Ukuqonda indlela ityala elihamba ngayo kwinkqubo karhulumente kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo eUnited States. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho luhambo olunzima olubandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi, uqikelelo olunenkathalo, kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi kwamasebe ahlukeneyo karhulumente. Olu khokelo lubanzi luza kukuhambisa ngaphaya kwenqanaba ngalinye lendlela ityala eliba ngumthetho ngayo, ukusuka kwingcamango yokuqala ukuya kwimvume kamongameli, ikunika ukuqonda okucokisekileyo ngedemokhrasi yamaMelika esebenzayo.

Yintoni IBhili Nengcamango Evela Phi?

Ityala lisisicelo somthetho omtsha okanye utshintsho kumthetho okhoyo. Ngaphambi kokuba ityala libekho, liqala njengengcinga ``ingcamango yokuthetha ngengxaki, ukuphucula ibutho labantu, okanye ukusabela kwiimfuno zabemi. Naliphi na ilungu leBhunga – elisuka kwiNdlu yeNdlu okanye kwiNdlu okanye abaPhathiswayo – elinoluvo lomthetho lingenza umthetho. Ezi ngcamango zisuka kumalungu eBhunga okanye kubemi bemihla ngemihla okanye kumaqela eencwadi.

Imithombo yeengcamango zowiso-mthetho yahluke kakhulu. Abahlali, amaqela abathengi, amaqela obugcisa, amaqumrhu karhulumente, kwanoMongameli bangacebisa iingcamango zemithetho emitsha. Noko ke, ngamalungu eBhunga kuphela anegunya lokumisela umthetho ngokusesikweni. Oku kuthetha ukuba nangona nabani na enokucebisa ingcamango, kufuneka afumane ingqwele ekulungeleyo ukuyixhasa nokuyikhokela kwinkqubo yemithetho-siseko.

Ilungu eliyintloko leKhongophela elixhasa eli tyala libizwa ngokuba yi "sponsor". Amanye amalungu axhasa eli tyala abizwa ngokuba yi-"co-sponsers". Ukuba neenkokeli ezininzi zingabonisa inkxaso ephangaleleyo yemali yemali kwaye zandise amathuba ayo okuphumelela. Amalungu eKhompathimente adla ngokujikelezisa amatyala acetyisiweyo phakathi kwamalungu abo ukwakha esi siseko senkxaso phambi kwesiqalo esisemthethweni.

Iindlalo Ezimbini Zeengqungquthela

Phambi kokuntywila kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kubalulekile ukuqonda isakhiwo seBhunga. EUnited States, amagunya owiso-mthetho esizwe `ukuqwalasela amatyala nokumisela imithetho-ukuqhuba iBhunga, eliyilwe yiBhunga le-US kunye neNdlu yabameli. La magumbi mabini asebenza kunye kodwa aneempawu neembopheleleko ezahlukileyo.

Amagumbi amabini ngokusisiseko ayalingana kwiindima nemisebenzi yawo yowiso-mthetho. Yindlu kuphela enokuthi ivelise umthetho wengeniso, kwaye kuphela iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeeNtsimi ezingqinelanayo ezigunyazisa umongameli kunye nezivumelwano ezivunyiweyo, kodwa ukumiswa komthetho kusoloko kufuna ukuba omabini amagumbi avumelane ngokwahlukileyo kwisivumelwano esifanayo phambi kokuba asiwe kuMongameli.

Ngenxa yokuba igumbi ngalinye linegunya elingumGaqo-siseko lokwenza imithetho yalo, iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu ivelise iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulungiselela umthetho, mhlawumbi ziqukuqela ngokwenxalenye ukusuka kwiimvisiso zayo zomGaqo-siseko. Ngokuqhelekileyo, imithetho nezenzo zendlu zivumela uninzi lwamanani ukuba luqhube umthetho ngokukhawuleza.

Inyathelo 1: Ukwazisa Ngebhili

Uhambo lowiso-mthetho luqala ngokuvulwa okusesikweni kwetyala. Xa ityala libhaliwe, kufuneka licaciswe. Ukuba uMmeli ngumxhasi, ityala liyaziswa kwiNdlu. Ukuba iSiphathi ngumxhasi, ityala liziswa kwiBhunga leNtlanganiso. Oku kungumahluko obalulekileyo kuba kugqiba ukuba liliphi igumbi eliza kuqala ukuqwalasela umthetho.

Xa kuveliswa ityala, lifumana inani elikhethekileyo lokuchaza elihlala kulo lonke uhambo lwalo. Imali yendlu ibizwa nge "H.R." ilandelwa linombolo, ngoxa amatyala eeNtena ichazwa njenge "S" lilandelwa linani. Xa kuveliswa ityala, lingafunyanwa kwiBhunga.gov, ebizwa ngokuba yiwebhsayithi karhulumente esemthethweni emisela umthetho karhulumente. Oku kuvumela abemi, iintatheli, kunye namaqela alungelelanisa umthetho abanomdla kuwo.

Inkqubo yesiqalo ngokwayo iyahluka-hluka phakathi kwamagumbi. Kwindlu yabameli, amalungu azisa amatyala ngokuwabeka kwi "ntele," ibhokisi yeplanga ebekwe ecaleni ledesika yeClerk kwigumbi lendlu. KwiCandelo, inkqubo iqheleke kakhulu, kunye nerhafu eziziswa ukusuka kumgangatho ngexesha lentlanganiso.

