Uqingqo-mali lwengingqi lungaphezulu kunezandi kunye nezinto zemigca, kwaye luyiplani yemali echaza indlela yokuphila yoluntu. Zonke izitrato, iklasi yesikolo, ipaki kawonke-wonke, kunye nenkonzo yexesha likaxakeka zixhomekeke kwizigqibo ezenziwa ngexesha loqingqo-mali. Kodwa kubantu abaninzi, uqingqo-mali lwengingqi lwendawo luhlala lungekho semthethweni. Ukuqonda indlela ezi zinto ezisetyenziswa ngayo, apho ziphuma khona, nendlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo kubafundisi-mfundo yoluntu, kubafundi abafunda indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo, kunye nabo bonke abami abafuna ilizwi ngendlela abasebenzisa ngayo irhafuwo. Oku kunika izikhokelo ezikhundla ezikhuthayo zemali, uphando lwemali yehlabathi kwingeniso yemfundo nempahla, kwaye kunikela iindlela ezisebenzayo kumalungu oluntu ukuze anxibelele imicimbi yoqeqesho.

Undoqo Woqingqo - mali Lwasekuhlaleni

Urhulumente ngamnye wasekuhlaleni (enokuba sisixeko, isithili okanye isithili sesikolo) usebenza ngomjikelo woqingqo-mali odla ngokuthatha unyaka omnye wemali. Uqingqo-mali luluxwebhu olusemthethweni olugunyazisa ukusetyenziswa nokubekwa kwemali elindelekileyo. Ukuqonda inxalenye yalo engundoqo kunceda abemi babone oko kujoliswe kuko kwi-irandi.

Ingeniso

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baphakamisa imali ngokudibanisa iirhafu, iindleko, ukuthunyelwa kwemali kurhulumente, yaye maxa wambi beboleka.

  • Irhafu ezi- ezi-Prophenti: eziviwe kwixabiso lemali yefama elisekelwe kwixabiso lovavanyo. Ezi zizinto ezisoloko zingowona mthombo mkhulu wemali kwizikolo neenkonzo zikarhulumente jikelele.
  • Irhafu [: iqokelelwe kwintengiso yentengiso. Isantya siyahluka ngokwesixeko nakummandla, kwaye ingeniso isoloko igcinelwa izibonelelo okanye ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.
  • Ingeniso okanye irhafu ehlawulwayo: Ezinye iindawo zimisela irhafu engqukuva kwimivuzo efunyenweyo ngokwegunya lazo, eyongezelele enye ingeniso.
  • Imali kunye nerhafu yomsebenzisi : Imirhumo yemvume, izinto eziluncedo, iinkqubo zokuzonwabisa, nezinye iinkonzo zeqhina elithe ngqo ekusetyenzisweni.
  • Isizwe kunye nemali ezinika urhulumente i-: Ukufuduswa kwemiqathango exhasa iinkqubo ezithile ezifana nezothutho, indawo yokuhlala, okanye imfundo. Ezi ziza namabinzana aqhotyoshelweyo.
  • Ukukrola kunye namaqhina: kwimisebenzi emikhulu efana nokwakha isikolo esitsha okanye ukulungisa ibhulorho, urhulumente ukhupha amaqhina ahlawulelweyo kwiminyaka emininzi kumlambo werhafu onikezelweyo.

Imvelaphi nganye yengeniso inemiqathango yayo yezobupolitika nezoqoqosho. Irhafu yempahla, umzekelo, ithe tyaba kodwa ingathandwa ngabanini-khaya. Iirhafu zerhafu zibububukhali kakhulu kwaye zinokuphinda ziphinde ziphinde zivuke, zibetha iintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi. Umlinganiselo woqingqo-mali oludityanisiweyo ukunciphisa umngcipheko nokuqinisekisa ukunikezelwa komsebenzi okuzinzileyo.

Iindidi zokuphelelwa

Kwimali echithwayo, uqingqo-mali lwasekuhlaleni lwahlulwe lwaba ziindleko zokusebenza (inkonzo yemini ukuya kwimini) kunye neendleko zekomkhulu (iimpahla zexesha elide). Iindidi zohlobo oluqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ingeniso: Eyona nto inkulu kuqingqo-mali lwemali lwasekuhlaleni, imivuzo, izinto zokufundisa, ugcino lwezakhiwo, kunye neenkonzo zenkxaso.
  • Ukhuseleko lwePublic: amapolisa, amasebe omlilo, iinkonzo zonyango zongxamiseko, kunye nokuzilungiselela kwentlekele.
  • Isakhiwo esinemipu yenqanawa : iindlela, iibhulorho, amanzi kunye nenkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi amdaka, uthutho lukawonke-wonke, ukukhanya kwesitrato, kunye nendlela yendlela.
  • IiPark kunye nokuzonwabisa: ulungiso lwepaki, amaziko oluntu, amabala emidlalo, iindlela, kunye nodweliso lwenkcubeko.
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-
  • Urhulumente Jikelele: ulawulo, ulawulo olunyuliweyo lwamagosa, iinkonzo zomthetho, inkxaso-mali, kunye nobuncwane babantu.

