselo lwekhompyutha. Noko ke, amanyathelo afana nokukhutshelwa kwekhowudi efihlakeleyo okanye iindlu zangasemva zenza buthathaka ukhuseleko kubo bonke abasebenzisi kwaye ziphakamise imiba enzulu efunekayo yenkqubo. Ingxoxo emalunga nesiphelo sokukhowuda ikhusela ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke nxamnye nelungelo lonxibelelwano lwabucala. Iinkundla kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho zilwa nzima ukwenza izakhiwo ezisemthethweni ezivumela ukufikelela ngokusemthethweni ngaphandle kokuhlisa ukhuseleko lwamanani okanye iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo.

Ubuntlola Obenziweyo Nobuchule Bokuxela Ikamva

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Al kukhuseleko lohlanga-lulo. njengokuxela kwangaphambili ukuchasana kwezisongelo, ubuchule bokuqwalasela ubuso, kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezizenzekelayo kulawulo lomda.

Imilinganiselo yomlinganiselo wendalo kunye nemithetho yokuhamba

Amazwe amaninzi aye andisa ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi lwe-biometric kwimida, kuquka ii-scan ze-is okanye uvavanyo lwe-DNA. ISebe loKhuseleko lwase-U.S. liyi- i-biometric wind port/system/system[ igxekwe ngokuqokelela i-data ku-U.S. ngaphandle kolawulo olwaneleyo. Imiqathango esekelwe kwisizwe okanye kunqulo, esekelwe kwimithetho yesithathu, echaza umongameli obanzi phezu kwegunya lobugxwayiso, kodwa isigqibo saso sangacekwaphantsi kokhuseleko lwesizwe.

Uvavanyo Lomzekelo

Ukuhlolisisa iziganeko ezithile ngokucokisekileyo kubonisa indlela imigaqo efunekayo evavanywa ngayo.

Ukuqhushumba Kwebhombu EBoston Nezenzo Ezilandelayo Ezingokwasemthethweni

Emva kohlaselo lwebhombu lwangonyaka ka-2013 eBoston Marathon, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kwasetyenziswa ubuchule bokuhlola kwaye wabamba omnye orhanelwayo, uDzhokar Tsarnaev, phantsi kokhuseleko lukawonke wonke kuMiranda. Wancinwa iintsuku ezimbini ngaphandle kwecebiso phambi kokuba afunde amalungelo akhe. Ngoxa urhulumente waphikisa ukuba isisongelo esikhawulezileyo sithethelele ukulibazisa, abahlali bemi baphikisa ukuba umahluko ubekwe ngaphaya komda wawo ocetyiweyo. UTsarnaev wagwetywa ngetyala waze wagwetyelwa ukufa. Ityala ligxininisa uxinzelo phakathi kobugrobo obusebenzayo nolwelo oluchasene nomthetho kunye nolwesihlanu lomthetho-okconcilk-inmination.

Ukuhlaselwa Yinqwelo - moya Nokubulawa Kwabantu

Ukusetyenziswa koorhulumente base-U.S. ukuhlasela abagrogrisi abarhanelwayo phesheya kwe-$2] kuquka abemi base-U.S. abafana no-Anwar al-Awlaki/abenempikiswano enkulu. Le misebenzi yenziwa ngaphandle kwemvume yokugweba, kwaye imigaqo yokufakwa “kuludwe lokubulala” iqatshelwe ngokwamaqela. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba ukubulala okuthengiweyo kwaphulwa ngokunciphisa abantu ngabanye abanobomi ngaphandle kokuqhubeka okanye ithuba lokukhuphisana negama labo. Ulawulo lwe-Obama lwaqinisekisa ukuba ukubetha okunjalo kwakusemthethweni wehlabathi kunye nokugunyazisa umkhosi (AMF). Noko ke, ukungakho kokubonakala nokuphendula kombuzo kuhlala kuyinkqubo enzulu efuna ukuxhala.