Inyathelo lesi-2: I-Referral yeKomiti

Emva kwentshayelelo, ityala libhekiswa kwikomiti. Eli lelona qondo libalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, njengoko iikomiti zisebenza njengamahashe asebenzayo eBhunga, eqhuba uvavanyo oluneenkcukacha lomthetho ocetyisiweyo.

Indlu kunye neNdlu yeekomiti ezahlukeneyo ezibunjwe ngamaqela amalungu eBhunga anomdla ngokukhethekileyo kwimibandela enjengezempilo okanye imicimbi yezizwe ngezizwe. USithethi seNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeMajor simisela ukuba yiyiphi ikomiti efumana eli tyala, ngokusekelwe kulo mbandela. IiBhili ezichaphazela uqingqo-mali lwemali kufuneka zibuye zihlolwe ziikomiti zemali zephondo.

Kwezinye iimeko, ityala lingabhekiswa kwiikomiti ezininzi ukuba lichukumisa iindawo eziliqela zemigaqo-nkqubo eyahlukeneyo. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba zii-astaral ezininzi kwaye kungenza nzima kwaye kuyenze ibe nkulu inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ikomiti nganye efumana ityala kufuneka igqibeze uhlolo lwayo phambi kokuba ityala liqhubeke.

Inyathelo 3: Impinda esezantsi

Iikomiti ezingaphantsi kwekomiti zilungelelaniswe phantsi kweekomiti kwaye zinokuphinda zibekwe ngokukhethekileyo kumbandela othile. Ngokufuthi, iikomiti zithumela amatyala kwikomiti encinci ukuze ifundelwe kunye nokuva kwazo. Olu lwaleko lohlolo longezelelweyo luvumela ukuba ubuchule obungakumbi obunokuziswa ukuze buthwale umthetho.

Inkoliso yeekomiti zendlu nendlu yeQela ikwamisela iikomiti ezisezantsi – iikomiti ezisezantsi zecandelo lemithetho esezantsi apho amalungu anokuqhubeka eqwalasela kwimiqathango ethile yommandla wenkqubo. Umlinganiselo apho iikomiti ezingaphantsi zidlala indima esesikweni ekwenzeni iinkqubo – umzekelo, ngokugcina imithetho ebhaliweyo okanye ngokuphawula umthetho phambi kokuba kuqwalaselwe ngokupheleleyo kweekomiti – ngokungafaniyo ngokwegumbi elithile nangesithethe nenkqubo yekomiti. Nayiphi na indima epheleleyo ikomiti engaphantsi kwekomiti evumela iikomitana zayo ukuba zidlale, abalawuli abancinci abanakunikela ingxelo yomthetho kwigumbi lomthetho – umzekelo, ngokubeka ikomiti epheleleyo kuphela enokwenza njalo.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba asizo zonke iindleko ezifumana ingqwalasela encinci. Ikomiti nganye ifumana iirekhoda ezininzi ngekhondo leBhunga - ngaphezulu lee kuneqela lenjongo yokusukela nangayiphi na iinkcukacha. Isitulo sekomiti sinegunya eliyintloko lokumisela imimiselo yekomiti; ngokubhekiselele kwinyani, isitulo sichaza amatyala okanye imiba apho ikomiti iza kuzama ukwenza ngokusesikweni ngokuva kunye/okanye ngokunyusa. Oku kuthetha ukuba izitulo zekomiti zisebenzisa amandla abalulekileyo ukugqiba okokuba ziyintoni izitya zemali eziphambili nezithi zigxabani na abagxabani na abagxalaze.

Inyathelo lesi-4: Iindlebe zeKomiti

Kwiindleko ezithe isitulo sekomiti sigqibe kwelokuba sizilandele, ukuva kudla ngokumela iprojekthi yokuqala enkulu kawonke-wonke exutyushwayo. Inyathelo lokuqala elicwangcisiweyo lekomiti kwityala okanye kwinkupho lisenokuba kukuchotshelwa, okunika intlanganiso apho amalungu ekomiti kunye noluntu lunokuva ngamandla nobuthathaka bezicelo ezivela kumaqela athile – njengeesebe elilawulayo elingundoqo, iinkampani ezinxulumeneyo, kunye namaqela amele abemi abanomdla. Iindlebe zikwayindlela yokubalaselsa umthetho kubantu abasebenza nabo, kubantu bonke, kunye namaphephandaba. Ekuchopheni, amangqina amema ukuba anikele iintetho ezifutshane kwikomiti edipokodwa, kodwa ingqina ngalinye likwathumela inguqulelo ebhaliweyo ixesha elide yesebe eliphethe isebe lakhe okanye impendumiso yayo yemali.

Ikomiti ingakhetha nokubamba iindlebe ukuze iqonde intsingiselo yetyala. Ukuva kuvumela iimbono zesebe eliphetheyo, iingcali, abanye abasemagunyeni noorhulumente kunye nabachasi bomthetho ukuba babhalwe. Oku kwenza ingxelo exabisekileyo enokubuzwa kamva xa kutolikwa injongo yomthetho.

