Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho usisiseko semibutho yanamhlanje ngokuchaza indlela yokuziphatha engamkelekanga nokubeka iziphumo kwabo baphula imithetho. Alisebenzi ukohlwaya abenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho kuphela kodwa kwakhona lisebenza ekuthinteleni ulwaphulo-mthetho oluzayo, ukukhusela amaxhoba, nokugcina ucwangco lukawonke-wonke. Ukuqonda iingcamango ezisisiseko zomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofunda inkqubo yokulawula inkqubo yokusesikweni, ukusebenza kumthetho, okanye ukufuna nje ukuba ngummi onolwazi. Eli nqaku linikela inkcazelo ecacileyo ngenkcazelo yomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, imigaqo engundoqo, kunye nenkqubo ebangela ukuba amatyala aphengululwe ngetyala kunye nesigwebo.

Uyintoni uMthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho?

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho ubhekisela kwiqumrhu lomthetho onxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho. Uchaza amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ulawula uloyiko, ukumangalelwa, nokuvavanywa kwabantu abarhanelwayo, kwaye umisela izigwebo kunye nezindlela zokuphatha ezisebenzayo kwabenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho ababanjwayo. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wasekuhlaleni, osingatha iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela abantu, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ubandakanya urhulumente njengomtshutshisi omela urhulumente okanye abantu. Imithombo ephambili yomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States imisela imithetho yemithetho kumgangatho wesizwe norhulumente, odityaniswa nemigaqo efanayo kunye neenkcazelo zomgaqo-siseko.

Ulawulo ngalunye lunemithetho yalo yolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa abaninzi baneengcamango ezisisiseko. Umthetho wesigqeba esimanyeneyo ugquma amatyala anqamleza imigca karhulumente okanye abandakanya izilangazelelo zikarhulumente (umz., ukurhwebelana ngeziyobisi, ukuphanga ibhanki, ubugrogrisi), ngoxa umthetho wezolwaphulo-mthetho wezolwaphulo-mthetho ulawula uninzi lwemihla ngemihla njengobusela, ukuhlasela, kunye nokubulala. I-Penal Code, eyasungulwa ngowe-1969, iye yaphembelela kakhulu imigaqo yolwaphulo-mthetho ngokulungiselela imigaqo-mthetho efanayo yokuchaza amatyala, ukukhusela, kunye nokugweba.

Iinkcazelo Eziyintloko Kumthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho

Umgaqo ocacileyo ubalulekile xa kuthethwa ngomthetho. Ngeli ngezantsi kusetyenziswa amagama abalulekileyo akhoyo kulo lonke umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho:

  • Ityala: Isenzo okanye ukukhutshwa okungavumelekanga ngumthetho nesohlwayo ekugwetyweni. Ulwaphulo-mthetho lufuna isenzo sokuzithandela (isenzo sobunyani) kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo sikwaba imeko yengqondo (umnxeba).
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Dendanti: Umntu otyholwe ngokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho. Kwimeko yolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa uthathwa engenatyala de agwetyelwe ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukunyuswa: Iqela elisemthethweni elimela urhulumente (ityala, urhulumente, okanye ummandla) elizisa izityholo kummangalelwa. Abatshutshisi baneemvume eziphangaleleyo zokugqiba enoba banokutyala na nokuba baza kutyala ntoni na kunye nezityholo zokuyila.
  • Isigwebo esisesikweni setyala esingeniswe yinkundla emva kwetyala okanye isibongozo setyala. Ukugwetywa kuphumela kwingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye kusenokukhokelela kwisohlwayo esinjengesokubanjwa, intengo, ukuvalelwa kwetyala, okanye inkonzo yoluntu.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukubekwa kwetyala: Ummiselo wesohlwayo esifanelekileyo setyala elibotshelelweyo. Isigwebo singabakho ngokukhawuleza emva kokuva ityala okanye emva kwesigwebo esahlukileyo apho kuqwalaselwa khona oothunywa abacuphileyo.
  • Ibheridi yobungqina: Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ingtshutshiso kufuneka ingqine zonke izinto zolwaphulo-mthetho "ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni," owona mgangatho uphezulu kumthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abamsulwa abagwetywanga ngokuphosakeleyo.

