Umthetho awuyonto nje engokomthetho; ngumthetho oqingqiweyo apho imimandla yedemokhrasi yakha khona ukuthembana, ulungelelwano, kunye nokusesikweni. Embilinini yayo, ifuna ukuba wonke umntu nenkqubo yezomthetho (ukusukela kwelona gunya liphezulu kumphathi-rhulumente ukuya kweyona izimeleyo.) ukuthobela imigaqo esemthethweni efanayo engaziwayo. Lo mgaqo uthintela ukuba ulawulo olungenangqiqo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amandla asetyenziswayo phakathi kwemida emiselweyo, ulungelelwaniso, ulungelelwaniso, ukuqwalasela indlela yokucacisa ingcaciso, ukuphakama kwengcaciso, ukuphakama kwembali, ukuphakama kwemiqathango yemithetho, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yemfundo, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yemfundo ebanzi, nokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo ebanzi, ukulungiselela ukubonelelana, ukubonelelana kwale migaqo-mthetho, nokuzinziwa kwemfundo.

Uyintoni uMthetho?

Umthetho ngumgaqo olawulayo othi akukho mntu, rhulumente, okanye isiko elingaphezulu kumthetho. Limi ngokwahlukileyo kulawulo olulawulwa ngumthetho, apho kwenziwa izigqibo ngokwenjongo yomlawuli omnye okanye iqela. Ingcamango ixhomekeke kwimigaqo emininzi exhomekeke kwimigaqo edibeneyo edala isiseko sebutho elinobulungisa. Ezi ziquka:

  • Umthetho unegunya elipheleleyo, ubopha onke amalungu ebutho, kuquka nawo awenzayo nawanyanzelisayo. Akukho mntu, kwanomongameli okanye umphathiswa, onako ukwenza okungaphaya kwemida yakhe.
  • [[NTL:0] Ubulingana phambi koMthetho: Wonke umntu unelungelo lokukhuselwa kwangokosemthethweni kwaye uphantsi kweemfuno ezifanayo ezingokwasemthethweni, kungakhathaliseki ubutyebi, umgangatho, uhlanga, okanye igunya lezobupolitika. Lo mgaqo ufuna ukuba iinkundla zisebenzise imithetho ngokungaguquguqukiyo kwaye zingacalucalucalulo.
  • Uxanduva lwetyala Phantsi koMthetho:[ Amagosa karhulumente, amaziko kawonke-wonke, kunye nabadlali bobuqu kufuneka baphendule ngezenzo zabo phantsi komthetho. IiMechanism ezifana nohlolo lomthetho, imibutho ezimeleyo yokuvelela, kunye neenkqubo ezicace gca ziqinisekisa ukuba ukuphendula kokwenyani, hayi okushwankathela.
  • [[FLT: 0] Icala neZimvo zikawonke-wonke: isigwebo kufuneka sinikelwe ekuhleni, ngokungakhethi buso, nangaphandle kokulibazisa okungeyomfuneko. Oku kuthetha ukuba iinkundla neenkundla kufuneka zifikeleleke, iziphumo zazo zicace, nezigqibo zazo ezisekelwe kubungqina nakwimpikiswano engokwasemthethweni kunokuba zibe nempembelelo yobuqu.
  • Ukufumana iNqanawa: Kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, umntu otyholwayo uthathwa njengomsulwa de agwetyelwe ngetyala kwinkqubo elungileyo. Lo mgaqo ukhusela abantu ekuvalelweni ngokungekho ngqiqweni nasekubohlwayweni, ususa umthwalo wobungqina ukuya kurhulumente.
  • Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo asisiseko: Umthetho awunelanga; kufuneka ulondoloze amalungelo abantu asisiseko njengenkululeko yokuthetha, yokuhlanganisa, neyonqulo, kwakunye nezokhuseleko kwintuthumbo, ubukhoboka, kunye nokuvalelwa koomatiloshe okungekho mthethweni. ImiGaqo-siseko kunye nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zisoloko ziwangenisa la malungelo, kodwa ukhuseleko lwazo lokwenene luxhomekeke kwicandelo elizimeleyo eliwaxhasayo.