Noko ke, akuyomfuneko ukuba kuchotshelwe ngokwembono yendlela yokufumana isindululo esithe chatha kwikomiti. Ezinye izikweleti zihamba zisiya phambili ngaphandle kokuva, ingakumbi ukuba azinatyala okanye ukuba ikomiti sele iwazi lo mbandela.

Inyathelo 5: Intlanganiso yokuphawula

Intlanganiso yokunyusa intlanganiso yenzeka apho umsebenzi wokwenene wokwenza umthetho. Ikomiti enyusayo linyathelo elingundoqo elibalulekileyo ekugqibeleni ikomiti elilithathayo ukuqhuba ityala ukuya phantsi. Ngokwesiqhelo, isitulo sekomiti sikhetha izicelo eziza kubekwa phambi kwekomiti yophawulo: ipakethi okanye umbhalo omtsha wedrafti. Kweli ntlanganiso, evuleleke kakuhle kuwonke-wonke, amalungu ekomiti aqwalasela utshintsho olunokwenzeka kwisicelo ngokunikela nokuvota, kuquka umxhasi opheleleyo wombhalo wayo.

Ngexesha lentlanganiso, amalungu ekomiti aphikisana ngeenzuzo zemali nokulungisa ityala. Ezi zindululo zingahluka ukusuka kulungiso lobugcisa oluncinane ukuya kutshintsho olunzulu kwinkqubo. Iivoti zekomiti kutshintsho ngalunye, kwaye ityala linokutshintshwa ngokuphawulekayo ngexesha lenkqubo. Enyanisweni, ngexesha irejista igqiba inkqubo yokunyusa, ingabonakala yahluke kakhulu kuguqulelo olwasungulwayo.

Ekuqukumbeleni icebo, kuthathwa ivoti yekomiti okanye amalungu ekomiti angaphantsi ebotshelelweyo ukumisela ukuba yeyiphi inyathelo elimele lithathe umlinganiselo. Ingaxelwa, ngelinye okanye ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa, okanye ngaphandle kokubekwa, okuthetha ukuba akukho sinyathelo sibhekele phaya kuyo. Ukuba ithebhile yekomiti ithe chweba, iyafa ngokunempumelelo, noko ukwenzela loo ntlanganiso yeBhunga.

Inyathelo lesi-6: Ingxelo yeKomiti

Xa ikomiti ivota ukuvuma isindululo, ikhupha ingxelo yekomiti. Kwiinjongo zophando lwembali yowiso-mthetho, iingxelo zeekomiti zidla ngokuba zezona zibalulekileyo ekumiseni iinjongo zowiso-mthetho. Iingxelo zekomiti yeBhunga jikelele, kwaye iingxelo zenkomfa zingowona mthombo ubalulekileyo wembali yowiso-mthetho. Iingxelo zikhutshwa phantse phantse wonke umthetho oba ngumthetho, kwaye kudla ngokubakho ingxelo evela kwiikomiti nganye zeNdlukwano zikarhulumente ezaziwugqala umthetho.

Iingxelo ezidla ngokuphinda ziphinda zibhalwe umbhalo wemali, zichaza iinjongo zayo, zize zinike izizathu zokunconywa kweekomiti kulo mthetho. Ngokufuthi, iingxelo zeekomiti ziquka imbali yowiso-mthetho, iinjongo zemali, noko ikomiti ekugqala njengemfuneko yomthetho omtsha. Ezi ngxelo zisebenza njengamaxwebhu abalulekileyo okuqonda oko iBhunga lalikucebe ngenjongo yokuwisa umthetho, kwaye iinkundla zisoloko ziqhagamshelana nabo xa kutolikwa imimiselo.

Iingxelo zeKomiti zikwaquka iimbono eziphikisanayo namalungu ambalwa eqela angavumelaniyo namacebiso oninzi. Oku kunikela uluvo olupheleleyo lwengxoxo enxulumene nomthetho kunye namaxwebhu anokuthanani nezinye iimbono zembali.

Kwenzeka Ntoni KwiiBhili Ezingahambi Mba?

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba amatyala amaninzi aqaliswe kwiBhunga akaze abe ngumthetho. Ukuba ikomiti ayithathi nxaxheba kwityala, ityala lithathwa njenge "lifile". Oku kusoloko kubhekiswa kuko njengomthetho "ukufa kwikomiti," kwaye lisiphelo soninzi lomthetho ocetyiweyo.

Zininzi izizathu zokuba iikomiti zingathathi-nxaxheba kwityala lemali. Isitulo sekomiti sisenokungasongeli, ityala lingangafumani nkxaso yaneleyo phakathi kwamalungu ekomiti, okanye lingabonwa njengeliphinda-phindeneyo lomnye umthetho. Maxa wambi amatyala aziswa ngokuyintloko ukwenza ingxelo yezopolitiko okanye ukwanelisa amalungu ekomiti, ngaphandle kokulindela ukuba aqhubeke.

