Table of Contents

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Gerrymander kungenye yezona zenzo zididayo nezineziphumo eziphikisayo kwidemokhrasi yaseMelika. Kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwemida yesithili esikhethiweyo ukuxhasa iqela elithile lezobupolitika okanye iqela, ngokufuthi okuphumela ekubonakaliseni umelo olugqwethekileyo olungabonisiyo ukuthanda kokwenyaniso kwabavoti. Ukuqonda olawula imigca yesithili nendlela inkqubo yokuhlaziya esebenza ngayo iyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukuyiqonda indlela igunya lezobupolitika elisasazwa ngayo nokugcinwa ngayo eUnited States.

Lo mkhwa uchaphazela yonke into ukusuka kumelo lwasekuhlaleni ukuya kulawulo lweNdlu yabameli base-U.S. kunye notshintsho oluncinane kwiimaphu zesithili lungacombulula umlinganiselo wamandla eWashington. Esi sikhokelo sibanzi sihlola ihlabathi elintsonkothileyo lokuhlaziya, sihlolisisa ukuba ngubani ozoba imigca, indlela izilangazelelo zolwakhiwo ezimayela nendlela eziyiyo inkqubo, kwanotshintsho olunokwenziwa ngayo ukwenza iimaphu zokhetho olunobulungisa.

Yintoni Ebangela Intsholongwane Ibe Nesizathu Sokuba Ibalulekile?

IGrerymandering ngumsebenzi apho abezobupolitika abalawula inkqubo yokubomvu idibanisa imigca yesithili ngendlela enyusa inzuzo yeqela labo. Eli gama liqala emva ku1812, xa iGavent Ebridge Gerry yavuma imaphu yesithili abagxeki ababesithi ifana nesalamander, ikhokelela kwizibuko lenqanawa elinonxweme i-Massachuse "germander".

Unyulo kumele luvelise iziphumo ezibonakalisa iinketho zabavoti, kodwa xa iimaphu zikhohliswa, abezobupolitika kunye nabavoti abanamandla abakhethe abavoti endaweni yokukhetha abavoti bezopolitiko. Oku kugqwethwa kwemigaqo yedemokhrasi kuneziphumo ezifikelela kude zomelo nolawulo.

Isiphumo sisothulwe, singaveli maphu apho iziphumo zonyulo ziqinisekiswe, kwanaxa abavoti bekhetha ukutshintsha ngokuphawulekayo. Kumazwe ashicilelweyo, iqela elinye lingazuza uninzi oluninzi lwezihlalo zowiso-mthetho ngeli lifumana kuphela uninzi oluphantsi, okanye iqaqobana elincinane (ukuvota okupheleleyo) elilayishiweyo libanzi.

Ukwanda Kobuqhetseba

Unyulo lwe-Gerrymander luye lwaba luqheliso kunyulo lwaseMelika phantse ukususela ekusungulweni kwelizwe, kodwa kwimijikelo yakutshanje ehlaziyayo, ukuchanabeka kwezixhobo zovota kunye ne-software yokuzoba i-software kuxhaphakile, nto leyo ekhokelela ekutyeleleni kweemaphu ezitsalwayo. Ubugcisa bale mihla buvumela iidrowa zemaphu ukuqikelela iipateni zokuvota ngokuchanekileyo, phantsi kwebloko nganye yesixeko.

Njengoko abezobupolitika bebhenela kwi-software yekhompyutha enamandla ukwenza kube nzima ukufumanisa, kubalulekile ukuba uluntu lufumane izixhobo ezinokuhambisana. Lo mdla wezixhobo zobugcisa uwenze ubuchule bokulwa buphumelele kwaye kube nzima ngakumbi ukucela ucelomngeni enkundleni.

Ngubani Ozoba Imigca Yesithili EMerika?

Igunya lokuzoba imida yesithili sokhetho lihluka kakhulu kulo lonke elaseUnited States, lineemeko ezahlukeneyo ezisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela ezahlukeneyo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela i-gerrymander eyenzeka ngayo kwaye iqhubekeke ngayo.

IMithetho yeSizwe: Indlela eqhelekileyo yokufikelela

Ngokwembali, izikhululo zendlu yowiso-mthetho zimisele imida yesithili sombutho, kwaye oku kusenjalo kumaphondo amaninzi. Kumaphondo angama-26, abezobupolitika balawula ngokupheleleyo ukuzoba iimaphu. Kula maphondo, iqela elilawula indlu yowiso-mthetho linamandla okutsala isithili esixhasa abo batshayelela iphondo.

Iqela lezobupolitika elilawula urhulumente emva kokuba ubalo luqalile ukulawula ukuthatyathwa kwemiqathango. Oku kubangela intshukumisa enamandla kumaqela uphumelele unyulo lwemithetho yomthetho karhulumente kwiminyaka ephela ngo-0, phambi kokuba ubalo lweminyaka ephelileyo kunye nokuncitshiswa koqikelelo.

Kumaphondo amaninzi, indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe inomthwalo wokuzoba nokuvumela izithili zonyulo ezinento elula ephantsi kwe-gabernonator iveto. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba iqela elinye lilawula yomibini indlu yowiso-mthetho neofisi yerhuluneli, phantse anamandla okuzoba izithili njengoko zibona kufanelekile.

