Table of Contents
Indlela Urhulumente Awahlula Ngayo Imbopheleleko Yemfundo, Yendlela Nokhuseleko Loluntu
Mihla le, amaMerika axhomekeke kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke ezichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi . ukusuka kwizikolo abantwana bawo abahamba kuzo, kwindlela abahamba ngayo, kumapolisa nakummandla wokucima umlilo abagcina imimandla yabo ikhuselekile. Kodwa bambalwa abantu abayekayo ukubuza: ngubani olawula ngokugqibeleleyo ezi nkonzo? Impendulo ikwisicwangciso sikarhulumente wase-U.S., ohlula amandla phakathi korhulumente, urhulumente, namanqanaba ommandla. Ukuqonda le candelo akuyo nje isifundo soluntu; kubalulekile ukwazi indlela yokwenza izigqibo, apho kuvela khona imali, nendlela abemi abanokukhuthaza ngayo ukutshintsha. Oku kukhokela kwaphula phantsi imisebenzi yorhulumente ngamnye ekulawuleni imfundo, kwimizi, nakuhlola indlela abasebenzisana ngayo, nokuhlola imigaqo yeli lizwe.
Inkqubo eneziqu ezithathu: Isiseko somanyano lwaseMelika
I-United States isebenza phantsi kwenkqubo karhulumente worhulumente wesizwe ophakathi kunye norhulumente wengingqi. Oorhulumente bengingqi (_iindawo, imimandla, kunye needolophu/izidalwa zelizwe], zifumana igunya lazo kwimimiselo nemithetho karhulumente. Esi sakhiwo sigqunyweyo sayilwa ngabom ngabaseki ukukhusela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ukuba ingabi namandla kakhulu nokugcina ulawulo lusondele kubantu.
Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika urhulumente wesizwe amandla akhethekileyo (njengokuveliswa kwemali, ukubhengezwa kwemfazwe, nokulawulwa kwezorhwebo), ugcina onke amanye amagunya kumaphondo okanye kubantu. Esi sakhiwo sidala amandla apho iimbopheleleko zeenkonzo zikawonke-wonke zingavalelwanga kakuhle kumgangatho omnye kodwa ngokufuthi zifuna intsebenziswano.
Indima Ebanzi Karhulumente Womanyano
Urhulumente wesizwe, owenzelwe ukubeka ikomkhulu eWashington, D.C., umisela izinto eziza kuqala kwilizwe, unika inkxaso-mali, kwaye umisela imigaqo esisiseko. Indima yakhe kwimfundo, kwiindlela, kunye nokhuseleko ubukhulu becala ayingqalanga (_ayizinyathi izikolo, akwakhi zonke izitrato, okanye kugade izitrato zesixeko) kodwa ibumba ezi nkonzo ngemali, ngomgaqo, nangenkqubo.
Imfundo: Ukuseka iMigangatho yeSizwe kunye neNgxowa-mali
Ngokwembali, imfundo ibingumthetho nombandela wasekuhlaleni, kodwa urhulumente wesizwe uye wabandakanyeka ngokukhulayo ukususela phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-20. I-Elemental kunye noMthetho wemfundo weSibini (ESA)] (ESA) ka195] (ethe) ka1950, kamva ugunyazisiwe njengomthetho [ Wonke umfundi ophumeleleyo [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [ESA], unika inkxaso ebalulekileyo kwizikolo ezisebenza abafundi abafumana abafundi abaphantsi ngeSihloko I. Urhulumente ufaka namalungelo asemthethweni emfundo yezemfundo, njengabo bathintela ucalucalucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana nokhullw'ubufana nobunzima obuzi bobufana nobunzima [FLD:].[5] Isebe lemfundo olusuka kwimiqatha yokufundisa kwimfundo yokufundisa yonke into yonke (A) (A) (eFP).)