Inyathelo lesi-7: Ukujongana Nomahluko

Xa isibhengezo somthetho sithe saxelwa ngaphandle kwekomiti, sisiya kumgangatho weNdlu okanye weNdlu yeQela ukuze iqwalaselwe yigumbi elipheleleyo. Ukuba ikhutshwe yikomiti, ityala libekwa kwikhalenda ukuze livotelwe, liphikiswe okanye lilungiswe. Ucwangciso lwengxoxo yomgangatho lulawulwa yinkokeli yeqela. . .Njengq

Ingxoxo yomgangatho elawulayo iyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamagumbi amabini. Kwindlu, ingxoxo idla ngokumiswa kwaye ibekwe ngomda wexesha. IKomiti yeMimiselo isoloko ikhupha "umthetho" kwimithetho emikhulu nganye, ichaza ixesha eliya kuvunyelwa ukuba kuxoxwe ngalo nokuba ngaba iinguqu zinokunikelwa kusini na. Oku kuvumela iNdlu ukuba iqhube ngokufanelekileyo umthetho.

KwiBhunga leNtlanganiso, imithetho yengxoxo ithambe kakhulu, ibonisa isithethe segumbi lokucinga okugqithisiweyo. Abaququzeleli bangathetha ixesha elide, kwaye iqela elincinane linezixhobo ezininzi zokuphembelela okanye zokulibazisekisa umthetho. Yiyo loo nto iNdlu yeNdlu yamaKhawuna isoloko ichazwa njengelungu elide kakhulu kuneNdlu.

Ngexesha lengxoxo yomgangatho, amalungu axubusha ngeempawu neengxaki zomthetho, achaze ukuma kwawo kubantu asebenza nabo kunye nabo, kwaye angazilungisa. Ezi mpikiswano zibhalwe kwiCongregational Record, zidala omnye umthombo obalulekileyo wembali yowiso-mthetho.

Inyathelo 8: Ukuthetha Kwigumbi Lokuqala

Emva kokuqukumbela, ityala liza kwivoti. Ukuba ityala lidlula ngokubanzi (218 kwengama- 435), ityala lisiya kwiBhunga leNdlu. Oku kuthatha ityala lisuka kwindlu; ukuba livela kwiBhunga, liya kufudukela kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimi.

Iivoti zingathatha iindlela ezininzi. Endlu, iivoti ezininzi ziqhutywa ngemfonomfono, ngevoti yelungu ngalinye ebhaliweyo. Ezi zibizwa ngokuba zivoti ezirekhodiweyo okanye izivoti ezitsalwayo. Ezinye iivoti zingaqhutywa ngevoti yelizwi, apho amalungu abiza nje ngokusuka "ye" okanye "hayi," kwaye umphathi-mikhosi olawulayo umisela ukuba liliphi icala elikhoyo. ivoti yelizwi isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ukwenzela amanyathelo angephi aphikisanayo.

KwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi, iinkqubo zokuvota ziyafana, nangona ubukhulu obuncinci begumbi (amalungu ali-100 ngokumelene nama- 435 akwindlu) benza le nkqubo ibe yeyobuqu kakhulu. INdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ineenkqubo ezikhethekileyo ezifana ne-monilbuster, ezinokufuna amavoti angama-60 ukuphelisa ingxoxo nokuvota kokugqibela kwiintlobo ezithile zomthetho.

Inyathelo 9: Ukujongana Necandelo Lesibini

Ukuba eli tyala lidlula iqumrhu elinye leBhunga, lisiya kwelinye ukuze liqhubeke nenkqubo efanayo yophando, ingxubusho, iinguqu, kunye nokuvota. Oku kuthetha ukuba ityala kufuneka liqwalaselwe kwiikomiti, ukuva, ukunyusa, ingxoxo yomgangatho, nokuvota kwakhona kwigumbi lesibini.

Igumbi lesibini alibotshelelwa zisigqibo segumbi lokuqala. Ingenza naluphina utshintsho olubona lufanelekile, lungaluchasi ngokupheleleyo umlomo wemali, okanye luwudlulise ngaphandle kotshintsho. Ngokuqhelekileyo, igumbi lesibini lisoloko lisenza utshintsho oluthile ukuhlawula iindleko zalo, libonakalisa ezona ziphambili kunye neembono zalo.

Le mfuneko yokuba omabini amaziko adlulise iinguqulelo ezifanayo zomthetho womthetho ziyinxalenye esisiseko yenkqubo yowiso-mthetho waseMerika. Iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ufumana uhlolo olucokisekileyo kwimbono ezininzi kwaye ithintele naliphi na igumbi ekusebenzeni ngaphandle kokukhetha.

Inyathelo 10: Ukulungisa Umahluko Phakathi Kwamacandelo

Xa iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlela zoNyaka zidlulisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zemali enye, ezo mahluko kufuneka zisombululwe ngaphambi kokuba ityala liqhubeke kuMongameli. Xa iziqu zombini zivota ukwamkela ityala, mazilungise naluphi umahluko phakathi kweenguqulelo ezimbini. Zininzi iindlela oku oku oku oku okunokwenzeka ngazo.

Kumahluko omncinane, ityala lingathunyelwa nje kwigumbi lokuvela ukuze kuvotelwe ukuba uzakwamkela na utshintsho olwenziwa ligumbi lesibini. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yivoti ehlanganisiweyo. Ukuba igumbi lokuyila livumelana notshintsho, ityala lilungele ukuya kuMongameli.

