IElectoral College: INkqutyana Enyamezelayo Kodwa Eyimbambano Yedemokrasi YaseMerika

IElectoral College ime njengenye yezona zibalulekileyo, kwaye isoloko iphikisana qho nenkqubo yonyulo lomongameli wase-United States. Kunokuba ikhethe umongameli kunye nesekela lomongameli ngevoti yesizwe ecacileyo, umGaqo-siseko wadala inkqubo apho urhulumente ngamnye emisela iqela labanyuli abanyulela ngokusemthethweni abaphosa iibhola zelo lizwe eliphezulu iiofisi. Le nkqubo ibumbe wonke umnciphiswano womongameli ukususela ekusungulweni kwelizwe, ngokufuthi inyusa amazwi emimandla emincinane neyasemaphandleni ngexesha elithile ivelisa iziphumo zokuba itshone kwivoti edumile. Abafundisi nabafundi abazama ukuqonda indlela enyanisweni ye-demokhrasi yase-Melika engundoqo, ukuqondwa ngokupheleleyo kwe-Elmector College.

Le nkqubo ayiyonto ishiyeka ngenkulungwane ye-18; iphembelela ngokukhutheleyo iphulo, umvoti, kwanohlobo lomelo lwezopolitiko. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ukugunyaziswa kwayo kuye kwathandatyuzwa ngokuvakalayo kunangalo naliphi na ixesha ukususela kwixesha lokuvuselelwa kwakhona. Eli nqaku lihlola imvelaphi yeElectoral College, iinzuzo, iintambo, kunye nezicelo ezinokuphinda zifakwe okanye zithathelwe indawo.

Yintoni Ikholeji yase-Electoral?

I-Electoral College asiyondawo yokoqobo kodwa yinkqubo echazwe kwiGatya II lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kamva ilungiswe yiSinyuso se-12. Siquka abanyuli abangama-538 abakhethwa rhoqo kwiminyaka emine ngenjongo yokunyulwa komongameli nesekela lomongameli. Ukuphumelela kwiNdlu emhlophe, umvoti kufuneka akhusele uninzi lwabavoti-voti abangama-70.

Imo nganye ifumana inani labanyuli abalingana nelo lilonke labachongi ababini kunye namalungu ayo kwiNdlu yabameli. Ngenxa yokuba izihlalo zendlu zahlulwa ngabantu emva kobalo lwabemi lwamaxesha onyaka ngamnye, amazwe amakhulu anevoti ezininzi zabanyuli kunalawo amancinci. ISithili saseColumbia, nangona singengorhulumente, sabiwa abanyuli abathathu phantsi kweSinyusi se-23. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba wonke urhulumente unevoti ezintathu ezinyuliweyo noko ubungakanani babemi, inika inkcaso ephantsi kwenani labemi besizwe, ichaza ulwando oluncinane lwezibalo xa kuthelekiswa nesabelo sabemi besizwe.

Indlela Ikholeji Ye - Electoral Esebenza Ngayo

Ukubekwa kwe-Electers

Inkqubo yokwabiwa icacile kumgaqo kodwa ichazwe ngokufanelekileyo:

  • Isiseko se-'FLT': Umbuso ngamnye ufumana abakhethi ababini abamele ii-senator ezimbini ze-U.S.
  • Umelo lwendlu: Abanyuli abongezelelekileyo balingana nenani labameli base-U.S. Umzekelo, iKhalifoniya inoonozakuzaku 53, ngaloo ndlela i55 + 2).
  • Icandelo leColumbia: Uhlaziyo lwe 23 lweziHlaliso lwezibonelelo lwesizwe lwenza ikomkhulu lesizwe labanyuli abathathu, ubuncinane belinokuba nabo ukuba belingurhulumente.

Amaqela ezobupolitika kwiphondo ngalinye achaza izikwere zabavoti abanyanisekileyo okanye abalawuli beqela. Xa abavoti befaka izivoti zabo ngoSuku loNnyuso, bangabavoti abacetyiswe ukuba bakhethe abanyuli abathenjiweyo.

Inkqubo Yokuvelisa Iigesi

Unyulo lomongameli lwenzeka ngoLwesibini lokuqala emva koMvulo wokuqala ngoNovemba, njengoko kumiselwe ngumthetho wesizwe. Amaphondo amaninzi alandela umvuzo-wonke umthetho: umvoti ophumeleleyo othandwayo ngurhulumente ngokubanzi ufumana lonke uvoti yelo phondo. UMaine noNebraska bahlukile, besebenzisa indlela yesithili sombutho wengingqi: amavoti amabini avoti aya kumnqolobi wesizwe ebanzi, kwaye omnye umvoti wonyulo unikwa umnqobi kwisithili ngasinye.