IiKhomishini zokuLungisa ezizimeleyo

Ngokwangoku, amaphondo angama-21 ase-U.S. anendlela yokungangeni kwicala lecawa okanye i-bipartisan rediding. Le misebenzi imela enye indlela eyenzelwe ukunciphisa uphatho lwemida yesithili.

IKhomishini yokuHlaziya iRedicoliging (IRC) liqumrhu elahlukileyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho enembopheleleko yokuzoba izithili ezisetyenziswa kunyulo lwemithetho-mthetho. Kula maphondo angama-21, 13 asebenzisa iikhomishini zokuhlaziya ukuzoba imida yesithili esikhethiweyo kuphela.

Amaphondo asixhenxe – iArizona, iKhalifoniya, iColorado, iIdaho, iMichigan, iMontana neLizwe laseWashington – aye avelisa amagunya azimeleyo azimeleyo azimeleyo ajongene nokutsala imida yesithili sonyulo ngendlela engaliniki nzuzo nalinye iqela lezobupolitika.

Amazwe alishumi elinanye asebenzisa iikhomishini ukuzoba iilayini zesithili sengqungquthela, kuquka amazwe anezi ndlela ezixutyiweyo. Ezisithoba zezi ziikhomishini ezingezopolitiki, ithetha ukuba amalungu awo akanako ukuba nesikhundla sezobupolitika.

Iimephu Zenkundla- Ezizotywayo

Xa iinkqubo zokuhlaziya zingaphumeleli okanye zivelise iimaphu ezingavumelaniyo, maxa wambi iinkundla zithatha inyathelo lokutsala imida yesithili. Ngeli xesha izithili ezininzi zengqungquthela zitsalwa ngeenkqubo ezidityanisiweyo ezisebenzisa lo mjikelo wokuhlaziya, iinkundla zeli lizwe kunye noorhulumente abazimelayo badlala indima enkulu kunanini na ngaphambili, ngokuzoba nganye kwisithili sesihlanu sengqungquthela.

Kumjikelo wama-2021, iinkundla zabetha zonke okanye inxalenye yezicwangciso zombutho kumazwe asixhenxe (Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, New York, Ohio, ne Utah), zaza zazoba iilayini ngokwazo kumaphondo asithoba. Oku kungenelela kwezomthetho kusoloko kwenzeka xa iimaphu zifunyanwa zichasene nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe, umthetho worhulumente, okanye uMthetho wamalungelo owenziwe ngeVoting Rights.

Inkqubo engaqhelekanga ye-Iowa engongoopartisan

Iowa usebenzisa inkqubo ekhethekileyo yokulungisa izinto engasebenzisi indlu yowiso-mthetho okanye ikhomishini ezimeleyo yokudibanisa imida yesithili esikhethiweyo. Endaweni yoko, abasebenzi bemithetho yezomthetho abangaphakalanga bazoba iimaphu ngokwemilinganiselo engqongqo, leyo ngoko indlu yowiso-mthetho ivota ukuvuma okanye ukungayamkeli ngaphandle kokulungisa. Le nkqubo iqwalaselwa ngokubanzi njengenye yezona zilungileyo kuhlanga.

Ixesha Elinokulungelelanisa Okubomvu Nenkqubo

Ukuqonda ixesha nendlela ukulungelelanisa okwenzeka ngayo kusinceda siqonde isizathu sokuba kubaluleke kangaka kwezobupolitika.

Ubalo Olungagqibekanga Nokuvuzwa

Kwiminyaka eli-10, amazwe ase-U.S. aphinda atsale iimaphu zawo zowiso-mthetho ukuze aphendule utshintsho kubemi. Le nkqubo ibangelwa lubalo lwamanani abantu belizwe, olubala inani labemi belizwe kwaye lumisela ukuba zingaphi izihlalo zombutho rhulumente ngamnye ofumanayo.

Phantsi komGaqo-siseko, urhulumente ufumana inani lamalungu endlu ngokuhambelana nabemi bakhe. Ukuba urhulumente ufumana okanye uphulukana nabemi, angafumana okanye aphulukane nelungu lendlu, kwaye inzuzo yelinye ilizwe ifuna ukulahlekelwa lelinye ilizwe.

Ngokomzekelo, ukubalwa kwabantu kwama - 2020 kwabonisa ukwanda kwabemi baseFlorida; iFlorida yafumana ilungu elitsha lendlu ngenxa yeziphumo, yaye iTexas yafumana amalungu amabini amatsha, ngoxa iNew York neKhalifoniya nganye yaphulukana nelungu lendlu emva kowama - 2020.

Ulungiso lokuCoonda phakathi: Utyelelo olukhulayo

Ngelixesha ukuphinda kuphinde kwenzeke kanye ngeshumi leminyaka emva kokuba kubhaliwe, amanye amazwe asandul' ukubandakanyeka kwi-dicede deficition ukufumana uncedo lwabaququzeleli. Ngaphambi ko-2025, mazwe amabini kuphela aye aqhuba ukhuthuzo lokuzithandela phakathi kwiqondo loluntu ukususela ngowe-1970.