Noko ke, xa ukungavisisani kunamandla kakhulu, ikomiti yenkomfa imiselwa ngokusemthethweni ukuxolelanisa umahluko phakathi kweenguqulelo ezimbini kwisivumelwano esinye. Kwikomiti yengqungquthela, amalungu endlu nganye adibana aze azame ukuza kwisivumelwano. Ukuba bayavumelana ngoko makwenziwe, ikomiti yenkomfa iza kwenza ingxelo.

Ukuba isivumelwano sifikelelwe, ingxelo yenkomfa ilungiselelwe ukuchaza izindululo zamalungu ekomiti. Indlu kunye neNdlu yeQela kufuneka zivume ingxelo yenkomfa. Ukuba nayiphi na igumbi liyayichasa ingxelo yenkomfa, ityala liyafa. Oku kunika omabini amagumbi ukuba asebenzise izixhobo zokunxibelelana zokugqibela kumthetho.

Iikomiti zengqungquthela zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni umthetho wokugqibela, ingakumbi kumatyala anzima okanye aphikisanayo. Le nkomfa isoloko imela ulalaniso phakathi kokufikelela kwenkqubo eyahlukeneyo, kwaye ngenxa yokuba omabini amagumbi kufuneka avote kwingxelo yengqungquthela ngaphandle kokulungisa, sisicelo sokuthatha isondo okanye igwele.

Inyathelo le-11: Isenzo sobuongameli

Xa omabini amaziko eBhunga edlulisele iinguqulelo ezifanayo zesivumelwano, sithunyelwa kuMongameli ukuze kuqwalaselwe. Emva kokuba zombini iNdlu neNdlu yeQela zivumile ukuba kunikwe umthetho ofanayo, ityala lithunyelwa kuMongameli. Ukuba uMongameli uyawuvumela umthetho, uyasayinwa kwaye ube ngumthetho. Ukuba uMongameli akathathi nyathelo liphela iintsuku ezilishumi ngoxa iBhunga lisekho, ityala liba ngumthetho ngokuzenzekelayo.

UMongameli uneenketho ezininzi xa eboniswe ngetyala lemali:

Sayina Ibhiliphu Emthetho

Eyona ndlela icacileyo kukutyikitya uMongameli ityala, apho likhawuleza libe ngumthetho. Abameli basoloko besenza izivumelwano zokutyikitya umthetho obalulekileyo, besebenzisa elo thuba ukuchaza ukubaluleka komthetho omtsha baze babulele abo babesebenza ukuwudlulisa.

Vumela IBhili Ibe Ngumthetho Ngaphandle Kosayino

Ukuba uMongameli akathathi nyathelo kwityala iintsuku ezilishumi (ukrwelelo lwangeCawa) xa iBhunga liseqesheni, ityala lizenzekela libe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino lukaMongameli. Oku kuyinto enqabileyo, edla ngokusetyenziswa xa uMongameli ethandabuza ukubamba ityala kodwa engafuni ukulibeka.

IVito Ibhili

Ukuba uMongameli uphikisile, bangawubuyisela umlomo. Aveto ubuyisela isibhengezo kwi Congress nomyalezo ochaza uphazamiso lukaMongameli. Esi sisixhobo esinamandla esivumela uMongameli ukuba avimbele umthetho, nangona ungekho ngokupheleleyo.

Pocket Veto

Ukongeza, ukuba akukho senzo sithatyathwayo iintsuku ezilishumi kunye neNgqungquthela sele ithenjiwe, kukho "ipocket" okanye iveto". Ukuba umongameli akasayisayisayi tyikitya irekhodi kwaye ihlala ingekho sikweni xa iBhunga lingasasebenzi, ityala lizakwenziwa ngokungagqibekanga. Eli nyathelo libizwa ngokuba yingxowa epokothweni, kwaye alinakungavalwa yiBhunga. Oku kunika uMongameli isixhathiso esongezelelweyo ekupheleni kwentlanganiso yentlanganiso yentlanganiso.

Inyathelo 12: Ukukhwela Ngaphezu Kwendawo Yomongameli

I-veto ayilogama lokugqibela. Ukuba uMongameli ukhupha umthetho, iBhunga lingazama ukudlula i-veto. Ukuba iBhunga leNdlu kunye neNdlu idlulisa ityala ngobuninzi obubini obuyisithathu, iveto kaMongameli igqitywe, kwaye umthetho uba ngumthetho.

I-Vto inqabile ngenxa yokuba ifuna inkxaso eninzi ye-bipartisan. Ukufumana isibini sesithathu soninzi kumagumbi omabini kungumqobo ophezulu, ingakumbi kwixesha lokuququzelelwa kwemimandla engaphandle. Kodwa xa iBhunga liyilawula ngempumelelo iveto, ibonisa ukuvumelana okunamandla kwemithetho-mthetho kule meko.

Inkqubo yokuzikhupha ityala igxininisa kumgaqo obalulekileyo karhulumente waseMerika: ngoxa uMongameli enamandla aphawulekayo, ekugqibeleni uMbutho unegunya lokumisela imithetho kwanangaphezu kokungafuni kwamagosa ukuba kukho inkxaso eyaneleyo.