Emva konyulo lukaNovemba, abavoti badibana kumakomkhulu abo ephondo ngoMvulo wokuqala emva koLwesithathu lwesibini ngoDisemba ukuphosa izivoti zabo − enye yezomongameli nezobusekela bomongameli. La mavoti athunyelwa eWashington, D.C., aze abalwe kwintlanganiso edibeneyo yeBhunga ngoJanuwari 6. Umbaleki onevoti ezingama-270 ubuncinane uvakalisiwe njengomongameli olandelayo.

Abakhenkethi Abangenalukholo

Ngelixesha abanyuli belindele ukuvota umnyuli abathe bathe bathe bathe bathembisa, ngamaxesha athile "abanyuli abangakholwayo" baye bavotela omnye umntu. Ukususela ekusungulweni, ivoti ezingenalukholo ezingaphantsi kwama-200 zibhaliwe, kwaye akukho namnye oye waguqula iziphumo zonyulo. Ngo-2020, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yalawula Chifalo v. Washington [imithetho efuna abavoti abavoti balandele izifungo zabo, inciphisa amathuba okuba bavoti abangenalukholo.

Isizathu Sokuba Abaseki Bendalo Badale Ikoleji Yase - Electoral

INdibano yezomGaqo-siseko yowe-1787 yaphikisana ngeendlela ezininzi zokukhetha umongameli: ukuvota okuqhelekileyo, unyulo, okanye ukutyunjwa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ukhetho ngalunye lwaluneempazamo. Abaseki babesoyika ukuba idemokhrasi engqalileyo inokuba nempembelelo yoozwilakhe abakhohlakeleyo okanye ivumele iidemokhrasi ukuba zibhenele kwikhethe lengingqi. Kwakhona babefuna ukulondoloza impembelelo yamazwe amancinane baze bakhusele ukumonakaliswa kwenkohlakalo nempembelelo yamazwe asemzini.

I-Electoral College yavela njengendawo yokuyekelela. Yachaza indima ekukhetheni umongameli ngaphandle kokwenza ukhetho umsebenzi wabemi. Abanyuli babefanele ukuba ngabantu abalumkileyo, abanolwazelelelo oluzimeleyo abanokusebenzisa umgwebo kwintsabelo engcono yohlanga. Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukuvela kwamaqela ezobupolitika kwaguqula abanyuli baba ngabathunywa abathembekileyo kunokuba barhoxiswe.

Isitshixo esibini sokulungelelanisa ukubunjwa kwenkqubo: ii-ffath zolalanisa, ezibalwa ngabantu abangamakhoboka njengesithathu sesithathu sesithathu somntu ukwenzela ukwabelana ngeenjongo (ngokusebenza ekunyuseni amandla okunyuswa kwamazwe okubopha amakhoboka), kunye nolwabini abanyuli-zinyusi kwilizwe ngalinye kungakhathaliseki ukuba abemi bani, abakhusela izilangazelelo zamazwe angaphiliyo. Oku kulalanisa kwembali kuyaqhubeka ukuphembelela umsebenzi weko lekholeji ye-Electoral namhlanje.

Iprojekthi neKoleji ye-Electoral

IElectoral College inomntu ozimiseleyo ukukhusela yaye ugxeka kakhulu. Ukuwasusa kubaluleke kakhulu amacala omabini ukuze ubani aqonde kakuhle.

i-Seed:

Abaxhasi banikela iingxoxo eziliqela ezixhasa iElectoral College:

  • ikhusela ulangazelelo lwamanqaku amancinci: ngokunika wonke urhulumente ubuncinane bevoti ezintathu ezikhethiweyo, inkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba abatshate abanakuwatyeshela onke amazwana angenantlukwano. Umngenisi angangamhoya uVermont okanye Wyoming kwinkqubo yovota ethandwayo yesizwe kodwa kufuneka aziqwalasele kwivoti zabo ezintathu ezikhethiweyo.
  • Ikhuthaza ukwakhiwa kombutho ophangaleleyo: Kuba umvoti ufuna amavoti angama-270 athathwe kwiqela lamazwe ahlukeneyo, amaphulo kufuneka abhenele kwivoti kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo nakumaqela amanani abantu. Oku kungakhuthaza umanyano lwesizwe kunokuba kujoliswe kumaziko aphezulu abemi basedolophini.
  • iprojectesi yesiphumo esicacileyo, esigqibekileyo: Indlela yokuphumelela idla ngokuvelisa uninzi olucacileyo kwi-Electoral College nokuba ivoti ethandwayo iqhawuke kancinci. Oku kunceda ekuphepheni imfuneko yoorhulumente abahlangeneyo okanye ukuqhuba unyulo olungekhoyo oluqhelekileyo kwiinkqubo zepalamente.
  • iPreserveism: IElectoral College iqinisa indima yamazwe kunyulo lwezwe, ngokubhekiselele kwisakhiwo esifanelekileyo sikarhulumente waseMelika.