Iindlela: Ukwakha Inkqubo Yobuzwe Nokuxhasa Iiprojekthi Ezikhulu
Indima yesizwe kwizothutho iyabonakala kakhulu kwinkqubo yeNdlela ePhakamileyo yeNkqutyana, uthungelwano lweminenga oluzizii-477 000 olwenziwe phantsi koMthetho weFederal-Aid Highway ka 1956. Namhlanje, [ Ulawulo oluphezulu [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [FLT]] [[FLT]] [3] [iiiiindawo ephakamileyo] [iiiimali] (FANT]) inika inkxaso yogcino-mthetho, ukulungiswa kwebhulorho, kunye nolwakhiwo olutsha ngocwangciso lwendlela olusetyenziswayo olufana nolulo lwendlela olusetyenziswayo oluphezulu [[FLT][5].Umbuso wemali uGenegalelo-5]
Ukhuseleko: Ukhuseleko lwesizwe nokusabela kwintlekele
Ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kumgangatho karhulumente lubhekiselele kwizisongelo zesizwe, iintlekele ezinkulu, kunye nolawulo. Indawo yoKhuseleko lwasekhaya [DHS], edalwe emva kwe-9/11, iquququzelela ukulwa nokhuseleko lomda, kunye nokhuseleko lwekhompyutha. FELMA [FULT]] [FULT] [iindawo yoLawulo lwezehlolo-me-ethemility Agement] inikezela isiqamkelo nenkxaso xa urhulumente kunye noovimba bengingqi besoyiswa. Amaziko omthetho afana nomthetho owe-FGBGBSGS, lobugraccol [FFFFF]
Oorhulumente: Abayili-qhinga beeNkonzo zikaRhulumente
Oorhulumente banegunya elibanzi kwimfundo, kwizithuthi, nakukhuseleko kwimida yabo. Urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko, indlu yowiso-mthetho, irhuluneli, kunye nenkqubo yenkundla. Amazwe amisela imilinganiselo yofundo, abafundisi-zincwadi, ooohola beendlela, kunye nolawulo lwamapolisa karhulumente.
Imfundo: Ityala, iNgxowa-mali nokuphendula
Amazwe ngawona aphambili alawulayo kwimfundo karhulumente. Amisela imigangatho yemfundo (njengemigangatho yemfundo eQhelekileyo okanye ye-odonga-mbuso), anika iimvavanyo ezisezantsi, kunye nootitshala abagunyazisiweyo. Amazwe akwasasaza inkxaso-mali kwimimandla yesikolo yasekuhlaleni ngomgaqo-nkqubo odla ngokulungelelanisa ii-asethi yerhafu zempahla ngoncedo lukarhulumente. Kumazwe amaninzi, imfundo yeyona nto iphambili kuqingqo-mali.
Umzekelo, [[FLT: 0] iCalifornia isebenzisa iNgxowa-mali yoLawulo lwengingqi yokuLungisa iFormula (LCFF) ukunikezela imali eyongezelelweyo kwimimandla enamanani aphezulu abafundi bamaNgesi kunye nabafundi abafunyenweyo abasezantsi. `Irhafu yempahla kodwa ikwanikezela ngemali yombuso ngokuphuma kwifomu esekelwe kumlinganiselo wenani eliqhelekileyo lababekho imihla ngemihla.
Iindlela: Iindlela Eziphakamileyo Zelizwe Neegrogrisi Ezinkulu
Amasebe ezothutho zikarhulumente alawula uhola weendlela zikarhulumente, imida yawo, kunye nemijelo emikhulu yendlela. Aphatha ucwangciso, ukwakhiwa, ugcino, kunye nokhuseleko. Amazwe afumana inkxaso-mali yezwe kodwa kufuneka ayithelekise nemali karhulumente yerhafu yerhafu yegesi, iindleko zokubhalisa inqwelo-mafutha, kunye nemirhumo. Amazwe amaninzi aye akhokela kwimisebenzi yezothutho etshayelelayo, enjenge 'OREGON''''S udweliso lwenkqubo yosetyenziso lomqhubi kunye nemali yezithuthi zombane
Ukhuseleko: Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni noLawulo lweMbali
Urhulumente ngamnye unemibutho yakhe yokunyanzelisa umthetho, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba ngamapolisa okanye amajoni eendlela, anyanzelisa imithetho yeetrafiki, ahlole ulwaphulo-mthetho, ancedise namasebe asekuhlaleni. Kwakhona asebenzisa eyawo amasebe olawulo ongxamiseko alungelelanisa iimpendulo zentlekele, axhaswa yi-National Guard. Urhulumente ulawula ukugcinwa kwamapolisa, umisela imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nenkqubo ye-parole.