Indima kaMongameli Kwinkqubo Yomthetho

Ngeli xesha iBhunga lowiso-mthetho, uMongameli udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni umthetho. Ngoxa injini yeengcamango zowiso-mthetho nezenzo ziyiNgqungquthela ngokwayo, uMongameli unempembelelo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kwakhona. UMongameli uncomela uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le kumasebe karhulumente kwaye ngokufuthi ucebisa umthetho. Mhlawumbi okubaluleke ngakumbi, amandla okulawula umthetho anokuchaphazela okuqulathwe ziintlawulo ezidluliswe yiBhunga. Ekubeni ingaqhelekanga ukuba umthetho umiselwe ngaphezu kwe-veto, iiBhunga kufuneka zifakele isikhundla somongameli kwiinkqubo ezicetyiweyo.

Oku kuthetha ukuba nangona uMongameli engenako ukumisela umthetho ngqo, izinto eziza kuqala kumongameli zidla ngokuyila oko iBhunga likujongayo nendlela okubhalwa ngayo amatyala. Amalungu eKhomishini asoloko ethetha neNdlu emhlophe xa esenza umthetho ongundoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba uya kufumana inkxaso yobumongameli.

Ukungaqiniseki kweNkqubo yoMthetho

Ngeli nqaku lidwelise amanyathelo asezantsi emali ehambayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba inkqubo yemithetho inqabile. Inkqubo yokuba ityala libe ngumthetho inqabile ukuthelekelelwa kwaye ingahluka kakhulu ukusuka kwimali ukuya kwenye. Enyanisweni, kwiindleko ezininzi, inkqubo ayizukulandela ukulandela ulandelelwano lwamanqanaba engqungquthela aqondwayo ukuvelisa inkqubo yomthetho. Iinkcazelo ezithi zilandele ukujonga okunenkcukacha ezininzi kwisigaba ngasinye apho isitatimende sinokuhamba khona, kodwa khumbula oko kuguquguquka nokutshintsha kuqhubekeka.

Iibhili zinokulungiswa ngamanqanaba amaninzi, zidityaniswe nezinye iindleko, zidityaniswe zibe ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo omthetho, okanye zidityaniswe njengezilungisi-mali zemali ezingahambelaniyo. Le nkqubo ingathatha iiveki, iinyanga, okanye kwaneminyaka. Ezinye iindleko zidlula ngokukhawuleza ngenkxaso ebanzi ye-bipartis, ngoxa ezinye zidityaniswa kwimpikiswano kunye nokungavisisani okungavumelaniyo.

Isizathu Sokuba Le nkqubo Iyilwe Ngale Ndlela

Ukuntsonkotha kwenkqubo yowiso-mthetho akuyongozi. Abaseki benkqubo abayila iincopho ezininzi kunye namathuba okucinga ukunqanda ukukhawuleza okanye ukuqwalaselwa komthetho ophononongwayo. Imfuneko yokuba amatyala adlule kwiikomiti, afumane imvume yawo omabini amagumbi eBhunga, nokufumana imvume yomongameli (okanye i-veto) iqinisekisa ukuba kukho ingqiqo ezininzi eziqwalaselwayo kwaye kukho inkxaso ebanzi yemithetho emitsha.

Le nkqubo ibonisa umgaqo wokuhlola nokulungelelana okusisiseko kurhulumente waseMerika. Akukho mntu okanye iqela elingadala namnye imithetho. Endaweni yoko, umthetho ufuna intsebenziswano nolalanisa phakathi kwabadlali abaninzi, ngamnye emele ii-contituence neembono ezahlukeneyo.

Ngeli xesha le nkqubo inokuthi idimaze kwaye icothe, iphumeze iinjongo ezibalulekileyo. Inika ixesha ungeniso olululo kunye nengxoxo yoluntu, iqinisekisa ukuba imiba yobugcisa iyahlolwa, kwaye ithintela ukudlula kwemithetho engenankxaso ebanzi. Ukungadluliswa komthetho kwakhona kuthetha ukuba imithetho, xa ikhe yamiswa, ithambeka ihlala inamandla kuba ifuna ukudlula kwindawo yokuqala.

Ukubaluleka Komsebenzi Wekomiti

Enye yezona nkalo zibalulekileyo kodwa zingabonakaliyo zenkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngumsebenzi owenziwa kwiikomiti. Iikomiti zilapho umsebenzi ontsonkothileyo wokwenziwa komthetho. Amalungu eKomiti akhulisa ubuchule kwimimandla yawo yolawulo, kwaye abasebenzi beekomiti banikela uncedo lobugcisa ekulungiseni nasekuhlalutyeni iindleko.

Inkqubo yeekomiti ivumela iBhunga ukuba liphathe umqulu omkhulu womthetho ngokuhlula umsebenzi phakathi kwamaqela akhethekileyo. Kwakhona linika amathuba okuba amalungu aphuhlise ubuchule kunye nempembelelo kwimimandla ajongene nayo. Ingakumbi izihlalo zekomiti, zisebenzisa amandla abalulekileyo ekugqibeni ukuba zimalini ezihlawulwayo ezinokuqwalaselwa nayiphi indlela ezibunjwa ngayo.

Kubemi nakumaqela alawulayo afuna ukuphembelela umthetho, ukuba nenxaxheba kwiikomiti ezifanelekileyo kudla ngokuphumelela kakhulu kunokujonga kuphela kwivoti yomgangatho.