Iindidi Zolwaphulo - mthetho

Ngokuqhelekileyo, izaphuli - mthetho zibekwa ngokwendlela eziqatha ngayo izinto, kodwa kwanangoko zimile.

Uhlelo olusekelwe kubuchule

  • Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu, ezisohlwaywa ngokuvalelwa ngaphezu konyaka omnye (ngokufuthi kubomi basentolongweni okanye kwanakufa kwezinye iindawo). Imizekelo iquka ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuqweqwedisa, ukuqweqwedisa, nokuphanga ngezixhobo. Iinkolelo ezijoliswe enyanisweni zikwaneziphumo ezifana nokuphulukana namalungelo okuvota kunye nobunzima bokuthola umsebenzi.
  • Imisdemers: Amacala anzima, adla ngokusohlwaywa ngonyaka omnye entolongweni, kwifaso, kwinkonzo yoluntu, okanye ukugcinwa. Imizekelo iquka ubusela obuncinane, ukuhlasela okulula, ukuziphatha okungalungelelananga, kunye ne-DUI (kwimimandla emininzi i-offense DUI iphosakele).
  • Ukwaphula umthetho okuncinci, okudla ngokusohlwaywa ngentengo kunokuba uvalelwe entolongweni. Okona kwaphulwa kuxhaphakileyo ngamatikiti endlela (umz., ukukhawuleza, ukuqhuba isibane esibomvu). Ukwaphula umthetho akuyi nyanisi ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye akubekwanga phantsi kwetyala lejaji.

Uhlelo Lwendalo

  • Ityala elichasene noMntu: elibandakanya ukonakaliswa komzimba okanye isisongelo sokwenzakala komnye umntu. Ezi ziquka ukubulala, ukuhlasela kunye nebhetri, ukudlwengula, nokuqweqwedisa.
  • Ityala elichasene neMpawu: eliquka ukuthatha okanye ukonakalisa impahla yabanye. Imizekelo iquka ubusela/ukuqhekeza, ukuphanga (okukwabandakanya umntu), ukurhoxisa, kunye nokonakalisa izinto.
  • Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezimhlophe--Mbali: Ityala elingekho shushu, eliqhutywa ngemali elenziwa ziingcali zezoshishino okanye amagosa karhulumente. Uqhatha, ngaphakathi, ukurhwebisa, ukurhwebisa ngemali, ukunyoba, kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-empekstiki kuwela phantsi kwalolu didi. FBI ichaza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwengqukuva olumhlophe lwemali [ njengenye yezona zibalulekileyo zayo eziphambili ngenxa yokulahlekelwa kwemali nokurhoxiswa kwemali nolawulo lukawonke wonke.
  • Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziqukelweyo ezibandakanya amanyathelo olwaphulo-mthetho kodwa ezingaphumeleli kwisenzo esigqityiweyo. Imizekelo iquka ukuzama, uzungu, kunye nokucela. Ezi zohlwaywa ngenxa yokuba zibonakalisa injongo ecacileyo yokwaphula umthetho kwaye zibangela isisongelo kwibutho labantu nokuba isicwangciso siye sangaphumeleli.
  • ICrime eHlolwanisiweyo: imisebenzi yezaphuli-mthetho eqhutywa ngamaqela alungelelanisiweyo (umz., amakhareji eziyobisi, amafiya, amaqela). Ezi zisoloko zibandakanya ukurhwebelana, ukuphanga, ukuphanga, ukurhwaphiliza imali, kunye nokuthengiswa kweziyobisi ezigqithisileyo. I-Rackete Ifluect kunye ne-Evicts Organizations (RICO) ibonelela izixhobo ezinamandla zolwaphulo-mthetho olucwangcisiweyo.
  • ICYKbercrime: Ulwaphulo-mthetho olusebenzisa iikhompyutha okanye i-Intanethi. Ubusela, ubusela, ubuphini, kunye nokusasaza ama-ware yimizekelo. ICybercrime yindawo ekhula ngokukhawuleza, idla ngokunqumla imida yezizwe ngezizwe kwaye ifuna ubuchule obukhethekileyo bophando.