Oorhulumente Basekuhlaleni: Imigaqo-nkqubo yeeNkonzo zoLuntu
Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangowona mgangatho ukhawulezileyo nobonakalayo kubemi abaninzi. Baquka imimandla, izixeko, iidolophu, iidolophana, isithili esikhethekileyo (njengezikolo kunye nezishiyo). Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni badalwa ngumthetho karhulumente kwaye banikwe igunya. Banembopheleleko yokuhanjiswa kwemfundo imihla ngemihla, ukugcinwa kwendlela, nokukhuselwa koluntu.
Imfundo: Ukusebenza Kwezikolo
Imimandla yezikolo yasekuhlaleni yiyo isebenza kwimfundo kawonke-wonke. Iqesha ootitshala neenqununu, iphethe izakhiwo zesikolo, ilungiselela izifundo zikarhulumente, ibonelela ngezothutho, ukutya, kunye nemisebenzi yesikolo. Iibhodi zesikolo, ezidla ngokukhethwa ngabavoti-nxaxheba, zimisela imigaqo-nkqubo kunye noqingqo-mali. Inkcitho ivela ngokuyintloko kwiirhafu zempahla zasekuhlaleni, ezidityaniswe ngurhulumente kunye noncedo lwe-mali karhulumente. Umgangatho wemfundo yomntwana ungahluka kakhulu ukusuka kwisithili esinye ukuya kwesinye kwisithili esinye esisekelwe kubutyebi nesiseko serhafuwo.
Ngokomzekelo, iSebe leSixeko saseNew York lemfundo yesona sithili sikhulu sesikolo e-U.S., ikhonza ngaphezu kwesigidi esinye sabafundi kwizikolo ezili-1,000. Ngokwahlukileyo, isithili esincinane sasemaphandleni esinjenge Iphondo leSithilishi seSithili [ e-Utah sinokuba nabafundi abangamakhulu ambalwa kunye nesikolo esinye se K-12.
Iindlela: Izitrato ZeziXeko Neendlela Zemimandla
Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni balondoloza iindlela abantu abazisebenzisayo yonke imihla: izitrato zasezidolophini, iindlela zommandla, iindlela zomgama, kunye namaxesha athile. Baphatha ukususwa kwekhephu, ukulungiswa kwemingxuma, izibane zezithuthi, kunye nemiqondiso yemida. Ukuxhasa irhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni, irhafu, kunye nemisebenzi karhulumente. Kumazi zixeko amakhulu, amasebe ezithuthi zolawulo oluntsonkothileyo kunye nezibonelelo zezixhobo ezininzi kuquka iindlela zebhayisekile kunye neendlela zikadula. Umzekelo, iSebe lezothutho liqhuba ishishini laseWester eekhilokhweni elino yezothutho
Ukhuseleko: Amapolisa, Umlilo ne-EMS
Amasebe amapolisa asekuhlaleni neeofisi zolawulo lwamapolisa kunye neeofisi zolawulo eziphambili zabanyanzelisi bomthetho kwinkoliso yamaMelika. Asabela kumasebe asekuhlaleni afumana uhlahlelo, ajikeleza, aphande ulwaphulo-mthetho, anyanzelise imithetho yasekuhlaleni. Amasebe omlilo anika ukucinezelwa komlilo, ukusabela okuyingozi, kwaye ngokufuthi iinkonzo zongxamiseko-mcimbi (EMS). Oorhulumente abaninzi basebenzisa ezabo ii-ofisi zabo zolawulo lwexesha likaxakeka. Ukuxhasa imali kuxhomekeke kuqingqo-mali lwasekuhlaleni . //_FLT:0] Umzekelo, iSebe lamapolisa lisebenzisa amagosa amapolisa angaphezulu-12, ngoxa idolophana elinjenge ,[FLT],[FLT]
Ulwalamano Lwamagunya Oorhulumente: Indlela Asebenza Ngayo Nganye
Ukuqhelisa, imida ephakathi kwemigangatho karhulumente ayinzima. Iiprojekthi ezinkulu kunye neenkonzo zikawonke-wonke phantse zisoloko zibandakanya imigangatho emininzi, ngemali negunya eliqukuqela ngeendlela ezintsonkothileyo. Ukuqonda olu lwalamano loburhulumente bungundoqo ekuqondeni indlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo nendlela abemi abanokuba nempembelelo ngayo kwiziphumo.