Le migaqo ayingomnqweno nje; zizinto ezifunekayo ukwenzela nayiphi na inkqubo ethi ilawulwa ngumthetho. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe efana neZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ne-World Justice Project ivelise imiba elinganayo ukuze kubonwe indlela amazwe abambelele ngayo ngokuthembeka kule milinganiselo.

Ukubaluleka Komthetho

Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba umthetho ubalulekile ekukheni nasekulondolozeni ibutho labantu abanobulungisa. Iingenelo zawo zidlulela ngaphaya kwenkundla, ziphembelela ulwando lwezoqoqosho, ukuzinza kwezobupolitika, kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Nazi izizathu eziliqela ezibangela ukuba umthetho ubaluleke:

  • Izakhelo zobulungisa neSajiko:[ Xa imithetho isetyenziswa ngokulinganayo, abemi bathemba ukuba izikhalazo zabo ziza kuvalwa zize zisombululwe ngeempawu zabo kunokuba zigqitywe ukuba ngabaphi ababandakanyekileyo. Oku kukholosa ngesiseko somanyano lwentlalo.
  • Ithetha ngokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla: ngokunika iihlolo kwigunya eliphetheyo, lowiso-mthetho, kunye nelokugweba, umthetho ulinganisela umlinganiselo wokunganyaniseki, ubuqhaga, kunye nokuqhatha kolawulo oluphezulu. Iqinisekisa ukuba abo banegunya abanakuwusebenzisa umthetho njengesixhobo sokulwa nabachasi okanye bazityebise ngokwabo ngendleko kawonke-wonke.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukusebenza ngokungaguqukiyo kwemithetho kubangela ukuxelwa kwangaphambili. Amashishini angazityalisa, iintsapho zikwazi ukucwangcisa, kwaye abantu bangakhula ngaphandle koloyiko lweenguqu ezizenzekelayo. Xa abantu beyazi imithetho kwaye besazi ukuba iza kunyanzeliswa ngokungakhethi, ucwangco lwentlalo luqiniswa.
  • Ikhusela amalungelo nenkululeko: Umthetho owomeleleyo uqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo omntu ngamnye (ukuthetha, ukunqula, ukuhlanganisa, nokufumana ityala elilungileyo) ayisosithembiso nje esibhaliweyo kodwa izinto zokwenene ezinyanzelekileyo. Iinkundla ze-execs zingabetha imithetho echasene nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko.
  • I-Drives Economic Provices:[ Abanikazi bemali kunye nabathengisi baxhasa amazwe ngomthetho onamandla kuba bangathembela kumthetho oqinileyo wokunyanzelisa ukugcinwa kwesivumelwano, ukhuseleko lwamalungelo empahla, kunye nesigqibo esithe ngqo sempikiswano. Uphando lweBhanki lehlabathi lusoloko lubonisa ungquzulwano olunamandla phakathi komthetho-mthetho kunye ne-GDP nganye.
  • [[NTL:0] Imithetho yedemocratic : unyulo lodwa alwenzi idemokhrasi; umthetho uqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zokunyulwa zilungile, abaphumeleleyo balawula phakathi kwemida esemthethweni, kwaye abo bangaphumeleliyo bangavavanya ngoxolo kwiinkundla kunokuba bazame ngogonyamelo.

Ezi ingenelo zibethelela isizathu sokuba umthetho ungeyonto yolonwabo kodwa iyimfuneko kulo naliphi na ibutho labantu elixabisa isidima somntu nethuba elilinganayo.

Imbali Yomthetho

Ingcamango yokuba umthetho ufanele ulawule, kungekhona abantu, inemvelaphi enzulu yembali.Intandabulumko ukususela kuAristotle ukuya kuJohn Locke yachaza imigaqo yayo, kodwa iziganeko ezibalaseleyo ezicacileyo zabonisa ukuba imele isetyenziswe ngokuthe ngcembe.