Iingozi

Abahlalutyi bathi kukho iimpazamo ezinkulu:

  • Ingunotho wokulawula ukuvota okuqhelekileyo: Kunyulo lwesihlanu lomongameli (1876, 1888, 2000, 2016), umnqobi weElectoral College waphulukana novoti ethandwayo kwilizwe lonke. Oku kululaza umgaqo "womntu omnye, ivoti enye" kwaye kungaphelisa ukholo lukawonke-wonke kwinkqubo yonyulo.
  • ugxininiso lwendawo-bume: lugxininisa ugxininiso lwezibonelelo kwiqaqobana lamazwana okhuphiswano", ngokufuthi zibizwa "iindawo ezibomvu okanye eziluhlaza"", ngoxa ukungahoyi kuthelekisa kumazwe akhuselekileyo kufumana ingqalelo encinci, ukuchithwa kwephulo elisezantsi, kunye nezithembiso ezimbalwa zenkqubo.
  • Icinezelo lomvoti ujika: Abami kumazwe angakhuphiyo bangavakalelwa kukuba amavoti abo akakhathali, nto leyo ekhokelela kwinani eliphantsi lokuthabatha inxaxheba, ingakumbi kunyulo lomongameli.
  • Impembelelo egqithisileyo: Amazwana amancinci athenjiswa kakhulu ngokunxulumene nabemi. Umzekelo, iWyoming inovoti enye evoti yonyulo kubantu abali-195,000, ngelinye ixesha iTexas inenye kwi 730 000. Le ntsingiselo yezibalo ingenza amakhaya kwaye angabi nabemi baninzi kakhulu kunesabelo sawo sonyulo lwesizwe.

Imbali Nezinto Eziphawulekayo

I-Electoral College ibingumbandela wempikiswano ukususela kwirepublic yokuqala. Unyulo lwangowe-1800 phakathi kukaThomas Jefferson no-Aaron Burr lwabhenca iimpazamo kwinkqubo yokuqala, olukhokelela kuMphetho-mda we-12. Olo tshintsho lwalufuna abavoti ukuba bavotele umongameli kunye nesekela likamongameli endaweni yenkqubo yokuqala ephezulu-2.

Olona nyulo lubalulekileyo apho umnqobi weElectoral College aphulukana novoti edumileyo iquka:

  • 1824 (John Quincy Adams vs. Andrew Jackson): Nangona uAndrew Jackson waphumelela kwivoti ethandwayo kunye nobuninzi beevoti, unyulo lwagqitywa kwiNdlu yabameli, eyakhetha uAdam.
  • [Rutherford B. Hayes vs. Samuel J. Tilden):[ Tilden waphumelela kwivoti ethandwayo, kodwa waphikisana ngokubuya ukusuka kumazwe amathathu akumzantsi wakhokelela kwikhomishini enyuliweyo eyanika i-Mongameli kwi Hayes.
  • [[FLT: 0] 188 (Ibhenjamin Harrison vs. Grover Cleveland): Cleveland waphumelela kwivoti ethandwayo nge 90 000 yovoti, kodwa uHarrison wabophelela uninzi kwiElectoral College.
  • 2000 (Umkhethi Omfutshane. Omninzi): Unyulo lwehlela kumda wesitshevu eFlorida; isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo saphelisa ingxelo, yaye uBush waphumelela kwivoti ezingama-25 zonyulo zeFlorida ngo- 537, emnika i-desidentian nangona ephulukana nevoti ethandwayo ngu-540 000 yesizwe.
  • 2016 (Uhlobo oluyiTrump vs. Hillary Clinton): Clinton wafumana malunga nezigidi ezithathu zevoti kwilizwe lonke kune Trump, kodwa uTrump wathwala amazwe afana ne Wisconsin, Michigan, nePennsylvania ngemida emxinwa, ethatha amavoti angama-306 kwi-Clinton's 232.

Ezi ziganeko ziye zanyusa imfuneko yotshintsho. Olunye unyulo oluphikisanayo luquka 1960 (izinto ezingaqhelekanga eIllinois naseTexas) nowama-2004 apho uvotelo oluqhelekileyo lwalukufuphi kodwa umda weElectoral College wawukumgangatho ofanelekileyo.