Izinto Ezibangela Ulwaphulo - mthetho

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ityala, ityala kufuneka lingqine inxalenye nganye yetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza. Izinto ezine ezibalulekileyo ezifunyanwa kwinkoliso yolwaphulo-mthetho yile:

  • Actus Reus (Umthetho Onetyala): Isenzo sobuqu sokuzithandela okanye (kwezinye iimeko) ukusilela ukwenza xa kukho umsebenzi osemthethweni. Umzekelo, kwimeko yokubulala, i-stus ingumsebenzi wokubulala. Asizizo zonke izenzo ezithathwa njengezokuzithandela", ii-flex okanye izenzo ngexesha lesiphazamo azisanelisi sicelo sika-reus.
  • IMALI REA (Ingqondo Enetyala): Imeko yengqondo efunekayo kulwaphulo-mthetho. Imigangatho eqhelekileyo yamadoda iquka: injongo (injongo), ulwazi, ukungakhathali (ukungabukhathaleli ubungozi obuninzi), kunye nokungakhathali (ukungabuqondi umngcipheko). Ulwaphulo-mthetho olwahlukileyo lufuna imigangatho eyahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, ukubulala kokuqala okuqhelekileyo kudla ngokufuna injongo ecwangcisiweyo, ngelixa ukuhleka kusenokufuna nje ukungakhathali.
  • [[NTLA] I-'CUURT':[[FLT'] I-sctus reus kunye nee-a rea kufuneka zenzeke ngexesha elinye. Ukuba umntu ngempazamo ubetha umntu ngemoto (akukho mntu u-e) kwaye kamva ugqiba ukuzibulala, ukubulala akunakusekelwa kwisenzo sangaphambili.
  • Ukuvavanya: Isenzo kufuneka sibangele umonakalo okanye iziphumo ezixelwe ngulwaphulo-mthetho. Isenzo sinezigaba ezibini: bangela- uphakamiso (kodwa---"uvavanyo": ingozi ingenzekanga ngaphandle kwesenzo) kunye nonobangela wento efunekayo (umonakalo ocacileyo wesenzo).

Ezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ezibizwa ngokuba amatyala oxanduva , azifuni madoda aphinda afumaneke. Imizekelo iquka ukudlwengula (kwiminye imiqathango) kunye nomthetho othile (umz., ukuthengisa utywala kumntwana, nokuba umthengisi uyazazi na ubudala).

Ukukhusela Umthetho Wakwaphula Umthetho

Abameli bangaphakamisa ukhuselo ukuze baphephe iimfanelo. Ukhuselo lungachazwa njengozithethelelayo (isenzo sasilungile phantsi kweemeko) okanye isingxengxezo (ummangalelwa wayengenatyala ngokokuziphatha). Ngapha koko kunokuzikhusela okubalulekileyo:

