Umgaqo wokulungelelana kwamandla ungundoqo ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo yedemokhrasi. Iqinisekisa ukuba akukho lungu okanye mntu ngamnye onako ukulawula inkqubo yokulawula, ngaloo ndlela ekhusela amalungelo nenkululeko yabemi. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa umongo wembali, intsingiselo, kunye neenkqubo ezixhasa ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kolawulo lwale mihla, lo gama lihlola kwakhona imingeni yanamhlanje kunye nokuguquka kwesimo sobume sale mfundiso ibalulekileyo.

Imvelaphi Yengcamango Yamandulo Yezobupolitika

Ingcamango yolungelelwano lukarhulumente iqala idemokhrasi yale mihla. UAristotle, kwi- yakhe uPiltorius, wachaza iindidi ezintathu zemithetho-siseko ($monarchy, i-custolity, kunye ne-polityism(i-polities), waphikisa ukuba olona hlobo lungcono lukarhulumente ludityaniswe kuzo zonke izinto ezintathu ukunqanda naluphi na uhlobo ekulawuleni. Polybius, umbhali-mbali wesiGrike, wayiphucula ngokuqhubekela ngokuqwalasela le ngcamango ngokuhlolisisa umgaqo-siseko weRiphabliki oxubeneyo, oyahlula i-siseko (i-ethe ncam), iNxandebs (irracratic), kunye neendibano ezidumileyo (democracrac). Polius wakholelwa ukuba le nkqubo yeRoma ivumele ukuba iphephe umjikelezo wobugxonxot , ezichazwe ngokuchanelwayo, iinkcazelo zegunya ezithi, ezithiyo, ezithiyo, ezithiweyo, ezithiye zahlulwayo

Ukukhanyiselwa Nokuqhekeka Kwamandla

Ukukhanyiselwa kwaphawula incopho yotshintsho kwinkqubela-phambili yengcamango yamandla alungelelanisayo. UBaron de Montesquieu wasebenza ngo1748 Umoya woMthetho wanikela ubuchule obunempembelelo enkulu. Waphikisa ukuba ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla, “amandla kufuneka abe yi-checking kumandla. "Montesquieee acet ukuhambisa igunya likarhulumente phakathi kwamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo, i-gractive, isebe ngalinye eliphethe, kunye nelokugweba phakathi kolawulo lukaJohn, "/] kunye nesebe ngalinye elinamandla okumisela ezinye izithintela. Nangona umgaqo wakhe uthelekelelo oluthe ngqo, owenzileyo umgaqo-Gwayo olawulayo, othe ngqo, owenziwe ngumzekelo othe ngqo, owenziwe nguMonganye, owethu, owenziwe ngumzekelo othe ngqo, owe-Geade, owesi-Espowesi, othe siseko, othe siseko esipheleleyo, uGethe `u

Ukubaluleka Kokulungelelana Kwamandla

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho namnye ongaphezulu komthetho kubalulekile ekugcineni okusesikweni nokuziphendulela. Ukulungelelana kwamandla kufeza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo:

  • Ukususwa kweTyranny: ngokuhambisa amandla kumasebe amaninzi karhulumente, ubungozi bolawulo lolawulo olungqongqo buncitshisiwe. Ukujoliswa kwamandla kumntu omnye okanye iqela ngokwembali kukhokelela kwingcinezelo, njengokuba kubonwa kulawulo ukusuka kwiRoma yamandulo ukuya kumashumi amabini aneshumi amabini olawulo lolawulo.
  • Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo: Inkqubo elungeleleneyo ikhusela amalungelo abantu kunye nenkululeko yabo kurhulumente ophazanyiswa. Xa isebe ngalinye linokukhangela elinye, kuba nzima ukuba naliphi na isebe liphazamisa inkululeko efana nentetho, indibano, kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo.
  • [[NTLA] Ukubekwa kobuNcedo: ngokuhlola amandla endaweni, amagosa karhulumente abekelwe ityala ngezenzo zawo. Isisongelo sokungathobeli, uhlolo lomthetho, kunye nolawulo lowiso-mthetho luqinisekisa ukuba iinkokeli azinakwenza nto ngaphandle kokusohlwaywa.
  • Ukusebenziseka nomthetho: ulawulo olulungeleleneyo lukhuthaza ukuthemba uluntu kwimibutho. Abahlali basengozini yokwamkela imithetho nemigaqo xa bekholelwa ukuba amandla awasetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni. Oku kunciphisa amathuba okudumba kwamakhaya kwaye komeleza isivumelwano sentlalo.