Imfundo: Umanyano lwemali
Imfundo ingumzekelo wentsebenziswano yorhulumente. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni unika izibonelelo ezinikezelwayo (umz., i-IDEA) kodwa akanyanzeli ukuba kufundwe izicwangciso. Amazwe amisela kwaye anike iimvavanyo kodwa axhomekeke kwimimandla yobulali ukuqhuba izikolo. Imimandla yobulali iqokelela iirhafu zempahla kodwa kufuneka ilandele imiyalelo karhulumente. Le nkqubo yahlukeneyo ingenza uxinezeleko: ii-arentings zinganyanzelisa imiqathango engamiselwanga kwiphondo, kwaye iimeko zikarhulumente zokubonelela inkqubo yobume. Umzekelo, inkqubo yophatho lwemibutho kufuneka inikeze intethelelo kulawulo olufanelekileyo olugunyaziweyo, oluphembele inkqubo yemfundo yesizwe yemfundo kumazwe ngokubanziwa kulo lonke ilizwe.
Isiseko: INgxowa-mali yoManyano, Ucwangciso lweSizwe,
Iiprojekthi zothutho zilandela imposiso: urhulumente wasekuhlaleni unikezela ngemali ngeenkqubo ezifana ne Surface Mecket Transport Ment Grant, uchaza imisebenzi ecwangcisiweyo kwaye ulawulo lwendlela ye-aid yengingqi yephondo, kwaye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baphatha iindlela zasekuhlaleni kwaye badla ngokunikela ngemali. I-Infractive Recreationmentationmentationmentation Act [IJ, 2021] inikezela ngezigidi ezingama-50 zezigidi zemali echithwe ngurhulumente kwiminyaka emihlanu, kunye namazwe akhuphisanayo ukuze kuhlawulwe iibhulo, amanzi avulekileyo, kunye neminye ingakumbi. Oku kwenza inkqubo apho isixeko sifaka umthetho wolawulo kumazwe omhlaba kwi-DoT, kunye neprojective yesebe yoluntu ngoko yenzelwe-oshishino.
Iinkonzo zexesha likaxakeka: Inkqubo yokuphendula elula
Impendulo yexesha likaxakeka ibonakalisa umgaqo "lonke, ugcino-lwazi lombuso, inkxaso karhulumente. Xa kufikelelwa intlekele yendalo, amapolisa asekuhlaleni, umlilo, kunye ne-EMS kuqala ukubonakala. Ukuba isiganeko singaphaya kwesikhundla sasekuhlaleni, irhuluneli yesizwe ingavakalisa ungxamiseko kwaye ivuselele ugcino-mali lwesizwe kunye nolawulo lwesizwe. Ukuba oovimba belizwe abangonele, irhuluneli icela isibhengezo sikarhulumente sentlekele kuMongameli, ivula uncedo lweFEMA, imali karhulumente, kunye nenkxaso yeminye inkxaso. Umzekelo, ngexesha lenkanyamba (2005), ukungaphumeleli kwazo zonke imigangatho emithathu kugxininisa imfuneko enzima yomanyano. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukusabela kweNqhwila kaHarvey (20177) kwabonisa ukuphuculwa kwentsebenziswano yesizwe neyaseburhulumente kunye nenkxaso yemali.
Uguqu-guquko Ngaphaya Kwamazwe: Akukho Mnye- Ubukhulu- Bulingana-zonke
Ngoxa ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo jikelele kuthe gqolo, ukwahlulwa kokoqobo kweembopheleleko kuyahluka ngokuphawulekayo ngokwesizwe nesizwe. Amanye amazwe akwiziko eliphezulu, oorhulumente belizwe benolawulo olunamandla kwimfundo nakwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Abanye banika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni amandla abanzi okulawula amakhaya.
- [[FLT: 0] i-Hawaii ikhethekile: inesithili esinye sesikolo ekwilizwe lonke, esingenazo iibhodi zesikolo zasekuhlaleni. ISebe lemfundo lephondo liqhuba zonke izikolo zikawonke-wonke.
- iMaryland inika ubalo lwembopheleleko eyintloko yokuxhasa imfundo, nemeko inika isabelo esibalulekileyo, kodwa irhuluneli ayinako ukulawula ngqo kwizikolo zasekuhlaleni.
- [[NTL: 0] inolawulo olunamandla lwasekuhlaleni, kodwa urhulumente umisela uludwe lofundo kunye novavanyo olusezantsi (STAR). Imimandla efumileyo yempahla ingaxhasa izikolo zayo ngesisa kakhulu kunaleyo ihlwempu, nto leyo ekhokelela kulwaphulo-mthetho olude kumashumi eminyaka ukulingana.