  • Ukhuselo lweNqanaphi: Ummangalelwa uthi ngenxa yengxaki enzima yengqondo, abanakuyiqonda imeko okanye ukulahleka kwezenzo zabo ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho. Umgangatho uyahluka-hluka ngegunya; umthetho we-M'Naghten (ulawulo lwe-coral incatarianties) kunye nomthetho we-Penal-Scenalial khowudi "ubuchule bobukhomputha" uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo. Ukhuseleko lwengqondo alusoloko lusetyenziswa kwaye lubotshelelwe kwiimeko ezininzi ezinzima.
  • --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  • [[UMTL:0] Umbindi woMmangalelwa wenza ulwaphulo-mthetho kuba babephantsi kwesoyikiso esikhawulezileyo sokufa okanye ingozi enzulu yomzimba womnye umntu. Olu khuselo alufumaneki ukubulala kumazwe amaninzi.
  • Imfuneko: Ummangalelwa wenza ulwaphulo-mthetho ukuze athintele umonakalo omkhulu. Umzekelo, ukwaphula kwisakhiwo esitshayo ukuhlangula umntwana (nangona siphoso sobugcisa, isenzo sigwetyelwe ngemfuneko). I-SITHELEKO siyahluka kwimiqathango kuba isisongelo sivela kwimikhosi yendalo kunokuba siphumele omnye umntu.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ummangalelwa wayephenjelelwa ngamagosa omthetho ukuba enze ulwaphulo-mthetho abengenakulwenza ngenye indlela. Ukunyanzeliswa kusisikhuselo ukuba ihambo karhulumente ibikugqithisele okokuba ibangele injongo yezaphuli-mthetho, hayi nje ukuba inikwe ithuba.
  • Alibi: Ummangalelwa unika ubungqina bokuba babengekho kulwaphulo-mthetho xa ulwaphulo-mthetho lusenzeka. Ilibi iyindlela eyinyaniso yokuzikhusela, efuna ubungqina bendawo ngelo xesha, ngokufuthi ngobungqina okanye iirekhodi.
  • Inyaniso ithatyathwe `````''''' Ummangalelwa wenza impazamo enyanisekileyo phantse nenyani yokuba amadoda afunekayo alahla iream. Umzekelo, ukuba omnye umntu uthabatha iambrela ekholelwa ukuba yeyakhe, abanayo injongo yokuba. Ukungawuqondi umthetho ngokuqhelekileyo akuyonkuselo, kodwa kukho ukungaxhomekeki ngokufanelekileyo kwiingxelo ezisemthethweni zomthetho.

Indima Yokunyanzeliswa Komthetho

Amaqumrhu okunyanzelisa umthetho akwindawo yokungena kwenkqubo yomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho. Iimbopheleleko zawo zidlulela ngaphaya kokucingela ukuvalelwa ukuba kuqukwe ukuthintelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho, uphando, ukuqokelelwa kobungqina, nokulungiselelwa kwamatyala. Imisebenzi ebalulekileyo iquka:

  • Uphando lolwaphulo - mthetho ngokudlan ’ indlebe namangqina, ngokuqokelela ubungqina obuphathekayo (iDNA, iminwe yeminwe, inkcazelo yamanani), nokusebenzisa inzululwazi yezonyango.
  • Ukukrokrela ngokufumana imvume yokubanjwa esekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo okanye ukwenza ukubamba okungenasizathu xa ulwaphulo-mthetho lusenzeka kubukho begosa.
  • Ubungqina boxwebhu ukuqinisekisa ukuba iyakholeleka enkundleni, ilandela itsheyina lentambo elandelwayo.
  • Ukungqinela enkundleni njengamangqina ayinyaniso ngokuphathelele iingcebiso nezenzo zabo ebudeni bophando.
  • Ukunxibelelana nabatshutshisi ukuze bakhe ityala elinamandla, ngokufuthi benikela iingxelo baze bancomele ukumangalelwa.

Izithintelo zomGaqo-siseko zimisa ngokuphawulekayo izenzo zokugcinwa komthetho. UHlaziyo lwesine lukhusela ukuphengululwa nokuxhuzula okungaqiqisiyo, okufuna imiyalelo esekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka sophendlo oluninzi. Mindanda izilumkiso [ (zikhutshiwe emva [] imanda v. Arizona) kufuneka zinikwe ukukrokraza ekuvalweni ekuvalweni ngaphambi kokuncinwa, ukubazisa ngelungelo labo lokuhlala bethulile nokufumana igqwetha. Ukungamela kwezi zikhuseli zomGaqo-siseko kunokubangela ubungqina bokucinezelwa phantsi komthetho osusiweyo.

Inkqubo yeNkundla

Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho athenjiswa kwinkqubo yenkundla yenkundla yamatyala. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba iimpazamo zingahlaziywa kwaye amatyala asingathwa ngomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo.