Ngapha koko kusebenza okungundoqo, ulungelelwano lwamandla lukwakhuthaza uphando kunye nokulalanisa. Ngenxa yokuba alikho isebe elinye elinganyanzelisanga uthanda kwalo, izigqibo zenkqubo kufuneka zixoxwe ngaphaya kwamasebe, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiziphumo ezithe qwa kwaye ezixhaswe ngokubanzi.

Ubuchule Bokulungelelanisa Amandla Kwimicimbi Yanamhlanje

Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya

Ulwahlulo lwemisebenzi karhulumente ibe ngamasebe ahlukeneyo", awezomthetho, kunye nezomthetho, luveza naliphi na isebe elinye elisebenzisa amandla amakhulu kakhulu. Isebe ngalinye linemisebenzi yalo yokuqala: indlu yowiso-mthetho yenze imithetho, isebe eliphetheyo liyayinyanzela, kwaye inkqubo yesahlulo-mthetho iyayichaza. Oku kwahlula kudala udonga lomlilo olusikelwe umda wokufikelela naliphi na i-Allema ne-Indiya, lamkela isakhiwo esifanayo somjikelezo owenziwe ngeminye i-trartite, nangona inkqubo yepalamente isoloko idibanisa iziphathi-ntloko kunye namandla omthetho kwiqondo elithile, kodwa nangoku kuhlala umenzi we-judiary ozimeleyo).

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

Isebe ngalinye linegunya lokumisela amagunya amanye, liqinisekisa ukuba amandla alungelelanisiwe kwaye akukho sebe linye lilawulayo. Imizekelo iquka umongameli iveto (othe wabulala ngemithetho yowiso-mthetho), uqinisekiso lweNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNgwevu (obenzileyo phezu kwegunya), kunye nohlolo lwezomthetho (olwagunya phezu kwazo zombini), kunye noluvo olulawulayo (olwasemthethweni phezu kwazo). Ngokubuyayo, umthetho-wiso-mthetho ungayilawula i-veto nge-ekhweza, kwaye umphathi-wonga uyakwazi ukuxolela. Ezi zingqinelanisa i-ethe-engile zifuna intsebenziswano nezenzo ezinamandla kunokusetyenziswa kwe-Genegane.

Ijedi

Ingcaciso engakhethiyo yemithetho kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba isetyenziswa ngokulinganayo, iphakamisa umgaqo wokuba akukho namnye ongaphezulu komthetho. Uzimele-mthetho uyakhuselwa kubomi (okanye imigaqo emide emisiweyo), imivuzo ekhuselekileyo, nokukhuselwa kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Amandla okuhlola okuchonga ``imithetho okanye izenzo zempatho-mandla' zilelona lilelona lilelona lilelona liphantsi lokulinganayo langoku. Iimeko ezithi zibekwe ngokwendlela ezinje [[FLT:] [FL:] [FFOLT]/[3].[5] izigwebo zomgamgamgamgamgamgamgatho-ji-mthetho [Fo] [5] [5] [5]

Umanyano

Kwinkqubo zikarhulumente, amandla akwahlulwe phakathi koorhulumente besizwe nabongamazwe. Oku kwahlulwa okuthe nkqo kwamandla kongeza olunye umaleko wokhuseleko nxamnye nombindi. Ama-odonga okanye amaphondo ahlala eneziqu eziphezulu, esebenza njengeelaboratori zedemokhrasi kunye neemvavanyo ezongezelelekileyo kwigunya lorhulumente. I-United States, iJamani, i-Australia, kunye ne-Indiya zonke zisebenzisa uburhulumente ukuya kufikelela kumaqondo ahlukeneyo.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Olulungeleleneyo Lwamandla