Ubuninzi bemfazwe esemthethweni engqongwe yiNSA

Ityala elinjenge [[FLT: 0] I-Amnesty International (2013) kunye . ICLU-AP (2015) ivavanye ukuma kwe-Flaptics NSAPUUS. [[FLT:] Ukuhlola] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]] [iNkunye iNkunyenziswa], iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambe ukuba intlukwano zabantu azimi ngenxa yokuba azikhange zibonise ukuba unxibelelwano lwazo luvaliwe, i-Cach-222 zaziyimfihlelo. Esi sigqibo sayikhuselwe kakuhle inkqubo yokuhlola ityala, ukuphakamisa imibuzo engokungasetyenziswayo xa ubungqina bebucala bungafikeli. [Foctive] [5]

Indima Yecudia

Ijaji idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni ulungelelwano phakathi kokhuseleko lwesizwe namalungelo abantu. Iinkundla zihlolisisa izenzo zikarhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyavumelana nemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko, kwaye zinika abantu igosa lokufuna ukubuyiselwa.

Ityala Eliphakamileyo Lenkundla

Izigqibo eziliqela ezingundoqo ziye zayiguqula inkqubo efunekayo kwindlela yesizwe yokhuseleko:

  • Ex e Milligan (186): INkundla yagqiba ukuba oothunywashe basemkhosini abanakuzama abantu xa iinkundla zasekuhlaleni zisebenza, kwanaphakathi kwemfazwe yamakhaya.
  • [FLT][FOREMA] v. United States (1944) [njengoko kuphawuliwe, iNkundla yaxhasa i-Japhani yase-Unican internament/isigqibo esigxekwa kakhulu kwaye esichane kakhulu ngumthetho wamva.
  • HAmdi v. Rumsfeld [2004] : INkundla yathi ummi wase-U.S. uvalelwe njengejoni lotshaba wayenelungelo elifanelekileyo lokukhuphisana nokuvalelwa kwakhe phambi komenzi wesigqibo sobundilele.
  • [FLT]Boumediene v. Bush [2008] : INkundla yandisa icebo le habeas corpus kubabanjwa eGuentánamo Bay, ikhaba impikiswano karhulumente yokuba umGaqo-siseko awusebenzi apho.
  • [FLT]Trump v. Hawaii (2088): INkundla yaxhasa ukuvalwa kohambo kumazwe amaninzi amaSilamsi, ibhekisa kwigunya eliphetheyo kodwa ishiya kuvulekile amathuba ocelomngeni lwexesha elizayo olusekelwe kwinjongo yokuqalisa.

La matyala abonisa ukuba nangona iinkundla zisoloko zingathandi ukuphazamisana nenyathelo lokulawula ngexesha longxamiseko, zinokusebenza njengendlela yokuzikhusela nxamnye nolona lwaphulo-mthetho lungamkelekanga kwinkqubo efanelekileyo.

Inkundla yoNcutshe loBuntlola baMany ’ Amazwe (FISC)

I-FISC yadalwa nguMthetho wobuNcukubhede beMasipala obuNgqibileyo, (FISA) ukugunyazisa uphando lwenjongo zobuntlola bamanye amazwe. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba isebenza inxenye ekhoyo ````inonononoxanduva' kuphela olukhoyo' lukarhulumente olugxekwe njengesitampu serabha. Kumva wezityhilelo zeSnowden, iinguqu zaziswa iziqalelo ezininzi zobuntlola, kuquka ukumiswa kwe-amcus ukuphikisana neezicelo zikarhulumente. Sekunjalo, inkqubo ebalulekileyo efunekayo kwabo babanjiweyo ihlala inqabile, njengoko izihlolo zingaxeki izimvo zingelwa zimvumelo.

Ukhuthuzo nomthetho

Uluntu luphembelela ukulungelelana okufanelekileyo phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko. Iziganeko ezinkulu ezifana nokuhlasela kwabanqolobi zidla ngokubangela ukuba abantu bafune ukhuseleko, ngoxa iingxelo zokuqhathwa zifuna ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo.

Indima Yamalungelo Abantu

Amaqela afana ne-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), i-Electronic Foundation (EFF), neBrennan Center yeJaji adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekucengeni ukugqithisa kukarhulumente ngokuzidityanisa, ngokurhoxisa, nangemfundo kawonke-wonke. Imigudu yawo iye yakhokelela kwimithetho ebalaseleyo kunye neenguqu zemithetho. Umzekelo, ukucel-celwa kwenkqubo ye-ACLUS kwingqokelela enkulu yeNSA kufake isandla kuMthetho we-USA INFUX.