  • IiNkundla eziQuquzelelayo: zikwabizwa ngokuba ziinkundla zesithili okanye iinkundla eziphezulu `ezi zindawo apho kuthethwa khona amatyala aphezulu. Inkundla yamatyala imisa izibakala, isebenzisa umthetho kwezo zibakala, kwaye inikela isigqibo (ijaji okanye ijaji). Kwinkqubo yorhulumente, iiNkundla zeSithili zase-U.S.
  • Ezi nkundla zifumana iingxelo: Ezi nkundla zihlola izigqibo zamatyala xa iqela elizibanga lisenza impazamo engokwasemthethweni zenzeka (umz., ukuvunywa okungafanelekanga kobungqina, imiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala engachananga). Aziqhubeli tyala litsha okanye zive ubungqina obutsha; zihlola ingxelo. IiNkundla zeZibheno ze-U.
  • IiNkundla zeNkundla eziPhezulu: Inkundla ephakamileyo ekulawuleni. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. inesigqibo sokuhlola amatyala kwiinkundla ze-appelte zephondo kunye neenkundla eziphakamileyo eziquke imibandela yomthetho okanye yomgaqo-siseko. Izigqibo zayo zimisela imizekelo enyanzelisayo kulo lonke uhlanga.

Kwinkqubo yokuchophela ityala, ijaji ijonge iinkqubo ezisemthethweni, ibeke imithetho engobungqina, iyalela abachopheli-tyala, ize ibeke izigwebo. Abachopheli-tyala (kwimiba emininzi eyingozi) bamisela ityala okanye ubumsulwa obusekelwe kwizibakala ezichazweyo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo elisemthethweni lokuchophela ityala labachopheli-tyala phantsi kweSithandathu soMphengululo-zigwebo onzulu.

Isenzo Sezaphuli - mthetho: Ukusuka Ekuboshweni Ukusa Kwisibheno

Inkqubo yobulungisa yokwaphula umthetho ilandela ulandelelwano olulungelelanisiweyo ukuze kukhuselwe amalungelo ommangalelwa ngoxa kuqinisekiswa ukhuseleko lukawonke - wonke.

I-APP

  • Umthetho onyanzelisayo uthatha ityala elirhanelwayo kwintolongo ngenxa yesizathu esinokwenzeka. Isikrokrele siqwetywe (ishicilelwe iminwe, ifotlwe, kwaye ingeniswe kwinkqubo).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Imbonakalo ekwi-Initial : Isikrokrele sivela phambi komgwebi ngexesha elifutshane (ngokuqhelekileyo iiyure ezingama-48). Ijaji yazisa ummangalelwa ngezityholo, icwangcisa ibheyile, kwaye imisela icebo ukuba ummangalelwa akanako ukuthenga.
  • Ukufumana ngokuphangaleleyo Ukuva okanye ukuphatha i Jury Enkulu: Ukugqiba ukuba kukho ubungqina obaneleyo bokuqhubekeka ukuvavanya. Ukuva kokuqala kusisilumkiso esiqhubekekayo phambi komgwebi. Iqumrhu eliphezulu lejaji liqela labemi eliva ubungqina obunikelwa ngumtshutshisi kwaye ligqibele ukuba ingakhupha na ityala.
  • Umthetho: Ummangalelwa ubekwa ityala ngokusemthethweni kwaye ungena kwisibongozo: enetyala, kungekhona ityala, okanye (kwezinye iimeko) i-nolo imateri (akukho khuphiswano). Abamangalelwa abaninzi bamangalela ukuba abanatyala ekuqaleni, nto leyo ekhokelela kwingxoxo okanye ukuvavanywa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Intsingiselo efihlakeleyo kunye neNtshukumo zangaphambili: omabini amacala atshintshisana ngobungqina kwaye angathatha intshukumo zefayile ukucinezela ubungqina, ukukhupha izityholo, okanye ukunyanzela ubungqina.