IUnited States

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. waseka inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano oluye lwavela ngaphaya kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Ihlazo leWatergate (792-1974) layivavanya inkqubo, njengoko uMongameli Nixon wazama ukuphazamisa okusesikweni nokuqinisekisa ilungelo eliphezulu. INkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ngamxhelo mnye United States] v. Nixon [umongameli] akanakubuvimba ubungqina ekuphandiseni ngezaphuli-mthetho, iqinisekisa ukuba akukho namnye, kwanomphathi omkhulu, ongaphezulu komthetho. Ngokungakumbi, izenzo eziphambili zokufuduka, amagunya emfazwe, kunye nezindululo zongxalo eziye zaqalisa iingxoxo malunga nemiqatha yamandla kamongameli. Ingqungquthelane yezo ngxolo ekwaphula umthetho, ukuvava nokuzinziswa kwemiqathangowayo, i-Grone yexesha langoku, u-Andminern, u-And (evennern, kabini).

I-United Kingdom

Umgaqo-siseko we-UK ongekho semthethweni uxhomekeke kwiindibano, emimiselo, nakumaxwebhu embali anjengeMagna Carta (1215) kunye neBhili yamaLungelo (1689) ukwenza ulungelelwano phakathi kolawulo lookumkani, iPalamente, kunye nejaji. Ngoxa amagunya okumkani esoloko ebhalile, umgaqo wolawulo lwepalamente uthetha ukuba iPalamente ingenza okanye iwise nawuphi na umthetho. Noko ke, i-judicariary ifumene inkululeko engakumbi ukususela kwiSimiselo somGaqo-siseko soMthetho-Reformation 2005, esimisela iNkuNkukhosi ePhakamileyo yoBukumkani obumanyeneyo, eyahlula inkundla ephakamileyo kwiNdlunqene zoBukhozi. UMthetho woLuntu unika amandla okuvakalisa ummiselo othelekelelo olukhoyo, ngaphandle kokulungele ukutshintsha kwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yeNtlanga.

I-France

IRiphabliki yesihlanu yaseFransi, eyasekwa ngo-1958, inenkqubo encinci yokuhlola umongameli onyuliweyo ngqo kunye nomphathi-mikhosi oyintloko omele aphendule kwiPalamente. Umongameli unamagunya amakhulu, kuquka amandla okuphelisa iNdibano yeSizwe nokubiza i-arhente. IBhunga loMgaqo-siseko lihlola imithetho yokuhambelana noMgaqo-siseko, lisebenza njengovavanyo lomthetho. Le projekthi i-projekthi ibonakalisa ubuntlola begunya elinamandla xa isigqeba esiphezulu sihlala kwigumbi lepalamente. Amaxesha okuhlalisa kunye nokuhlalisana kwengqungquthela (xa umongameli kunye nomphathi-nkulu wamaqela ahlukeneyo) maxa wambini ehla lihla lihla lihla linyuka kodwa liphinda lihlaziswe i-ehlolo-luko-luko lomthetho, njengoko isebe ngalinye limele liqhuba uludwe, njengoko kufuneka liqhuba incokono kunokuba lilawule.

Ummi waseMzantsi Korea

Ukuguqukela kwe-South Korea kwidemokhrasi ngo-1992 kwaveza inkqubo yombutho womongameli kunye neNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko ehlola ngokutsha umthetho kunye nezenzo zomongameli. Ityala lika-2016-2017 libonisa amandla ejaji ezimeleyo yokuba netyala elinobungangamsha. Eli tyala libonisa indlela ukuvavanya nokulingana okunokusebenza ngayo nakulawulo lobuncinci, liqinisekisa ukuba akukho namnye umgaqo wokuba ujongene norhulumente onegunya. [FLT:] Inkundla yezongalo yezomthetho ifundisa le nkqubo. [[FLT]

Ingqikelelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe Noguquguquko

Ngeli xesha imodeli yamagunya ahlukeneyo yaseMerika inempembelelo, umlinganiselo wolawulo-melo oluninzi wolungelelwano oluphakathi kwimimiselo eyahlukeneyo. Iinkqubo zepalamente, ezifana nezo zaseKhanada, e-Australia, naseJapan, zidibanisa amasebe olawulo oluphezulu nomthetho, zisenza urhulumente axhomekeke kwipalamente engqineka nepalamente. Oku kunokubangela ukuba ulawulo olungcono lulawuleke ngakumbi kodwa kudala umngcipheko wokulawula ukuba umphathiswa kwesebe ulawule ukuba umlawuli oyintloko ulawule ulawulo oluzinzileyo. Ukuphikisana noku, iinkqubo ezininzi zepalamente zisebenzisa amagumbi anamandla esibini (umz. umz., i-German Bundestrat) kunye nokuhlola okuqinileyo. Iinkqubo ezidityaniweyo ezifana ne-framessss ezibambe imodeli ezibambeneyo zinokusetyenziswa ukunyanisa iinjongo zokuzinziphothoba zomthetho okanye ukuvala imigaqo.