IMagna Carta (1215)

Ngokufuthi ikhankanyiwe njengenyathelo lokuqala elisemthethweni elibhekiselele kumthetho kwilizwe elithetha isiNgesi, iMagna Carta yayingumthetho wemithetho enyanzelisa uKumkani uYohane ngemvukelo. Ibinzana layo elidumileyo lavakalisa ukuba akukho mntu okhululekileyo onokuthi avalelwe entolongweni, agxothwe, okanye ahluthwe amalungelo akhe ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe. Nangona ekuqaleni uxwebhu lwenkxwaleko, lwamisela umgaqo weenguqu zokuba umlawuli ngokwakhe wayephantsi komthetho. Kwiinkulungwane, umoya wakhe waphembelela amaxwebhu afana noBhili yamaNgesi wamalungelo (1689) kunye noMgaqo-siseko we-siseko wase-U.

Imfundiso Yokukhanya Nomthetho Wemvelo

Izazi-bulumko ezifana noJohn Locke (1689) zaphikisa ngelithi abantu banamalungelo emvelo — ubomi, inkululeko, kunye nempahla — ukuba oorhulumente bamele bayihlonele. Ingcamango kaLocke yesivumelwano sentlalo, apho abantu bavuma ukulawulwa ukuze bakhusele la malungelo, baba likhubaza lentanda-bulumko lomthetho. Baron de Montesquieu nguMmoya woMthetho [[[FLT:] [1748] [17] uncomela ukuhlulwa kwamandla phakathi kolawulo, ulawulo, amasebe okugweba, ukukhusela umthetho.

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. (1787)

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States awudalanga nje kuphela urhulumente wamagunya alinganiselweyo, adwelisweyo kodwa wamisa ijaji njengesebe elilinganayo. Umgaqo wokuhlola ngokulandelelana . "ukubhengezwa] ku Marbury v. Madison (1803)] iinkundla ezinamandla okubetha imithetho echasene nomGaqo-siseko. Oku kwenza umGaqo-siseko ube ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, ubophelele bonke abadlali bakarhulumente. IBhili yamaLungelo athelelweyo akhuseleke ngakumbi nxamnye norhulumente, inkqubo elungele ukukhuselwa nokukhuselwa okulinganayo.

ISindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu (1948)

Emva kobungendawo beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ibutho lezizwe ngezizwe lagqiba kwelokuba lilawule umthetho emhlabeni wonke. ISindululo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu, esamkelwa yiNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, sithi “kubalulekile, ukuba umntu anganyanzelekanga ukuba afune uncedo, njengendlela yokugqibela yokuvukela ubuzwilakhe kunye nengcinezelo, ukuba amalungelo abantu afanele akhuselwe ngumthetho.” Esi sindululo samisela indlela yezivumelwano neenkundla zezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, njengeNkungabo yeNkundla yaseYurophu Ngamalungelo abantu neNkulwano yezizwe ngezizwe, ethetha ukuba kumele kuphendulwe phantsi komthetho.

Imigaqo Eyintloko Yomthetho Ngobunzulu

Ukuze uwuqonde ngokupheleleyo umthetho, unceda ekuhlolisiseni ngokusondeleyo ngakumbi iinkalo zawo ezisisiseko, njengoko besebenzisana ekudaleni inkqubo yokusesikweni enamandla.

Ukungachazi Umthetho Neenzame Ezingokwasemthethweni

Umgaqo wokuba umthetho uphakamile uthetha ukuba zonke izenzo ezithatyathwa ngamagosa karhulumente kufuneka zibe nesiseko esicacileyo esisemthethweni. Imithetho ngokwayo kufuneka ibe yeyokuba kulindelwe, kuwonke-wonke, icace, kwaye ilungele ukuma. Isithandi sobulumko somthetho Lon Fuller wazibiza ezi “isimilo somthetho sangaphakathi” kwincwadi yakhe Ukuziphatha koMthetho [ [1964]]. Xa imithetho iyimfihlo, isebenza, okanye iguqulwe rhoqo, azinakukhokela ukuziphatha, kwaye umthetho uyawohloka ngokombono.

