Ukuqonda Intambo Yobulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho: Plea Bargains Nezilingo ZobuJuli

Inkqubo yomthetho yaseMerika sisakhiwo esikhulu, esintsonkothileyo esilungiselelwe ukulinganisa izikali zobulungisa phakathi kwesizwe nomntu ngamnye. Kubo bafunda umthetho, bafundisa abantu, okanye bazama nje ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo le nkqubo, iinkqubo ezimbini zibonakala njengezisisiseko kwaye ezisoloko zingaqondwa: izibongozo kunye neemvavanyo zabachopheli-tyala. Ezi nkqubo zibonisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kakhulu zokusombulula izigqibo . "indlela enye eqhutywa yimpumelelo kunye nengxoxo, enye iqhutywa yisiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwabantu. Eli nqaku likhupha zombini iinkqubo zobunzulu, livavanya imbali yabo, iinzuzo, iinzuzo, kunye nezingxelo zorhwebo ezigxekayo ezichaza ugwebo lwangoku.

Iziseko Zenkqubo Yomthetho: Ubulungisa Obungathandekiyo Nezixhobo Zabo

Entliziyweni yayo, inkqubo esemthethweni yase-U.S. ingumthetho othe kratya. Amaqela amabini aphikisanayo. `ityala nokukhusela'. ichaza amatyala awo phambi komfumani wento ekhoyo, nokuba yijaji okanye ijaji. Inkqubo esemthethweni ayiyondlela enye, efana kodwa uthotho lweengongoma zesigqibo. Amatyala amaninzi alwaphulo-mthetho awaze afikeleleli kumatyala; ngokwendlela e-Bureauaustration of Justial Staties, malunga ne-979% yolweyiseko olunomonke lwamatyala abangelwa kukudityatyalwa yityala, uninzi lwawo oluthelelana lwezo zinto luye luye ludityaniswa. Ngoko ke ukuqonda inkqubo esemthethweni kufuna ukuvavanywa kwazo zombini [[FLT:] [FLD] [FON] [F1:1] kunye [5]

Ibharingi: Injini Efihlakeleyo yenkqubo yokusesikweni

Yintoni Ibhanile?

Isibongozo sisivumelwano esisemthethweni phakathi kwetyala kunye nokuzithethelela apho ummangalelwa evuma ukumangalela ngetyala elincinane, okanye kwesinye sezityholo ezincinci, okanye esokuhlawulwa (ukuhlawulwa). Le mvume iquka isigwebo esincitshisiweyo, ukugxothwa kwezinye izityholo, okanye icebiso lokungagwetywa. Amatyala awangomthetho ocwangcisiweyo; alungelelaniswe, izivumelwano zenkundla ezivunyiweyo ezimele zingeniswe ngokuzithandela nangecebiso lesiluleko esifanelekileyo.

Indaleko Yembali Yokuzihlaziya

I-Plea aywayesoloko inguwona mandla alawulayo namhlanje. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, ukuvavanywa kwakuqhelekile; ukucelw'ityala kwakunqabile kwaye kwakujongwa ngokukrokraza. Noko ke, njengokuba ukuxinana kwetyala kwagqama kwinkulungwane yama-20, iinkundla zaqalisa ukuxhomekeka kwizivumelwano zokulawula uxinzelelo lwezibuko. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yamkela ngokusemthethweni uqheliselo [[FLT: 0] Brady v. United States[FLT] [1970] [1970] [FLT] kunye [FLT] . SANLLO v. New York[7][7], imisela ukuba izibongozo zomthetho zingeniswe ngoko kukwazi nangoko, ukususela ngoko, ukuqhelisa ukukhula. Namhlanje, kuphawu olubalulekileyo lwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho lwaseMelika.