Ukudityaniswa kokuncitshiswa kwemibutho nokuhlaziywa

Ulawulo-melo olutsha lusoloko luzama ukumisela uhlolo oluhlala luhleli kunye nolungelelwano. Amazwe aseMpuma Yurophu, eMzantsi Merika, nase Afrika aye aguquka xa abalawuli bethoba bethoba ityala okanye becinezela inkcaso. Umzekelo, iHungary nePoland ziye zabona iinguqu zomGaqo-siseko eziye zabangela ukuba ulwenze buthathaka inkululeko yokulawula nenkululeko yolwazi-ndaba, ezixhobisa ungenelelo lwaseYurophu. La matyala agxininisa ukuba ulungelelwano lwamandla aluzixhasi; lufuna ukuzikhusela okusebenzayo kwabantu belizwe, abadlali bezopolitiko, kunye namaziko ezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe. [[FLT: 0] iNkuNkundla yamaLungile yamalungelo abantu iphumele indima ephambili ekubambeni amatyala kumazwe okulawulwa komthetho womthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ucelomngeni Lokulungelelana Kwegunya Namhlanje

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika

Ulwahlulo olukhulayo lweendawo zezobupolitika lungakhokelela kwi-grid lock, luthobe ulawulo olusebenzayo. Xa amaqela ebeka phambili uncedo oluphambili kwintsebenziswano yequmrhu, uhlolo nolwalulungelelwaniso lube zizixhobo kunokuba zikhusele. I-U.S. iye yafumana ukuvalwa rhoqo korhulumente, ukulibaziseka kwemithetho egwetywayo, kunye nobunzima bokugqithisa uqingqo-mali oluthi lupheleyo olunciphisa ukuthemba kwabantu. Ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo kunye nokukhuselwa kwemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho, njengoko iqela ngalinye lifuna ukuhambisela phambili ucwangciso lwalo lwemiqathango.

Ukufikelela okungaphezulu kunye namandla exesha likaxakeka

Iinkokeli zingazama ukwandisa igunya lazo, ukudlula kwiindlela zokuhlola kunye nokulinganisela ngamaxesha obunzima. Isifo se-COVID-19 sabona oorhulumente abaninzi besebenzisa amanyathelo ongxamiseko ngokusikelwe umda kolawulo lowiso-mthetho. Ngoxa kwakuyimfuneko ukuthabatha inyathelo ngokukhawuleza, abanye abalawuli basebenzisa amanqam ukuqinisa igunya (h) ukwandisa inkululeko yasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokuhlolwa okwaneleyo kwemithetho yezomthetho okanye ipalamente. Ngokufanayo, ubugrogrisi kunye nezisongelo zokhuseleko zamazwe zisetyenziselwa ukuthethelela uphandolo, isenzo somkhosi ngaphandle kokumiswa kwemvume, kunye nokuvalelwa ngaphandle kokuvavanywa. Umlinganiselo ongqwabalasela phakathi kokhuseleko nokhuseleko nokhuseleko uhlala ulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo.

Inkululeko Yejaji

Umzamo wokuphembelela okanye ukuthoba ityala ungasongela ukungacaluli ngokusesikweni okufunekayo ekumeleni umthetho. Abanye oorhulumente baye bafaka iinkundla eziqeqeshiweyo nabagcini-mthetho abanyanisekileyo, batshintsha iminyaka yokuthatha umhlala-phantsi, okanye iinkundla ezihluliweyo zolawulo kwimicimbi ethile. Ngokomzekelo, utshintsho lwezomthetho lwePoland ngo-2019 lwakhokelela kwi-European Union isigwebo nokuchaswa kwemiqathango yamakhaya. Xa iinkundla zichasa, abakhokeli bayakwazi ukuthembeka kunye namandla abo okuhlola amanye amasebe. Ukulawula ukuzimela kudinga ukumiswa, ukukhusela imicimbi yenkundla, kunye nenkcubeko ethetha ngenkundla.