Ukuvavanywa

  • [[NTL: 0] Ukukhetha: Iqela lamalungu ejaji ayabuzwa (ingozi) kwaye akhethelwe ukungakhethi. Icala ngalinye lingavavanya abachopheli bomthetho ngenxa yesizathu okanye ukusebenzisa isibetho sokukhulula.
  • IiNgxelo eziVulayo: Icala ngalinye lichaza ingcamango yetyala labo kubachopheli-tyala (engebo bungqina).
  • Ukunikezelwa kobuBonakaliso: Ingxengxezo inika amangqina nemifanekiso kuqala (njengoko ithwala umthwalo wobungqina). Ukhuseleko lunganqamleza-examine luze lunikele ubungqina balo. AmaNgqina angqinela phantsi kwesifungo kwaye aphantsi kokuvavanya ngokunqamlezayo (umva).
  • Impikiswano echazayo: Icala ngalinye lishwankathela ubungqina kwaye liphikisa isizathu sokuba abachopheli-mthetho bafumane ityala okanye ukuxolelwa.
  • Imiyalelo kunye neSindululo: Ijaji iyalela abachopheli-mthetho kumthetho osebenzayo. Abachopheli betyala bandule ngokufihlakeleyo bafikelele isigqibo esidibeneyo (kwityala elininzi eliqulethwe lityala). Ukuba abachopheli-mthetho abanakuvuma, ityala livakaliswe kakubi, kwaye ityala lingabuyiselwa.
  • Idict: Ukuba unetyala, isigwebo silandela. Ukuba akanatyala, umtshutshisi ukhululwe ngetyala elifanayo kwaye akanakuphinda axolelwe ngetyala elifanayo (kulungile u-Revil Jeopardy Claus).

Ukugweba Nokubhenela

  • [[NTLALA:0] Isongezelelo: Ijaji imisa isohlwayo ngaphakathi kwemigaqo-mthetho. Ityala liqwalasela ingxelo yangaphambi kwemvume, iingxelo zesiphumo sexhoba, kunye nezinto ezifaka igalelo/ukuhlahlela. Iinketho ziquka ukuvalelwa, ukuhlawuliswa, ukulungiswa, inkonzo yoluntu, ukujonga i-elektroniki, okanye (kwimeko zekomkhulu) ukufa.
  • Appeles: Ummangalelwa ogwetyelwe (okanye kwezinye iindawo ityala, ngokwezindululo ezilinganiselweyo) angabhena ityala okanye isigwebo. Izibheno kufuneka zisekelwe kwiimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni, hayi nje ukungavumelani nesigqibo. Inkundla ye-appellate ingaqinisekisa, ibuyekeze, okanye iphinde ifakwe kwityala elitsha.

Ukukhuselwa KomGaqo-siseko Kumthetho Wakwaphula

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika inkxaso eninzi kubantu abatyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho.

  • [[NTL:0] IsiHlalisi-nkqubo soMgaqo-nkqubo we-FLT: ukhusela ekuphengululweni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni. Ifuna imiyalelo esekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo nesokubekwa. Ubungqina bomthetho opheliswayo obufunyenwe ngokuchasene nokupheliswa.
  • FINT [Uhlaziyo lweNkqubela-mali ye-FLT: Ikhusela ekuzibekeni ngokwalo (ekunene ukungathethi), umngcipheko ophindwe kabini, kunye nokuqinisekisa inkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho. Okukwaquka ilungelo kwiqumrhu elibalaseleyo labachopheli-tyala elikwityala eliseluntwini.
  • IsiHlalisi-sombululo se-X: siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvavanywa kwetyala elikhawulezayo nelinowonke wonke, inkundla yokuchophela ityala engakhethiyo, ukubhengezwa kwezityholo, ungquzulwano lwamangqina, inkqubo enyanzelisayo yamangqina, kunye noncedo lwesiluleko. Ilungelo lokucebisa litolikiwe ukucela umelo olusebenzayo kwaye liyasebenza kuwo onke amaqondo abalulekileyo engtshutshiso.
  • Ukuhlaziywa koMphetho-mva: Izakhono zokunyusa ibheyile, intlawulo egqithisileyo, nengqeqesho enenkohlakalo nengaqhelekanga. Oku bekungundoqo ekuxambuliseni ngesohlwayo sokufa, izigwebo zobomi kulutsha, kunye neemeko zentolongo.
  • [[NTL:0] Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesine:[[[FT:1] lubonisa uninzi lweSiqinisekiso samaLungelo kumazwe nge-Century Programme Claus, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ezo zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zisemthethweni zikwawahlonela la malungelo asisiseko.