Iindidi Zezivumelwano Zesithukuthezi

Imali ethengiswayo idla ngokudityaniswa ibe ziintlobo ezintathu, nangona kudla ngokuvela amalungiselelo axutyiweyo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ikhariji: Ummangalelwa ucela ityala kwityala elincinane kunetyala lantlandlolo. Umzekelo, ummangalelwa obekwe ityala lokubulala kokuqala unokuba necala lokubulala. Olu luhlobo luqheleke kakhulu.
  • [[NTLA: 0] I-Intence Bagaining: Ummangalelwa ucela ityala kwityala lantlandlolo, kodwa umtshutshisi uyavuma ukuncomela isigwebo esithile okanye angasichasi isicelo sokhuseleko sesivakalisi esilula. Ijaji igcina igunya lokugqibela kwisigwebo, kodwa ingcebiso zisoloko zilandelwa.
  • Ibhari esesikweni: Ummangalelwa uyavuma ukuchaza izibakala ezithile eziqinisekisa ukuba unetyala, ngexa enokuthi angazifaki ezinye izibakala ezonakeleyo ekuvakalisweni ekugwetyweni okanye kwiziganeko ezinxulumeneyo. Oku akuqhelekanga kakhulu kodwa kubalulekile kwiimeko ezinzima.

Umatshini: Indlela Izambulo Ezingavulwa Ngayo

Le nkqubo iqala ngexesha lokuthethwana ngaphambi kwetyala. Abatshutshisi bavavanya amandla etyala labo, ubukhulu betyala, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho yommangalelwa, kunye nezinto ezifunekayo ukuze kuthethwe ityala. Amagqwetha ahlola izinto ezifanayo, kunye nokuvuma kommangalelwa ukwamkela isicelo kunye nokugwetywa kwakhe, nokugwetywa ukuba ugwetyiwe xa egwetyiwe. Amatyala anokubekwa phandle okanye abonakale ngokuphandle, xa ummangalelwa ekhalaza ngetyala ngaphandle kwesivumelwano esisemthethweni.

Imiphumo Esebenzisekayo: Isizathu Sokuba Iimeko Ezininzi Kangaka Ziphele Nge - Plea

Ubuninzi bamatyala kwinkqubo benza ukuba amatyala angangeni kumacala onke amangalelwayo. Iinkundla zomanyano kuphela zisingatha amashumi amawaka amatyala ngonyaka. Ngaphandle kokucenga, inkqubo ibiya kumisa, ifune ulwando olukhulu kwimithombo yezomthetho, iinkundla, nabakhuseli bakawonke-wonke. Ngaphezu koko, izicelo zinika intlawulo eqinisekileyo kumacala omabini: abatshutshisi baqinisekisa ityala ngaphandle kokuba sengozini yokuxolelwa, kwaye abamangalelwa baphephe iziphumo ezibini zesigwebo esiphezulu emva kokuchotshelwa kwetyala.

Iintlawulo

Ukwanda kwesicelo esicetywayo kuphakamisa inkxalabo enzulu. Abahlalutyi bathi kunyanzela abamangalelwa abamsulwa ukuba bavume ityala lokuphepha isigwebo esiqatha sokuvavanywa `````FLT''''''' isohlwayo sovavanyo'. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abamangalelwa abasebenzisa ilungelo labo lokuvavanya bafumana izigwebo ezithi ngokwe-avareji, kabini ukuya kwizihlandlo ezithathu kunabo bamangalela ityala. Oku kubangela uxinzelelo olukhulu ekulahleni amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ngaphezu koko, amaxhoba nabantu basenokuvakalelwa kukuba okusesikweni kuphenjezwe xa izityholo ezinzulu zivalwa emva kwezicango ezivaliweyo. Ukungabikho kwezigwebi ezithi-mvo ezikhoyo, ngokomlinganiselo, izihlandlo ezibibini ukuya kwizihlandlo ezithathulelo eziqhubekayo kunabaxanduku.

Ukuvavanya ngokunzulu le miba yenkqubo, iprojekthi yeInnocence ipapashe uphando olunzulu ngendlela ukucenga okungakhokelela ngayo kulwaneliseko oluphosakeleyo. Ukongeza, iprojekthi yokufaka ipesenti [ inika ugcino-lwazi kwi-flugingss-ants-dentifice intions ezikwiziphumo zesicelo.

Iingenelo Neentswelo Ezinokuqondwa

Comment=Iindawo zokukhetha [[FULT:0]

  • Inciphisa ukuxinana kwenkundla ize yonge imali yomhlawuli werhafu.
  • Unikela abamangalelwa indlela yokuqonda ngakumbi, ngokufuthi encinane, isohlwayo.
  • Umtshutshisi uvumela ukuba anike oovimba izinto eziza kusetyenziswa kumatyala anzima ngakumbi.
  • Amaxhoba abuhlungu obubangelwa kukunikela ubungqina etyalani.