Ezi ntlobo azifani; iprojekthi enye isenokunqumla kumasebe. Ngokomzekelo, iziko elitsha loluntu lingavela phantsi kweepaki nokuzonwabisa kodwa likwasebenza njengendawo yokuvota nendawo yokuzikhusela ngexesha likaxakeka.

Umjikelo Woqingqo - mali

Inkqubo yokwenza uqingqo-mali lwasekuhlaleni ilandela ikhalenda eqinisekisiweyo. Ngoxa imihla echanileyo ingafani ngokwemithetho, umjikelo oqhelekileyo uquka:

  1. [[UMTL:0] Izahlulelo: Amasebe karhulumente anikezela izicelo zawo zenkcitho ngokusekelwe kwizicwangciso zemali ezicwangcisiweyo kwaye ezilindelweyo. Isebe lemali liqokelela ezi zixhobo kuqingqo-mali lwedrafti.
  2. [[NTL: 0] Ukuva okubhaliweyo : abaphambukeli bayamenywa ukuba bahlole idrafti, babuze imibuzo, kwaye banike impendulo. Ezi ntlanganiso zidla ngokuqhutywa ngokuhlwa ukwenzela ukuhlalisa iintsapho ezisebenzayo.
  3. [[UMTL:0] Unyuso kunye nemvume: Ibhunga elinyuliweyo okanye iingxoxo zebhodi zilungiswa kunye neevoti kuqingqo-mali lokugqibela. Amazwe amaninzi afuna uqingqo-mali olulungeleleneyo/-ukuxhobisa kufuneka kufumaneke imali elinganayo.
  4. Ulungelelaniso: Kuwo wonke unyaka wemali, amasebe aphumeza uqingqo-mali njengovunyiweyo. Iimeko ezingabonwanga zinokubangela uhlengahlengiso phakathi konyaka.
  5. 'uququzelo kunye nokunika ingxelo: Emva kokuphela konyaka wemali, uphicotho-zincwadi oluzimeleyo luqinisekisa ukuba imali isetyenziswe ngokusemthethweni nangokuchanekileyo. Ezi ngxelo ngamaxwebhu kawonke-wonke.

Ukuqonda lo mjikelo kunika abemi amandla okuba babe nenxaxheba ngexesha elifanelekileyo (8) xa becela ukuchotshelwa kwabantu, kungekhona emva kokuba beyifumene imali.

Indlela Ukusebenzisa Imali Kukuchaphazela Ngayo Ukufundiswa

Imfundo yeyona ndawo ibonakalayo nenempembelelo kwimali yasekuhlaleni. EUnited States, phantse isiqingatha sayo yonke inkcitho karhulumente yasekuhlaleni sisiya kwizikolo zeK-12, sixhaswe kakhulu yirhafu yempahla. Umgangatho wemfundo yomntwana unxulumene ngokunzulu nezigqibo zoqingqo-mali ezenziwa liqumrhu lesikolo norhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Ukuxhasa Izikolo: Ukuhla Komnxeba

Ukusetyenziswa kwemali eninzi kuyahluka kakhulu ukusuka kwisithili ukuya kwisithili, ngokufuthi kubonakalisa ubutyebi bempahla. Imimandla yobutyebi inganyusa ingeniso engakumbi ngexabiso eliphantsi lerhafu ngenxa yokuba amaxabiso empahla yawo aphezulu. Isithili samahlwempu kufuneka sihlawule irhafu ngexabiso eliphezulu okanye sixhomekeke kuncedo lukarhulumente ukuvala umsantsa. Le nkxaso-mali inegalelo kwiziphumo zemfundo ezingalinganiyo.