Isigwebo

Ukugweba kulawulwa ziingcamango eziliqela zentanda - bulumko ezibumba isohlwayo esigqalwa njengesisesikweni nesinempumelelo:

  • Isohlwayo esigwetyelweyo: sifanelekile kuba umenzi wobubi ufanelwe kukubandezeleka ngenxa yesenzo sabo esiphosakeleyo. Kukujonga emva, ukubhekisa kwintsalela (isohlwayo kufuneka sifanele ukwenziwa).
  • [[NTLA:0] Isisohlwayo: sijolise ekudimazeni ulwaphulo-mthetho lwexesha elizayo, zombini ngumenzi wobubi (ukuthintelwa okungqalileyo) kunye nabanye abanokuqwalasela izenzo ezifanayo (ukuthintelwa). Isisongelo sesohlwayo kufuneka siqiniseke, sikhawuleze, kwaye sibe sikhulu ngokwaneleyo ukudlula iinzuzo zolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukususa umenzi wobubi kwibutho labantu (ngokuvalelwa okanye ngokujongwa kwe-elektroniki) kubathintela ekwenzeni ulwaphulo-mthetho olubhekele phaya ngexesha. Ukungacafulisi kudla ngokuqhuba "izibhedlo ezintathu" imithetho kunye nezigwebo ezingephi eziyimfuneko.
  • Ulungiso lwemithetho: Injongo kukuguqula owonileyo ngemfundo, ngonyango, ngoqeqesho lomsebenzi, okanye ngokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi ukuze babe ngabemi abathintela umthetho. Ukubuyiselwa komthetho kuncitshisiwe kwaye kuncitshiswe kuthandwa kodwa kuhlala kubalulekile kwiinkqubo ezifana neenkundla zeziyobisi kunye namanyathelo okulungisa olutsha.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Ukuphumla: Ijolise ekulungiseni umonakalo owenziwe kumaxhoba kunye noluntu. Iinkqubo zobulungisa ezibuyisela ingqwalaselo ziquka ixhoba elingumncedi, ulawulo lwenkonzo yoluntu, kunye nokuhlawulelwa. Le ndlela ifuna ukubuyiselwa koxanduva nokuphilisa kunokusohlwaywa okucokisekileyo.

Ukugweba kudla ngokudibanisa ezi ngcamango. Ngokomzekelo, isigwebo sasentolongweni sisenokusetyenziswa ekudluliseleni isigwebo, ekuthinteleni nasekuthinteleni iinjongo ezingekho ngqiqweni, ngoxa iimeko zokuvavanywa zisenokuquka izinto ezibuyisela umva.

Isiphelo

Umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ungumsebenzi onamandla nobalulekileyo olungelelanisa imfuneko yokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ukusuka ekuchazeni ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye neenkalo zazo ukuchaza imigaqo yokuzikhusela, isiseko somthetho siqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kulandelwe ngokusesikweni kwaye kulungeleleneyo. Ukuba ungumfundi womthetho, ubuchule kwinkqubo yokusesikweni, okanye ummi oxhalatyiweyo, uyakwazi ezi ngcamango zingundoqo zinika isiseko esiqinileyo sokuqhuba iingxubeko ezisemthethweni kunye nokufak'unegalelo kwingxoxo yequluvo yoluntu. Njengoko ibutho labantu limele liqhubeke lisenza ezi migaqo mitsha yolwaphulo-mthetho (njenge-Ibercrime) kunye nemigangatho ecacileyo yendlela esesikweni. [i-U.U.S.Provinces, i-Genegnual .Gene i-Gene i-Elightstions, i-gest, i-justial just, i-ges.[5]