[[UMTL:0] Imidadiskopu:[[UMGAQO 1]

  • Kubangela imekobume yokusebenzisana enokubangela abantu abamsulwa bavakalelwe benetyala.
  • Kukungahlolisi ubungqina obusemdlani nokuphikisana okungokwasemthethweni.
  • Ibeka phambili indima yamaqumrhu eejaji nelungelo lokuvavanywa.
  • Isenokuphumela ekugwebeni izinto ezingafaniyo ukuba ulwabo aluhambelani.

Iimvavanyo zeJury: Umgangatho wegolide wezomGaqo-siseko

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko

Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala labachopheli-tyala lifakwe kwiGatya III lomGaqo-siseko kunye noLawulo lweSithandathu. Eli lungelo lalikukusabela okungqalileyo kwizityholo zamatyala aseBritani awayewisa izigwebo ngaphandle kokuba nenxaxheba koluntu. Ityala labachopheli-tyala lenzelwe ukukhupha imilinganiselo yoluntu kumthetho, ukukhusela ukuphangwa ngurhulumente, nokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu unokuhluthwa inkululeko ngokupheleleyo ngesigqibo somgwebi omnye.

Ukhetho lwe Jury: Isandi esincinane esiphezulu kubunzulu

Phambi kokuba kuqalwe ukuvavanywa, abalawuli bejaji babizwa ukuba batshitshise (IsiFrentshi ku "kuthetha inyaniso"). Ii-athorney ezisuka kumacala omabini, okanye ijaji, zibuza abagwebi abaza kufumana iimbono ezinokuthi zithintele ukungakhetheki. Icala ngalinye lingavavanya inani elisikelweyo leejaji lonobangela (umz., i-jarala omaziyo ummangalelwa) kunye nenani elincinci kwiingxaki ezikhuselweyo, ezingadingi sizathu sichaziwe, esingenakusetyenziswa ngendlela yokukhetha ubuhlanga, njengoko kumiselwe .[FLT].[FLT] [12:1]

Isakhiwo Setyala LobuJuli

Ityala labachopheli - tyala lilandela ulandelelwano olucwangcisiweyo:

  • IiNgxelo ezivulayo: omabini amacala achaza ubungqina aceba ukubunikela. Ezi asizozibonelelo ngokwawo kodwa ziimaphu zomendo.
  • Ukunikezelwa kobuBonelelo: Ingxengxezo ibiza amangqina ize izise imiboniso; ukhuseleko lungenza okufanayo. AmaNgqina anokujongwa aze axilongwe. Imithetho yobungqina, njengobunyanzelo kunye noluva-ndlebe, ilawula oko abachopheli betyala banokukuva.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iimpikiswano ezichazayo: Ama-Attorney ashwankathela ubungqina kwaye aphikisane nesigqibo esithile. Ityala lithwala umthwalo wobungqina ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Imiyalelo ecacileyo: Ijaji ichaza umthetho osebenzayo kubachopheli-tyala, kuquka umgangatho wobungqina kunye neziqalelo zolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukurhoxa komthetho: Ijaji irhoxa kwigumbi labucala ukuze ixubushe ngetyala kwaye ifikelele kwisigqibo esimvomvo-mvo (kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho; amatyala amakhaya asoloko engafuni ukungalingani).
  • [[FLT: 0] Isigwebo: Ukuba ijaji ayivumi, lilungu lejaji elixhonyiweyo, kwaye ityala lingaphinda licinezelwe. Ukuba isigqibo sifikelelwe, sibhengezwa kwinkundla evulekileyo.