Imimandla ebalulekileyo echaphazelekayo echaphazelekayo yinkxaso-mali yesikolo iquka:

  • Imivuzo yoMfundisi kunye neenzuzo ze-[FLT: 1]: Imbuyekezo yemali ekhuphiswano itsala kwaye igcine abafundisi-mfundo abanobuchule. Isithili esinoqingqo-mali olungqongqo singaphulukana nabafundisi-bafundisi kwimimandla ekufuphi okanye kweminye imisebenzi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Izixhobo zegumbi zogcino-lwazi: Incwadi, ubugcisa, izixhobo zelebhu, kunye nobugcisa bonke buxhomekeke kwimali. Iiklasi eziphantsi kwemini zingaswele izinto ezisetyenziswayo.
  • Imisebenzi kunye nokuzigcina : Izakhiwo zesikolo ezikhulileyo zifuna utyalo-mali oluqhubekayo. Ugcino oludaliweyo lukhokelela kwiingxaki ezifana nophahla oluvuzayo, iHVAC engekho luncedo, nokhuseleko olungelulo.
  • Inkxaso yoqeqesho : abacebisi, abongikazi, izazi ngengqondo, kunye neenkqubo zemfundo ezikhethekileyo zisoloko zingabantu bokuqala ukujongwa phambi koqingqo-mali oluqinileyo.
  • Imisebenzi yesikolo yeli thuba: imidlalo, iqela, iholo kunye neeklabhu zityebisa ubomi bomfundi kodwa zisoloko zixhaswa ngemali okanye ingxowa-mali yomzali kwimimandla efunyaniswe ngemali.

Ukuqwalasela ngokunzulu indlela yokusebenza kwemiqathango yemali, iNgqungquthela yesizwe yoMgaqo-siseko wesizwe inikezela ngomonakalo wesizwe ngokwemeko-mganyana. Ukongeza, inika iziko lophando lweveki oludityanisiweyo [ inika iimaphu ezinika iingxube-mali ezithelekisayo kwimali yephondo ngalinye.

Iindlela Zoqingqo - mali Zesikolo Nezinto Eziza Kuqala Kuluntu

Unyulo lwequmrhu lesikolo kunye noqingqo-mali luye lwaphembelela ngqo umgangatho wemfundo. Abahlali abaya kwiintlanganiso zebhodi bangaxhasa iinkqubo ezithile − nokuba oko kuthetha ukwanda kwemali exhasa ii-STEM elaborafini, ukulondoloza imfundo yobugcisa, okanye ukwandisa imfundo yobuntwana. Idola ngalinye elisabelwe indawo enye alisetyenziswa kwenye indawo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ungeno loluntu lube lubalulekileyo.

Indima yoLwazi oluNgenisiweyo kwinkqubo yoHlahlo-hlahlo

Uqingqo-mali lwasekuhlaleni asingoxwebhu nje lwamaxwebhu obugcisa; zizigqibo zezopolitiko ezibonisa imilinganiselo ekhuphisanayo. Ukubandakanyeka koluntu kuqinisekisa ukuba ukuchitha imali kuhambelana noko bakufunayo ngokwenene abemi. Ngelishwa, ukuba nenxaxheba ekuqingqeni imali kudla ngokuba ncinane. Ucwangciso oluxakekeyo, ulwimi lobugcisa, nokungaqondi kugcina abantu abaninzi bekude.

Iindlela Zokwenza Oku

Ngethamsanqa, kukho imizila emininzi yokunikela ngelizwi lakho:

  • Uqingqo-mali oluthe gqozisiweyo kunye neentlanganiso zikawonke-wonke: ibhunga lesiXeko neentlanganiso zebhodi yesikolo ziquka ixesha lokugqabaza kukawonke-wonke. Khangela ikhalenda karhulumente wasekuhlaleni kwaye ufike ulungele ukuthetha okanye ukunikela ubungqina obubhaliweyo.
  • ummi odityanisiweyo weekomiti zokufundisa `: Amazwe amaninzi amisela amacandelo amatsha - ntliziyo ukuqwalasela uqingqo-mali olucetyiweyo nokucebisa. Ezi komiti zinikela indlela elungelelanisiweyo yokumba iinkcukacha.
  • Iparicipate kuqingqo-mali lokudityaniswa kwecandelo: Ezinye izixeko ziye zamkela uqingqo-mali lwecandelo loqingqo-mali, apho abemi balapho bavota ngqo indlela yokwabela icandelo lemali kawonke-wonke. Lo mzekelo uye wasetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo kwiindawo ezinjenge Chicago, New York, neVallejo, California.
  • Ukufumana ingeniso nge-media yengingqi kunye ne-media yentlalo : Landela izibhengezo zolwazi zasekuhlaleni kunye nee-akhawunti zezentlalo-ntle yolu lawulo karhulumente ukwenzela isaziso soqingqo-mali. Ngoku izixeko ezininzi zihlala kwintlanganiso ze-state kunye neposi yamaphepha kwi-intanethi.
  • Incoko kumagosa akho anyuliweyo: I-imeyili emfutshane okanye umnxeba kwilungu lebhunga okanye ibhodi yesikolo ethembekileyo ingaphembelela isimo sabo kwizinto ezithile.