Ukufikelela Kokusesikweni

Umthetho awusebenzi ukuba abemi abanakukwazi ukunyanzelisa amalungelo abo. Imvume yokusebenza ngokusesikweni ifuna ukuba iinkundla zifikeleleke, zifikeleleke emzimbeni, yaye zikwazi ukudlulisela izigqibo ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Kukwafuna ukuba uncedo olusemthethweni lufumaneke kwabo bangakwaziyo ukufikelela kuzo. Amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa iinkqubo zoncedo olusemthethweni, iinkundla ezincinane, kunye nezinye iindlela zokugweba ukuvala umsantsa phakathi komthetho kunye nento ephilayo.

Ijedi

Abagwebi kufuneka bangakhethi buso kwaye bangabi nangcinezelo yezobupolitika okanye ikhethe lobuqu. Olu zimeleyo lukhuselwa kubomi okanye kukumiselwa kwexesha elide, imivuzo ekhuselekileyo, kunye nemithetho echasene nokususwa ngaphandle kwesizathu. Xa iinkundla zithotyelwe kumphathi ophetheyo, ziba zizixhobo zengcinezelo kunokuba zikhusele amalungelo. IKhomishini yeInternational of JURT [[FLT: 1] igxininisa ukuba ukuzimela kwemithetho yomthetho akuzibo abameleli.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Kumthetho

Nangona kwakukho umthetho wamandulo, umthetho ujongene nezisongelo ezimandundu kwinkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesihlanu.

  • [[NTLT: 0] Ukungathembani kunye nokungathembani: Xa amagosa kawonke-wonke enokunyoba, aphephe irhafu, okanye esoyikisa abatshutshisi, umthetho uba sisixhobo esinamandla. Urhwaphilizo lunciphisa ukulingana phambi komthetho luze luphelise ukuthembana kwabantu. umahluko wehlabathi lonke [ Isalathisi sorbetho Perceptions Index ibonisa ukuba amazwe anorhwaphilizo oluphezulu lusezantsi kumthetho-mthetho we-metrics.
  • I-Interference and Justice Packing: Kwamanye amazwe, abalawuli bazama ukubeka ingqokelela yeenkundla kunye nabaxhasi abanyanisekileyo, ukutshintsha amagunya enkundla, okanye ukungahoyi imithetho yenkundla. I-Hungary, i-Poland, neTurkey ziye zajamelana nokugxekwa kwe-EU ngenxa yezenzo ezinjalo. Xa i-jadicariary iba yigunya lezobupolitika, umthetho uthathelwa indawo liqela.
  • [[NTL: 0] I-Disformation kunye neSisongelo samanani: I-Internet ibangele ukuba kusasazwe ngokukhawuleza ulwazi lobuxoki olunokuphembelela ugonyamelo, luthobe ingqibelelo yonyulo, kunye neejaji ezihlab'a amatyala. Amaqonga ezentlalo-ntle ecuphi asoloko esetyenziselwa ukujolisa amagosa agweba okanye ukusasaza ukungathembani kwiinkqubo ezisemthethweni. Ukulinganiswa kwentetho ekhululekileyo nokukhusela inkululeko yokulawula kungumda omtsha.
  • Izahlula kwiMida yeJaji: Kumazwe amaninzi, amaqela acuthiweyo (kuquka amaqela amancinane, amabhinqa, iimbacu, namahlwempu) imiqobo yesixokelelwano sokufikelela kwiinkundla. Imiqobo yeelwimi, iindleko zomthetho, kunye nocalucalulo kuthetha ukuba umthetho kwiincwadi awuguquleli oko kusesikweni.
  • Emperereni amandla kunye nokufumana: Ngexesha leengxaki ezifana nezifo ezimaza, imfazwe, okanye ubugrogrisi, oorhulumente banokukwandisa uphando, ukuthintela, ukuhamba, okanye ukuvalela iimvavanyo. Ngelixa amanye amanyathelo eyimfuneko, ngaphandle kolawulo olunamandla kunye nohlolo olungqongqo lwemithetho, amandla ongxamiseko anokuba ziziphene ezisisigxina eziphelisa umthetho.
  • I-Crimes jogion yamazwe ngamazwe kunye ne- Julict digital: I-Cybercrime, imali, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo lusebenzisa izithuba phakathi kweenkqubo zomthetho zesizwe. Umthetho uzama ukuqhelanisa nelizwe apho ugcino-lwazi lungena kwimida kunye nezigebenga zisebenza ngokungaziwayo. Intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe ngezivumelwano zoncedo lwasemthethweni kunye nemibutho efana ne-Interpol ibalulekile kodwa idla ngokucotha.