Ukungaqiniseki kwamanani nokuncipha kokuthembana

Ukuvela kwamaphulo onxibelelwano olunxulumene nentlalo-ntle kunye nokungavumelani kolawulo-bume kuphelise ukuthemba uluntu kwimibutho yedemokhrasi. Xa abemi bengakwazi ukuvumelana ngezibakala ezisisiseko malunga nezenzo zikarhulumente, iingqiniselo kunye nolungelelwano. Ukungaqiniseki kwemigaqo-mthetho ngengqibelelo yonyulo kuye kwakhokelela kwimigudu yokubhukuqa iziphumo, ukuncitshiswa kokuthunyelwa kolawulo olunoxolo lwe-odemokhrasi. Urhulumente uye wasebenzisa uphando lweziko lwezobugcisa nxamnye nabachasi bezobupolitika, nto leyo ebangela ukuba abantu bangabi namalungu azimeleyo azimeleyo asebenze indima ephambili ekulweni nezi meko, kodwa urhulumente ujongenezinto eziyingozi zokuhlaselwa ngekhompyutha kunye nokusongelo olungokwasemthethweni.

Ukomeleza Ulungelelwano Lwegunya: Indima Yoluntu Namajelo Osasazo

Ulungelelwano olufanelekileyo lwamandla alunakuxhomekeka kuphela kwizakhiwo zomGaqo-siseko; lukwafuna ukudityaniswa kwabemi kunye nokuchithwa kwamaphephandaba. Imibutho yabemi ijonge izenzo zikarhulumente, ikhuthaza ukubonakala, kwaye ikhuthaza uluvo lukawonke-wonke ngokuchasene nokuxhatshazwa. Amajelo eendaba azimeleyo ahlola ububi, abhenca, anika iqonga lamazwi ahlukeneyo. Kumazwe amaninzi, iintatheli ziye zajamelana nogonyamelo, ukuvalelwa kwemiqathango, kunye nokumangalelwa (ukumangalelwa okuchasene nokuthathiswa koburhulumente, okanye i-SLAPP) okujoliswe ekugxekweni okunga ukugxekwa okunga. Ukuphembelela ukurhoxiswa kwenkululeko nokubonelela intlukwano kwenza abantu baqhubeke. [[FLT:] Izibhengezo-mali ezingenayo i-Drectivescrection Indexment [FLD [FFUp:1]]

Ngaphezu koko, iinkqubo zemfundo ezifundisa imilinganiselo yoluntu nokucingela izinto ezigxekayo zinika abemi amandla okuqonda izinto ezisongela ulungelelwano lwegunya. Xa uluntu luqonda indlela ezisebenza ngayo izinto nokulungelelana kwazo, kwaye kutheni zisemgangathweni //ukukhusela ukukhukuliseka okuthe rhoqo. Ukubonisa gca kwimithetho evulekileyo nokuchonga kwabantu, kukwanceda abemi ukuba baphendule.

Isiphelo

Ukulingana kwamandla kuhlala kusesona siseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi, sibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba akukho mntu okanye qela lingaphezulu komthetho. Ukusuka kwimvelaphi yalo yamandulo ukuya kwisiseko somgaqo-siseko sangoku, lo mgaqo uye wangqineka ubalulekile ekuthinteleni ulawulo lobuzwilanisi, ukukhusela amalungelo, nokukhuthaza ukuphendula ngokufanelekileyo. Kodwa ukulungelelana akukhuselekanga ngokusisigxina; kuhlala kusekho iingxaki zokuthambisa, ukuphambana kwezomthetho, kunye nokungaguquguquki kwamanani eencwadini. Ukugcina olu mlinganiselo kufuna ukuhlala uhleli, ukuhlaziywa, nokusebenza kwabemi, amajeliso, amajelo, amajelo, amajelo karhulumente, kunye nabantu abahlala benolwazi oluqhubekekayo.