Isikhokelo esinenkcukacha kwimpumelelo yobuchule, i International City/Ikharey Management Association (ICMA) inika iindlela ezilishumi ezisebenzayo zokuthembisa abami.

Ukuqonda Irhafu: Apho Imali Yakho Iya Khona

Irhafu yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kuqingqo-mali lwendawo. Ukuqonda indlela abasebenza ngayo kunceda abemi balujonge uxanduva lorhwebo baze bagcine amagosa ebeke ityala. Iintlobo ezintathu ezingundoqo zerhafu zasekuhlaleni zixhasa uninzi lweenkonzo:

Irhafu Yempahla

Iirhafu zempahla zihlawulwa ngokwexabiso elithelekelelwayo lefa lefa lemali yefa lenqobo. Umlinganiselo werhafu (ngokufuthi uchazwe njengexabiso lokusila) umiselwe ngurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Abanini-khaya, abanini-ndlu, namashishini onke. Ngenxa yokuba amaxabiso empahla adla ngokunyuka ngexesha, esi siseko serhafu sikhula ngokwezemvelo, kodwa sikwabangela imithwalo yabemi kwingeniso ezizinzileyo. Imithetho emininzi inikela ngenkululeko yabakhulileyo, abanini-mali, abaqeqeshiweyo, nabanini-makhaya abafumana imali ephantsi.

Irhafu

Iirhafu zentengiso ziqokelelwa ngenqanaba lokuthengiswa kweempahla nezinye iinkonzo. Izixa-mali ziyahluka ngokubanzi; ezinye izixeko zidibanisa irhafu yazo yentengiso kumgangatho ophezulu wemali karhulumente. Iirhafu zibuyiselwa kunyuso olu-(-8) irhafu yerhafu ehlawulwayo isebenzisa ingeniso enkulu kwimpahla ehlawulwayo. Noko ke, zithandwa kuba zihlawulwa ngentlawulo encinane kwaye zisoloko zibekwe kwiinjongo ezifana nezothutho okanye ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.

Ingeniso Nokuhlawula Irhafu

Ngokungafaniyo nerhafu yempahla, le rhafu inokufunyanwa yiminikelo evela kubantu abasebenza kwisixeko kodwa abahlala kwezinye iindawo. Abahlalutyi bathi irhafu yengeniso inokwenza umsebenzi wezoqoqosho ungatyhafi okanye inyanzelise amashishini ukuba afudukele kwenye indawo.

Ukujongana ngokunzulu ngezibonelelo zerhafu zasekuhlaleni, i-x Foundation ipapasha iingxelo zonyaka kwimithwalo yerhafu yasekuhlaleni kwizixeko zase-U.S.

Izakhiwo Nekomkhulu Lokusebenzisa Imali: Ukwakha Ikamva

Ukusetyenziswa kwemali yocwangciso-mali okubangela ugcino-mali nolugcina umqolo woluntu. Oku kukubeka imali eninzi enokuthi idlule amashumi eminyaka. Xa uqingqo-mali lwasekuhlaleni lucinezelwe, iprojekthi yekomkhulu idla ngokucuthwa/isigqibo esinciphisa iindleko zexesha elifutshane kodwa sikhokelela kwityala eliphezulu lokulungisa kamva.

Imimandla engundoqo yolwakhiwo

  • [[NTL: 0] Unikezelo : indlela ibuya ibonakale, ukulungiswa kwebrorho, iimpawu zendlela, iinkqubo zothutho lukawonke-wonke, iindlela zeebhayisekile, kunye neendlela ezihamba ngapha nangapha. Iindlela zothutho ezikhoyo zixhasa umsebenzi woqoqosho kunye nokunciphisa amaxesha okuhamba ngenqanawa.
  • Water kunye namanzi amdaka: izityalo zonyango, amadama, imibhobho, kunye nolawulo lwamanzi oqhwithela. Izibonelelo zamanzi okuguga zixhalabisa kakhulu kulo lonke ilizwe, ngemibhobho yelothe kunye nokukhukuliseka kwemichiza yendle edityanisiweyo kubangela ubungozi bempilo kawonke-wonke.
  • Iindawo zokudlala kunye nezokuzonwabisa: Indawo yokudlala, amasimi emidlalo, imiyezo yoluntu, imizila, nendawo evulekileyo. Ezi zinto ziphucula impilo yengqondo neyomzimba kunye nokutsala iintsapho namashishini.
  • Izakhiwo ezikhoyo : iiholo zesixeko, amathala eencwadi, izitishi zomlilo, amapolisa akwindawo ebanzi, kunye namaziko oluntu. Ezi zakhiwo kufuneka zifikeleleke, zingasebenzi kakuhle, kwaye zikhuseleke.
  • izibonelelo zezenkcubeko: Iinethwekhi zamabhanki, amaziko ogcino-lwazi, kunye nowonke-wonke iWi-Fi zijongwa ngokuqhubekayo njengeziluncedo ezifunekayo. Ezinye izixeko zityalisela imali kwibhanti elibanzi likamasipala ukuvala ulwahlulo lwamanani.