Amajelo eendaba Neefram

Ukupapashwa kweendaba kusoloko kuhlela indlela uluntu oluyiqonda ngayo imiba yokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ukuvakala kwengxelo kumaqhinga abagrogrisi kungenza uloyiko luqine kwaye kuxhase amanyathelo anzima, ngelixesha uphando olufana nolo lukaGlenn Greenwald neThe Intercepp. kubangela iinkqubo zemfihlelo ze-impikiswano. Ukusetyenziswa kwamanyathelo okukhusela “okwexeshana" kunokwenza ukuba angabi lula, nto leyo elandelayo ibangele ukuba kube nzima. Ukuphaphaphamisa kukawonke kunye nokuphendula kwe-media kuyimfuneko ekulondolozeni inkqubo efanelekileyo.

Ukufumana Ulungelelwano

Ukuqinisa ukhuseleko lwesizwe namalungelo alo kufuneka iinkqubo eziziko ezihlonela inkqubo efunekayo ngoxa zivumela ukusabela ngokunempumelelo kwisisongelo. Kucelwe ukuvavanywa nokuvavanywa iindlela eziliqela:

  • [[UMTL:0] Intengiso kunye nokunika ingxelo: ukubuza iingxelo zikawonke-wonke ezithe rhoqo ngemisebenzi yokuhlola kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokuvalelwa, kunye nolwahlulo lolwahlulo olucatshulweyo oluhlaziywe ngamaqumrhu ajongeneyo.
  • Imithetho yokhuseleko yesizwe emininzi iquka imihla yokuphelelwa kwesiphelo, inyanzelisa ingxoxo kunye nokuphinda kuqukunjelwe. Umthetho we USA PATRIOT waqulathe ukutshona kwelanga okuninzi, kwaye ukuphela kwawo ngo- 2015 kwakhokelela kwiinguqu.
  • [[UMKUBE:0] Ubuphathi obuzimeleyo: ubuqu bomntu ngamnye kunye neebhodi zenkululeko yabemi, abahloli jikelele, neekomiti zombutho zinganika ukuphendula. I-Asciful ne-Povil Liberation Oversest Board (PCLOB) yadalwa ukuphinda imigaqo-nkqubo ephikisana nobuphekula.
  • [[NTL:0] Impinda yoMququzelelo ne-Access to Deception: Uqiqa ukuba abantu banongenelo olunentsingiselo kwinkundla, ingakumbi kumatyala ovalelwe ixesha elide okanye ajongiwe ngokufihlakeleyo. Indima yabaxhasi abakhethekileyo (njengoko kumgaqo wezinto eziphathekayo ovaliweyo we-UK) inganceda ukulinganisela imfihlo kunye nokusesikweni.
  • Imfundo ePhakamileyo kunye neCvic Adminic Adminiment: Ubuchule bobumi luvavanyo olupheleleyo kurhulumente ophakanyisiweyo. Amanyathelo emfundo amalunga namalungelo omGaqo-siseko nokubaluleka kwenkqubo efunekayo kungakha ugcino-lwazi nxamnye nenkqubo yoloyiko.

Akukho sicombululo sinye sigqibeleleyo, kodwa ukudibanisa ezi zinto kunokwenza isakhiwo esiqinileyo esilondoloza unqabiseko ngaphandle kokuncama umthetho.

Isiphelo

Ulungelelwano phakathi kokhuseleko lwesizwe namalungelo omntu ngamnye luhlala lungenye yezona ntlupheko zintsonkothileyo nezinesiphumo solawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ngokumisa ulungelelwano kumgaqo wenkqubo efanelekileyo, ibutho labantu lingaqinisekisa ukuba kwanawona manyathelo okhuseleko angxamisekileyo aphantsi kohlolo olusemthethweni, ukukhanyisa, nokuphendula. Imbali ibonisa ukuba xa inkqubo efunekayo ibekwa bucala egameni lokhuseleko, iziphumo zisoloko zikukungalungisi okuqhelekileyo, kwaye kamva, kubuhlungu. Njengoko kuvela ubuchule obutsha nezisongelo, ukuzinikela kwiinkqubo ezifanelekileyo kufuneka kuhlale kuqinile. Kuphela ngokuzingisa okuzinzileyo, ukulinda, ukulinda, nokugcina ukhuseleko, kwaye ukuganana uluntu sinokuthemba ukufikelela ukhuseleko olukhusela omabini amaqumvo ethu kunye noncedo lwethu.