- Alaska ayinarhulumente wengingqi; iinkonzo ezininzi zinikezelwa ngurhulumente okanye ngamazwe asemaphandleni. Iingingqi zasemaphandleni zisoloko zingenamapolisa asekuhlaleni, zixhomekeke kwi-Alaska State Troopers.
Izinto Eziyinyaniso: Ngubani Ohlawula Ntoni?
Ukuqonda umgangatho karhulumente kukwathetha ukuqonda ukuba ngubani olawula ityala. Itheyibhile engezantsi (kwindlela yoluhlu) ibonisa imithombo yemali yengingqi nganye kumgangatho womsebenzi:
- Ingeniso: [[FT:2] [[FT:3] Federal: ~8- 10% yenkcazo ye K-12 (Isihloko I, I-IEA, isiqalo)
- Imeko: ~45-50% (iirhafu ezihlawulwayo, irhafu yentengiso, ilottery)
- Ubulali: ~40-45% (irhafu yexabiso)
Ezi pesenti zahluka ngokwemeko. Umzekelo, [[FLT: 0] Vermont ixhomekeke kakhulu kwimali karhulumente yemfundo, ngelixa i-New Hampshire ixhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni.
Isizathu Sokuba Abahlali Benjenjalo Benze Oku
Ukwazi ukuba ngumgangatho ongakanani karhulumente ophatha inkonzo kunceda abemi balapho balawule izikhalazo zabo, amacebiso, kunye nokubotshelelwa kwezopolitiko. Ukuba umngxuma kwisebe lemfundo lengingqi kufuneka ulungiswe, ukuqhagamshelana nesebe loluntu elisebenza kwisixeko kungunobangela ofanelekileyo, hayi ukutsala umnxeba kwirhuluneli okanye ilungu leKhomishini. Ukuba izifundo zesikolo zibonakala ziphelelwe lixesha, ukuba ukuba kwintlanganiso yesikolo isebenza kakhulu kunokubhalela iU.S. Unobhala-mfundo. Ngokufanayo, ukuvota kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni, kwibhunga ledolophu, kwibhunga lesikolo, kunye nogunya-otili yephondo.[1] kwaye inempembelelo engqalileyo kwiinkonzo ezichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Kodwa umvoti uvoti usoloko uhamba phantsi konyulo lwasekuhlaleni, izigqibo malunga nezikolo, kwaye ukhuselwa ngomgamgamgamgamga- mncinane wabemi basekuhlaleni.
Ukuqonda imilinganiselo karhulumente kunika abemi amandla okuxhasa iinguqu zemali okanye inkqubo yonyango.
Isiphelo
Ulwahlulo lweembopheleleko kumazwe asekuhlaleni, urhulumente, norhulumente wasekuhlaleni aluyonkqubo yemigangatho elula kodwa luyinkqubo entsonkothileyo, edityanisiweyo. Imfundo, iindlela, kunye nokhuseleko zilawulwa ngomanyano oluxhomekeke kumgangatho ngamnye odlala iindima ezahlukeneyo nezingenayo. Urhulumente umisela imigaqo, unika inkxaso-mali, kwaye ukhokelele kwiingxaki zesizwe. Uyilo lwamazwe nokuvelela iinkqubo ezinkulu. //isikolo, iindlela zolawulo, amapolisa asekuhlaleni (ngoxa enika oorhulumenteni bamaxesha amaninzi osuku ukuya kutsho kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni.)
Ngokuqonda ukuba ngubani okwenzayo, abemi banokuyilawula kakuhle inkqubo, bagcine amagosa afanelekileyo ebeke ityala, yaye babe nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Enoba ikhuthaza isakhiwo sesikolo esitsha, ifuna ukudibana kwendlela ekhuselekileyo, okanye ixhasa iinkonzo zongxamiseko, ulwazi lwemigangatho karhulumente luluncedo ekuncedeni abemi.
[[NTLT:0] ukuya phambili ekufundeni, ukuqwalasela .Gov ushwankathelo lwamasebe karhulumente, U.S. Isebe lemfundo indima kwi K-12, kunye ne ulawulo lwemibutho yemali ephakamileyo yolawulo .[FLT]]