Ingxelo evela kuMazan aManican of Civil Engineers (ASCE) [FLT] umlinganiselo wesibonelelo sohlanga kwaye ibalaselisa inani elikhulu lemali efunekayo. Uqingqo-mali lwengingqi kufuneka lubeke phambili imisebenzi enika igalelo eliphezulu ngokukhuselekileyo, unyuko lwezoqoqosho, nomgangatho wobomi.

Imiphumo Emide Yemali Esetyenziswa Kummandla

Zonke iindleko zoqingqo-mali zineziphumo ezigqithiseleyo ngaphaya konyaka omnye wemali. Iindleko ezicwangcisiweyo zingabeka uluntu kwindlela yempumelelo, ngelixesha isikwe esifutshane singakhokelela ekuncipheni.

Ukuhambela phambili Kwezoqoqosho Nendalo Yomsebenzi

Ukuveliswa kwemali kwimfundo, izibonelelo, kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kwenza imekobume etsala amashishini kunye nabasebenzi abanobuchule. Iinkampani zikhangela abantu abanezikolo ezifanelekileyo, ezothutho ezinokuthenjwa, kunye nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wobomi. Urhulumente ochubekileyo wasekuhlaleni uyakwazi ukunikela izikhuthazo ezifana nokuhlawulwa kwerhafu okanye uphucule inkqubo yokuvumela ukuhambela phambili. Ngokuchasene noko, ukuwohloka kwezakhiwo kunye nezikolo eziphantsi kwemiqathango yenza kube nzima ukutsala utyalo.

Umlinganiselo Womanyano Neendleko Zokuboleka

Umlinganiselo wamaqhina kaMasipala − okhutshwa ngabameli abafana ne-Moody’s and S&P(reftice impilo entle yorhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Iqondo eliphezulu livumela uluntu ukuba luboleke imali ngenzala ephantsi, lugcine izigidi zeerandi kwimisebenzi yekomkhulu. Ulawulo lwemali engekho semthethweni, ukunyuka kwamatyala, okanye iimpesheni ezihlawulwa phantsi zingakhokelela ekuhlaleni, ukwandisa iindleko zabahlawuli berhafu.

Ukulingana Kwesizukulwana

Izigqibo zoqingqo-mali ziphakamisa imibuzo engokobulungisa kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Ukuxhasa iinkonzo zangoku ngokuboleka kutshintsha iindleko kubemi bexesha elizayo. Kwelinye icala, ukungaphumeleli ukuchiza kwixabiso lexesha elide njengezikolo kunye nezibonelelo ezincinane kwisizukulwana esilandelayo. Uqingqo-mali olunenkathalo lulinganisela iimfuno zanamhlanje kunye neembopheleleko zengomso.

Isiphelo: Indima Yakho Ekusebenziseni Imali Eninzi

Uqingqo-mali lwasekuhlaleni asingoxwebhu lobugcisa olungacacanga ngezantsi, lubonisa imilinganiselo yoluntu nezinto eziza kuqala. Wonke umntu ohlala apho unelungelo lokufumana ingeniso, inkcitho kunye nomjikelo woqingqo-mali, unokubandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo namagosa anyuliweyo noluxhasa iinkonzo zengingqi zakho. Ukuba ungumfundisi osebenzisa esi sifundo kwigumbi lokufundela, umfundi ubhala iphepha lophando, okanye umzali oxhalabisayo ngemali yesikolo, izixhobo zokwenza umahluko. Yiya kwintlanganiso, funda isishwankathelo sohlahlolo, funda uthelekele uhlahlo, uvote, uvote urhoxisa uhlalo. ULwimo lwemfundo lusekelwe kwinkqubo ephilileyo yedemokhrasi neyakhiyo.