Umthetho olandelela

Kubo banomdla wokulandela inkqubela yamatyala akhethekileyo, kukho oovimba abaninzi. iKhomishini enika iinkcukacha ezibanzi ngawo onke umthetho wesizwe, kuquka umbhalo wemali, ukuhlaziywa kwemeko, iingxelo zeekomiti, neengxelo zokuvota. Ii-ofisi ezininzi zokuchola imigaqo-mthetho enxulumene neembambano zazo kwaye zinikela uhlalutyo nezenzo zokulumkisa amalungu azo.

Ukuqonda ukuba liphi ityala kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho kunganceda abemi balwazi ixesha nendlela yokuvakala kwamazwi abo.

Indima Yabemi Kwinkqubo Yomthetho

Ngoxa ngamalungu eBhunga kuphela anokuzisa nokuvota umthetho, abemi banendima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Iimpembelelo zoluvo lukawonke-wonke ezibiza ingxubevange yeeKhomishini nendlela amalungu avota ngayo. Abaturali bangaqhagamshelana nabameli babo ukuze bavakalise inkxaso okanye inkcaso kumthetho, bangqine ekuchongeni iikomiti, babe nenxaxheba kumaphulo okulawula, kunye namavoti abo baza kuthabatha imigaqo yabo.

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho yenzelwe ukuba ikwazi ukusabela kwigalelo likawonke-wonke. Amalungu eKhonkxa-ntle anikela ingqalelo kunxibelelwano oluvela kwimibutho, kwaye amaphulo acwangcisiweyo ogunyaziso lwemithetho angayiphembelela ngokuphawulekayo iziphumo zowiso-mthetho. Ukuqonda indlela inkqubo esebenzayo enika ngayo abemi amandla okubandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi nokuwenza amalizwi abo aviwe kwimibandela abakhathalela ukuyisingatha.

Iimbono Eziqhelekileyo Eziphosakeleyo Ngenkqubo Yomthetho

Iimbono ezininzi eziphosakeleyo eziqhelekileyo ngendlela amatyala afanele abekwe ngayo umthetho. Okokuqala, asizo zonke izikweleti ezivezweyo ezizakuba ngumthetho. Ezinye zivezwe ukwenza inkcazelo yezobupolitika, ukwanelisa inkxaso-malungu, okanye ukuqala incoko malunga nomba. Okwesibini, inkqubo ayisoloko ihamba ngomgca. /iintambo zingasuka ziphinde zidlule phakathi kwemigangatho, zidityaniswe nezinye izikweli, okanye zibhalwe kwakhona kwiingongoma ezahlukeneyo.

Okwesithathu, uninzi lwamatyala asungulwe kwiBhunga aluze lube ngumthetho. Oku akuthethi kuthi asikokusilela kwenkqubo kodwa kunoko kubonisa indlela engaqhelekanga eyenzeka ngayo le nkqubo kunye nebhari ephezulu yokumisela umthetho omtsha. Okokugqibela, ngoxa amanyathelo asisiseko achazwe kweli nqaku esebenza kuwona mthetho mninzi, kukho iinguqu ezininzi zeprocessicals kwaye neendleko ezingasetyenziswa kwiimeko ezithile.

Iintlobo ezikhethekileyo zoMthetho

Ngeli xesha eli nqaku lijolise kwinkqubo yomthetho esesikweni, kufanelekile ukuphawula ukuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho zingalandela iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Iindleko zokubhalisa, ezixhasa imisebenzi karhulumente, zilandela umjikelo okhethekileyo wonyaka kwaye zineemfuno zobuchule obukhethekileyo. Amatyala ohlaziyo okubuyisana angagqithiswa noninzi olulula kwiBhunga, ukuphepha imfuneko eqhelekileyo yamavoti angama-60 ukoyisa i-ficialbuster.

Izilungiso zomGaqo-siseko zilandela inkqubo eyahluke ngokupheleleyo, ezifuna imvume ezibini-ntathu kumagumbi omabini eBhunga kunye nokuhlatywa kweentambo ngeendlu zowiso-mthetho ezintathu zephondo. Iingxelo zifuna imvume yeNtlanganiso ngevoti yesithathu ezibini kodwa azifuni kuvunywa kwendlu. Ezi ntlobo zibonisa iimfuno zomgaqo-siseko ezahlukeneyo kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zezenzo zikarhulumente.

Impembelelo yeCandelo loLawulo loMyalelo

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ukwanda kokubekwa kwezithuba ngokweenkqubo zowiso-mthetho kuye kwachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo indlela esebenza ngayo. Xa amaqela amabini aphambili ahlulelene ngokunzulu kwimibandela yenkqubo, kuba nzima kakhulu ukufikelela ukulungelelanisa nokuvumelana okufunekayo ukudlulisa umthetho. Oku kunokukhokelela ekufakweni kwemithetho eqeshisayo, apho iindleko ezingundoqo ziba ngumthetho.

Ulawulo lweziqendu luchaphazela isigaba ngasinye senkqubo, apho amatyala afumana khona ulwandiso lwekomiti ngendlela amalungu avota ngayo kumgangatho. Iinkokeli zeqela zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ngakumbi ekumiseleni ubuchule bomthetho nokugqiba ukuba ziziphi iindleko eziqwalaselwayo. Ukuqonda iimpembelelo zomququzeleli kwiBhunga kubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe isizathu sokuba ezinye iindleko zihambe phambili ngoxa ezinye zithekile.