Umthetho Kwimeko Yezizwe Ngezizwe

Umthetho awuvalelwanga kwimida yesizwe. Umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe usekelwe kwimigaqo efanayo , imigaqo yeBhunga loKhuseleko lweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kufuneka isebenze ngokwesivumelwano salo, kwaye iNkundla yezeNtlanganiso yezeNkangeleko yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo imangalele abantu ngokubulawa kwesizwe, ulwaphulo-mthetho, nolwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene noluntu. Noko ke, ukunyanzelisa umgangatho womhlaba wonke akulingani. Amazwe anamandla ngamanye amaxesha angakutyeshela ukulawula kwenkundla yezizwe ngezizwe ngaphandle kweziphumo ezikhawulezileyo, lo gama amagunya abuthathaka amele abekwe kwimithetho egunya. Umthetho kumgangatho wezizwe zonke ufuna intsebenziswano nemigaqo elungeleneyo.

IiNkundla zaMaphondo zikwanendima ebalulekileyo. INkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu eStrasbourg ithetha ngamatyala abantu abathetha ukwaphula umthetho weNtlanganiso Yamalungelo Abantu eYurophu. Imigwebo yayo iye yanyanzelisa amalungu ukuba atshintshe imithetho kuyo yonke into, ukusuka ekuvotelweni kwamabanjwa ukuya kuqheliselo lokuhlola. INkundla yaseAfrika engokwamalungelo abantu ngokufanayo isebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ukhusela abemi kulo lonke ilizwekazi. La maziko abonisa ukuba umthetho uyakwazi ukuphelisa ulawulo lwesizwe xa kuwiswa ngawo.

Kodwa imingeni iyaqhubekeka. Kulawulo lolawulo lobuzwilakhe, umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe udla ngokugatywa njengomthetho weNtshona. Kwanakulawulo-mpumlo, iinkokeli zekhompyutha zingalichasa igunya leenkundla zezizwe ngezizwe. Ukukhusela umthetho emhlabeni wonke kufuna ulawulo oluzinzileyo, imfundo, kunye nengcinezelo yoluntu. Iintlangano ezifana ne- World Justice Project Umlinganiselo womthetho osetyenziswayo, unika ugcino-lwazi olunokusetyenziswa ngabameli ekufuneni iinguquko.