Abadlali Abaphambili Ekuvavanyweni Kwetyala

  • [[FLT: 0] I-JURL: Bangabafumana- benyani. Kufuneka basebenzise umthetho njengoko uyalelwe ngumgwebi kwizibakala ezinikezelweyo. Indima yabo ayisebenzi.
  • Ugwebi: Umgwebi uqinisekisa okusesikweni, imithetho echasayo, kwaye uyalela abachopheli-mthetho kumthetho. Ijaji ayigqibi ukuba unetyala okanye umsulwa kwityala labachopheli-tyala.
  • Umnqumli: Njengommeli karhulumente, umtshutshisi unomthwalo ombini: ukufuna okusesikweni nokungqina ityala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo. Ukunganyani kungayikhokelela kwityala eliphosakeleyo okanye ukutshintsha ekubhexezeni.
  • Icebo lokukhusela ummangalelwa, livavanya ubungqina bomtshutshisi, likhusele amalungelo omtshutshisi. Kwanaxa umxhasi enotyala, ukhuseleko luqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlangabezana nomthwalo wakhe.

IRonate for Juries: Amandla Nesithintelo

Comment=Iindawo zokukhetha [[FULT:0]

  • Ikhusela kwisenzo sikarhulumente sobungcathu, njengejaji enye engenakuze ifumane amabanjwa angenatyala.
  • Imilinganiselo yoluntu ephazamisayo kwizigqibo ezimalunga nokubekwa ityala nobunzima bobungqina.
  • Yenza abantu bazive beqinisekile; abemi banenxaxheba ngokungqalileyo ekuphatheni okusesikweni.
  • Ukunikela ingqwalasela kumagqwetha achuliweyo; amajaji asenokuwagweba phezu kwabo nje ubungqina obunamandla ukuba akholelwa ukuba umthetho awusesikweni (ukupheliswa).

[[UMTL:0] Imidadiskopu:[[UMGAQO 1]

  • Abavukeli basenokuphenjelelwa ziimvakalelo, likhethe, okanye ngamajelo eendaba, phezu kwayo nje imiyalelo yokugweba ukuze kusekelwe izigqibo ezisekelwe kuphela kubungqina.
  • Izilingo zibiza imali eninzi kwaye zichitha ixesha elininzi, ngokufuthi iiveki okanye iinyanga.
  • Abaququzeleli basenokungabi nabuchule basemthethweni, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungaqondani kakuhle kwemiyalelo entsonkothileyo (umz., ekuqhatheni okanye kumatyala eqhinga).
  • Imfuneko yokungaphithani isenokukhokelela kumaqumrhu ejaji, enyanzelisa ukuqulunqwa kwakhona okungatsalela phantsi ubuncwane bomthetho.

Ityala le Jury v. Benny: Umahluko ofunekayo

Asizizo zonke iityala zabachopheli-tyala. ityala letyala elingokwasemthethweni lityala eliqhutyelwa phambi kwejaji kuphela, elisebenza njengammeli womthetho nomfumani wenyaniso. Iimvavanyo ze-Bench zikhawuleza, azibizi, azimbaxa-mali, kwaye azinzima kakhulu. Zisoloko zikhethwa kwiimeko ezibandakanya imiba yezobugcisa okanye xa ubungqina bungonye obubangela ukuba impendulo yejaji yezeemvakalelo ingasebenzi. Noko ke, i-gqweqwe yomthetho-mthetho elungileyo kwityala alikwazi ukumelana nezityholo ezinzulu ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa azikwazi kwaye evuma ngokuzithandela. Ngokufunyaniswe ngesiluleko esiphakathi kwelungu lejaji nebhethriti yenze yenze eyingozi ingenza esinye sesigqibo esibalulekileyo.

Ngokungakumbi ekuphumeleleni kokuvavanywa kwetyala labachopheli-tyala ngokuchasene nokuvavanywa kwebhentshi, iMelika Bar Association yemfundo yeZibonelelo zeZibonelelo inika ukonakalisa okunenkcukacha.