Inkqubo yoMthetho kumgangatho weRhulumente

Ngeli xesha eli nqaku lijolise kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho karhulumente, kufanelekile ukuphawula ukuba urhulumente ngamnye unenkqubo yakhe yowiso-mthetho yokumisela imithetho karhulumente. Iinkqubo zikarhulumente zidla ngokulandela umlinganiselo ofanayo kwinkqubo karhulumente, kunye nokuveliswa kwamatyala, kubhekiswe kwiikomiti, ingxoxo, kunye nokuvotelwa ngawo omabini amagumbi endlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente phambi kokuba zithunyelwe kwirhuluneli.

Noko ke, kukho umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kwamazwana. Amanye amazwana anezindlu zowiso-mthetho ezidibana kuphela ngamaxesha alinganiselweyo nyaka ngamnye, ngelinye ixesha ezinye zinezindlu zowiso-mthetho eziqeqeshiweyo. Amanye amazwe avumela abemi ukuba bacebise imithetho ngokuthe ngqo ngenyathelo lombatho, bagqithe indlu yowiso-mthetho ngokupheleleyo. Ukuqonda inkqubo ethile yesizwe kubalulekile ekubandakanyeni ngokunempumelelo kwimibandela yomgangatho karhulumente.

Oovimba Bokufunda Okungakumbi

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngendlela yowiso-mthetho, kukho oovimba abaninzi. Ithala leencwadi leeKhomishini linikela izinto zokufundisa ezineenkcukacha ngendlela esebenza ngayo iNgqungquthela. Indlu neNdlu yeNdlu nganye igcina iiwebhsayithi ezinenkcazelo ephathelele iinkqubo nemisebenzi yazo. IC-SPAN inikela ingxubusho ephilayo yeentlanganiso zowiso-mthetho, ivumela abemi ukuba babuke inkqubo yowiso-mthetho esebenzayo.

Iiyunivesithi ezininzi kunye namaqumrhu acingayo apapasha uphando ngeNgqungquthela nangenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Imibutho yokusebenza kwemithetho isoloko inikela uhlalutyo olucacileyo lomthetho kunye nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Kubo bafuna ukwenza ngokunzulu ngakumbi kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ezi zixhobo zinganika ingqiqo nenkcazelo exabisekileyo.

Ungahlola okungakumbi malunga nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngoovimba abasemthethweni njenge .Gov's Process trap , enika ulwazi olubanzi ngendlela iindleko eziba ngumthetho ngayo, okanye ityelele iNdlu yeNkcazelo yabameli yenkqubo yemithetho-siseko [ yolwazi oluziinkcukacha kwiinkqubo zendlu.

Isiphelo: Idemokhrasi iyasebenza

Inkqubo yokuba ityala libe ngumthetho intsonkothile, ngabom, yaye yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kuqwalaselwa ngokucokisekileyo umthetho ocetyiswayo. Ukusuka kwintshayelelo yokuqala yetyala ngohlolo lwekomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, ukudlula ngamagumbi amabini, kunye nenyathelo lomongameli, inyathelo ngalinye linika amathuba okungeniswa, ukucamngca nokuphuculwa.

Nangona le nkqubo inokuthi xhamle yaye idimaze, ibonisa imigaqo esisiseko yedemokhrasi yaseMerika: ukubaluleka kokucinga, ukubaluleka kweembono ezininzi, nemfuneko yokuvumelana phambi kokumisela imithetho eya kuchaphazela izigidi zabantu. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqhubana ngokunempumelelo norhulumente wabo aze abe nenxaxheba ekulungiseni imithetho elawula ibutho lethu.

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho asiyonkqubo nje engekho ngqiqweni yenkqubo ``idemokhrasi'' esebenzayo. Wonke umthetho ochaphazela ubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka kwinkqubo yerhafu ukuya kwimigaqo yemekobume ukuya kukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu, uye wahamba kule nkqubo. Ngokuyiqonda indlela esebenza ngayo, abemi bangayiqonda kakuhle indlela entsonkothileyo yokulawula, babandakanyeke ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi ekulawuleni, kwaye bagcine abameli babo abanyuliweyo benobutyala.

Nokuba ungumfundi ofunda ngorhulumente waseMerika, ummi ofuna ukuphembelela inkqubo, okanye umntu nje onomdla kwindlela esebenza ngayo idemokhrasi, ukuqonda inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela iMelika elawulwa ngayo. Inkqubo isenokuba ntsonkothile, kodwa yenzelwe ukusabela ekuthandeni kwabantu ngeli xesha iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho emitsha ifumana ulwazelelelo olucokisekileyo nenkxaso ebanzi. Ngale ndlela, inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ibandakanya umgaqo wedemokhrasi wokuba urhulumente afanele alawule, ngoko, kunye nabantu.

Ukuze ufumane ulwazi olungakumbi olumalunga nokuganana kwezentlalo kunye nokuqonda iinkqubo zikarhulumente, ungatyelela USA.gov's isikhokelo ngendlela imithetho eyenziwe ngayo, enika iingcaciso ezifikelelekayo kubemi abafuna ukuqonda nokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yemithetho.