Ukufundisa Umthetho

Abafundisi banembopheleleko enzulu yokunceda abafundi baqonde ukuba umthetho awuyongcamango nje engekho ngqiqweni kodwa njengomgaqo ophilayo obumba ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla. Ubuchule bokufundisa obunempumelelo bubandakanya abafundi abanemizekelo yokwenene yehlabathi, ukugxeka, kunye nokufunda okunenzuzo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Ufundo olumalunga namabali Oluntu: Usebenzisa amatyala enkundla enkqu. [njenge [[FLT:] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo kukulinganisa kobuhlanga okanye imanda v. Arizona kumalungelo achasene nolwahlulo lomthetho olucacileyo. Abafundisi- bangenza umgaqo womthetho usebenze kakuhle.
  • [[NT.1] Izilingo ze-Mock kunye nemfaniso: ukucinezelwa kwetyala lobuxoki apho abafundi benza njengabagwebi, amagqwetha, amangqina, kunye nabagwebi banceda bona bafumane okusesikweni. Bazibonela ngawabo amehlo indlela obubungqina, ubunzima bobungqina, kunye nokusebenza kokungathathi cala.
  • Uhlalutyo lwangoku lweziganeko: Abafundi baye bafunda amanqaku eendaba athetha ngemibandela efana nemiyalelo yegunya, imingeni engokwasemthethweni kwizenzo zikarhulumente, okanye ukuchophela ikomiti. Incoko isenokuquka: “Ngaba oku kuyahambelana nokulingana phambi komthetho?" okanye “Yiyiphi ingqwalasela engekhoyo apha?”
  • Ithetha ngemibandela eququzelelayo: Yabela abafundi ukuba baphikisane okanye bamelane neemeko ezifana "Ngaba urhulumente unamandla okuthintela ubugrogrisi burhanelwa ngaphandle kokuvavanywa?" okanye “Ngaba kufanelekile ukuba umongameli atyeshele umyalelo wenkundla?” Ingxoxo inyanzela abafundi ukuba babe nenxaxheba kuxanduva phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko, ulawulo oluninzi namalungelo amancinane.
  • Abathethi Abaphezulu abasuka kuMbutho wakwaMacala: Abagwebi, abakhuseli boluntu, amagqwetha amalungelo abantu, nabatshutshisi bangabelana ngamava abo kwaye babonise indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo, okanye ukuqhelisa okungaphumeleliyo. Abafundi bafumana ingqiqo kwindlela yomsebenzi kunye nomlinganiselo womntu wokusesikweni.
  • Iiprojekthi zoMthetho zoMgaqo-siseko: Yabela abafundi ukuba benze uphando ngendlela amazwe ahlukeneyo azalisekisa ngayo umthetho. Thelekisa iinkqubo zomthetho ze-United States, ulawulo-mpukane lwase-Nordic, kunye nemeko yedemokhrasi efana noMntla Korea. Kutheni iziphumo zahlukile? Ziziphi izinto ezingekhoyo?
  • [[UMTL:0] Izixhobo zamanani ezingasebenziyo: Ii-website ezinjenge-iCBIC (eyenziwe yiJaji yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-United States uSandra Day O’Connor) unika imidlalo edityanisiweyo efundisa abafundi ngomthetho-mGaqo-siseko, ukwahlukana kwamagunya, kunye nohlalutyo lwezomthetho.

Isiphelo

Umthetho asingomthetho osisigxina kodwa umgudu oqhubekayo. Kufuna ukuba kubekho inxaxheba ekhutheleyo kumntu ngamnye ongummi, kungekhona kumagqwetha nabagwebi. Xa sithobela umthetho, sivavanya imithetho engekho sikweni ngezixhobo ezisemthethweni, kwaye sifuna ukuphenduliswa kweenkokeli zethu, someleza isiseko sebutho labantu abanobulungisa. Abafundi, ukuqonda umthetho kuthetha ukuqaphela ukuba banamalungelo amele akhuselwe, kodwa kwanembopheleleko abamele baxhase. Kuthetha ukucombulula ukungavisisani ngengxengxengelelwa nangobungqina kunokuba sinyanzelele okanye sibabale. Ngokufundisa nokubeka le migaqo, sixhobisa isizukulwana esilandelayo ukuba sikhusele idemokhrasi, sixhase ubuzwilanisi, size sakhe ulawulo lwentlalo apho kumele kuxhaphake khona okusesikweni nenkululeko. Umthetho kufuneka ulawulo lomthetho luchachachane.