Ukukhetha phakathi kwePlea netyala: Ingxaki yomKhuseli

Iinkalo Eziphembelela Esi Sigqibo

Abameli banqabile ukuba bakhethe ngokulula phakathi kwesibongozo kunye netyala. Izizathu ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Isiqinisekiso sobuBonelelo: Ukuba umtshutshisi ubuthathaka, ukuvavanywa kunika ithuba lokuthethelelwa. Ukuba unamandla, isibongozo singalinganisela ukutyhila.
  • [[Ukwandiswa: 0] Ukutyhilwa: kobuncinci bokwalathisa kunye nemigaqo yokugweba yenza izigwebo ezinzima zoqinisekiso ekucinyweni. Isibongozo sisoloko sinciphisa ityala ngezantsi komnyango onyanzelekileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Prison vs. Isiqinisekiso: kwanesigwebo esifutshane sentolongo singatshabalalisa. Isibongozo singavumela ukuvavanywa okanye ixesha elifutshane kakhulu.
  • Iziphumo ezizezakho: Isilingo sisenokudinisa uwonke wonke kwaye sidimaze ngokweemvakalelo. Iintsapho, umsebenzi, kunye nokuma koluntu konke kusengozini.
  • [[UMTL:0] IZibonelelo zezemali: Iimviwo ze Jury zibiza imali eninzi, zifuna amangqina ochwepheshe, uphando, kunye nexesha elibanzi legqwetha. Abamangalelwa abangenwanga basenokuba abanazo izibonelelo zokunyusa ukhuseleko olunamandla.

Indima Yomtshutshisi

Abatshutshisi basebenzisa ubulumko obukhulu. Bagqiba izityholo zokuqala, ezibeka umgangatho ngokunempumelelo ukuze kuxoxwe ngazo. Umtshutshisi oye wagqithisa izicelo ezigqithisileyo (umz., wongeza unyuselo ngezohlwayo eziphezulu) anganyanzela ummangalelwa ukuba amkele ukuphathwa okubi. Eli gunya lingumthombo wokugxekwa okuqhubekayo, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele ukungalingani kobuhlanga nokwezentlalo. I-American Liberéries Union (ACLU) ipapashe [[FLT: 0] izindululo ezidityanisiweyo zamandla omtshutshisi ekuceleni [, inikeza imeko eluncedo kubafundi nabaqeqeshi.

Ngaphezu Kokuvuyisa Nezilingo: Enye Impikiswano Echaseneyo Kwityala Lezaphuli - mthetho

Nangona zingexhaphakanga kwimicimbi enzulu yolwaphulo-mthetho, ezinye iinkqubo zempikiswano zomiselo lwempikiswano (ADR) njengeenkqubo zentlalo-ntle kunye kunye nezobulungisa ezikwiziqingathelo zobulungisa eziqhelekileyo [ zifumana igalelo. Iinkqubo zokuguqula iprojekthi zivumela abanqophisi bexesha lokuqala okanye abaphantsi bemeko ukuba bagqibe inkonzo yoluntu, unyango, okanye imfundo etshintshisa ukutshintshisana ngezityholo. Imithetho ebhaliweyo izisa amaxhoba, izaphuli-mthetho, abaphuli-mthetho, abaphuli-mthetho, kunye namalungu oluntu ukuxoxa umonakalo obangelwa nokulungisa. Ezi nkqubo azifaki izibongozo ngokwengqiqo ngokwengqiqo yesithethe, kodwa zimele omnye umgcini wesigqibo esisemthethweni ngaphandle kwemiqatha yemimiselo yokuvavaniso.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelana Okufanelekileyo Kokusesikweni

Iinkqubo ezisemthethweni zokucela ukungxengxezwa nokuvavanywa kwetyala elingxengelelweyo zimela amacala amabini engqekembe enye, kodwa zifeza iinjongo ezahlukeneyo. IiPleas zigcina inkqubo isebenza kakuhle, zivumela iinkundla ukuba zilawule iityala ezinkulu ngoxa zinika abamangalelwa ukhuseleko oluphezulu kwimiqathango engqwabalala. UJury ukhusela inkululeko kunye nokubekwa umthetho, uqinisekisa ukuba amandla apheleleyo okubanjwa ahlale ezandleni zabemi abaqhelekileyo. Ayiyo inkqubo egqibeleleyo; ngamnye ungomnye uphantsi kokugxekwa ngenxa yokungafezeki, ukungalungisi, okanye ukuchachachaswa. Kuba abafundi, kunye nabantu abazama ukuqonda inkqubo esemthethweni esemthethweni, isitshixo sokubona omnye njengomgangatho ophezulu, kodwa ukumanyana, ukumanyana kweminye, ukuchasana kwemibutho yemibutho yebutho elinzima, nokusetyenziswa kwemibutho elinzima yebutho labantu.