Iingxubusho Zangoku Nekamva Lekholeji Ye-Electoral

Ingqokelela yeSizwe ebizwa ngokuba yiVote Interstate

Owona mgudu uphambili wotshintsho nguMbutho weSizwe oPhawulayo weVote Interstate (NPVIC). Ngaphantsi kwesi sivumelwano, uthathe inxaxheba kumazwe athembisa ukurhoxa onke amavoti awo abanyuli abachongi abaphumeleleyo kwivoti ethandwayo yesizwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngubani ophumelele elo lizwe. Lo manyano lungathatha isiphumo kuphela xa amazwe athe adibana ngokwaneleyo ukuze afikelele iivoti ezingama-270 zabavoti abavoti abanocholi-ota. Ngokwasekuqaleni kowama 2025, uchaza ukuba uwonke 205 wevoti yabavoti abachongi abachongi baphumele i-Complunt, kuquka i-California, i-New York, i-Illinois, neColoradorwa. Imingeniso-mthetho nemibuzo malunga nemibuzo ngomGwayo-odoladoladolado

Izindululo zokuhlaziywa komGaqo-siseko

Ukutshintsha umGaqo-siseko ukuphelisa okanye ukulungisa iElectoral College kunzima ngenxa yomnyango ophezulu: ii-2-3 zezindlu zombini zeBhunga kunye neekota ezintathu zendlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe kufuneka zivunywe. Izindululo eziliqela zivezwe kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kodwa azikho eziye zadlula. Ezinye izicelo zixhasa ukuthabathela indawo inkqubo ethatha umongameli-onke amaqela esetyenziswa kwi-Maine ne-Nebraska, ngoxa ezinye zicebisa ukuba ivoti yoluntu ethandwayo ngombutho ukuba akukho mbutho ufikelela kumashumi amahlanu eepesenti.

Iinguqu zomgangatho karhulumente

Nangaphandle komphezulu ophezulu wezwe, amajelo angalungisa indlela abanikezela ngayo abanyuli. Maine kunye neNebraska sele besebenzisa indlela yesithili. Amanye amazwe acinge ukuba amkela ivoti evoti elinganayo, enokuthi ngokuchane ngakumbi ibonise ukuvota okuthandwa ngurhulumente. Noko ke, iinguqu ezinjalo ziyingozi ngokwezobupolitika kuba zingayinciphisa impembelelo karhulumente kwimekobume ephumelelayo ukuba amanye amazwe awalandeli isuti.

Iipolitiki Zokuguqula Izinto

Iingxoxo ezimalunga ne-Electoral College zisukruqukile kakhulu. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ooDemocrates baye bagxeka inkqubo kuba ababini kwabaninzi ababophulayo babengama-Democratic (urhulumente no-Clinton). Kodwa ke, unyulo lwama-202020, apho uJoe Biden wazuza khona ivoti ethandwayo (ngezigidi ezisixhenxe) kunye neElmectoral College, bezolile kancinci imigudu yokulungisa. Iingcinga ukuba uninzi lwamaMerika luxhasa i-antemental exhasa ikholiji ye-Electoral ngevoti yokhetho oluqhelekileyo, kodwa ixhasayo yonke imivhotho ebanzi kwaye ithanda ukusukela kwiqela elithelelayo.

Isiphelo

IElectoral College ihlala ingundoqo kodwa ikhuphisana nophawu lonyulo lomongameli waseMerika. Imvelaphi yayo ekulalaneni konyaka wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asibhozo kusekho ukuphinda-phinda indlela amaphulo aqhutywa ngayo, amavoti, kwaye amandla asasazwa ngayo ngaphaya kwamaphondo. Kubafundisi- ntsapho, ukunceda abafundi baqonde iElectoral College akuko ukubhamba inani lama-70 okanye uluhlu lonyulo apho ivoti ethandwayo ihla-hle khona. Imalunga nokungqubana nemibuzo esisiseko yomelo, ubulungisa, kunye nolungelelwano phakathi korhulumente kunye nezilangazelelo zesizwe kwidemo yedemokhrasi.

Njengokuba ilizwe liba nomahluko othe chatha kwaye lisedolophini, kwaye njengokuba ubugcisa buphinda busebenzisa unxibelelwano lwezopolitiko, iingcinezelo zokuguqula iElectoral College zisenokukhula. Enoba zinokusetyenziswa kwi-NPVIC, ukutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko, okanye iinguqu zomgangatho wokwandiswa komzilili, ikamva lesi sikombutho aliqinisekanga. Into eqinisekileyo kukuba iElectoral College iza kuqhubeka imile/ kwaye ijijwe yi--$American impucuko yezopolitiki yeziko zamaqela elungelelanisayo ukwenzela izizukulwana ezizayo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga kugcino-lwazi lwesizwe [Ronke: 1] umba we-Electoral College , uhlalutyo lukaFairVote lwezicelo zotshintsho, kunye neemaphu zembali eziphicothiweyo ezingama-270. Ezi zixhobo zinika abafundisi kunye nabafundi abanogcino-lwazi kunye nomongo ofunekayo ukuvavanya i-Electoral College ngobunzulu.