Ukususela ngoJulayi 2025, amaphondo aliqela aseUnited States aye atsala kwakhona okanye asenkquboni yokutsala kwakhona izithili zawo eziya kwingingqi ngaphambi konyulo lwama - 2026, ephawula elinye lamalinge amakhulu alungelelanisiweyo okuphinda atsale amaphondo phakathi kobalo-manani lwaminyaka emininzi kwimbali yanamhlanje yaseMerika.

NgoFebruwari 2026, amaphondo amathandathu ayeneemaphu zesithili ezilungelelanisiweyo ezazinokutshintshwa ngaphambi konyulo lwama - 2026, yaye amaphondo amathandathu — eKhalifoniya, eMissouri, eMntla Carolina, eOhio, eTexas naseUtah — ayeneemaphu ezintsha.

Kwityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo LLAC v. Perry, iNkundla yakhanyisa uqheliselo lokulungisa umgangatho ophakathi wecandelo elikwinjongo yabaququzeleli, isusa umqobo ongokwasemthethweni onokwenzeka kulo msebenzi.

Indlela IGerrymandering Mission: Ubugcisa Obuqhelekileyo

Ubuchule obuninzi obumiselwe kakuhle obulawula imida yesithili ukufikelela usukelo lwedenti. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela kutyhila indlela ukutsalwa kwemigca okubonakala kungathi kukwindawo ephakathi evelisa ngayo iziphumo eziphawulekayo.

Ukupakisha: Ukuphelisa Iindawana Zenkcaso

Ukupakisha kubandakanya ukunikela ingqalelo yabavoti benkcaso kwisithili esimbalwa kangangoko. Ngokudala izithili apho iqela elichasayo liphumelela khona ngemida eyongameleyo (onke 80-90% yevoti), iidrowa zemaphu "ziphosa" ezo zivotelo kwaye zilinganisela inani lezihlalo zokuchasa lingaphumelela. Ngelinye ixesha iqela elizeleyo liphumelela lula kwezo sithili, zinamaphondo akhuphiswane amancinane kwezinye iindawo.

Ukugungqa: Ukwahlula Amaqela Eentshaba

Ukujika ibala liyeleyele chasene necebo: ukwahlula ulwahlulo lwabavoti benkcaso kwisithili esiphi na esinye ukuze bangabi nakwenza uninzi lwazo. Obu buchule busebenza kakhulu kwimimandla yasedolophini, apho abavoti benkcaso bangahlulwa phakathi kwemimandla emininzi enwela kwimimandla yamaphandle okanye emaphandle elawulwa liqela elirhuqayo.

Izithili ezibunjwe ngokumasikizi

Kuyingenelo kwiqela elilawulayo ukubeka uninzi lwabavoti "balo" kwisithili ezininzi kangangoko, kwaye, ukuba asizininzi, isithili namhlanje zitsalwa ngale ndlela icacileyo, nokuba zingeyiyo ingqiqo yendawo. Isithili esineziphumo zisoloko zinemo ezingaqhelekanga, ezidibeneyo ezichaseneyo neengcamango zesithethe zemida yoluntu.

Umhlaba Osemthethweni WeGerrymandering

Isakhiwo esisemthethweni sokulawula ukwakhiwa kweemaphu ezintle siye saguquka ngokuphawulekayo ekuhambeni kwexesha, yaye izigqibo zakutshanje zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ziphinda zicingisise ngocelomngeni olunokuziswa kwiimaphu ezinamacala amaninzi.

Isigqibo SikaRucho: Iinkundla Zomanyano Ziyabuya Zisinde

Umjikelo wokulungisa emva kobalo lwama-202020 waba ngowokuqala ukususela ekugqibeni kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yowama-2019 ukuba iimaphu ezixhotyisiweyo azinakubethwa kwinkundla yephondo. Kwityala lama-2019 uRucho v. Isizeka-tyala esiqhelekileyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabambelela ekubeni ngexa i-gerrymaning ibingu "enzalwano enxulumene nemigaqo yedemokhrasi," izibhengezo ze-gerrymander zazingumbuzo we-"SCYPritilities" ngaphandle kokufikelela kweenkundla zorhulumente.

Ngo-2019, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho wokuba ukuphembelela abaququzeleli abathathi-nxaxheba akuwaphuli umGaqo-siseko. Esi sigqibo sazisusa ngokunempumelelo iinkundla zikarhulumente njengovavanyo kwinkundla eziphembelela abaququzeleli, sishiyele lo mbandela kwiinkundla zikarhulumente nakwimimiselo karhulumente.

Iidrowa zemaphu kwinkoliso yelizwe azisamele zoyike ukungenelela kwenkundla yetyala, zikhuthaza imigudu yogonyamelo.

Iimfuno zomGaqo-siseko

INkundla ePhakamileyo ibeke uhlaziyo kwimida ethile yomgaqo-siseko, kuquka ukuba isithili ngasinye kurhulumente kufuneka sibe nabemi abalinganayo. Lo "mntu omnye, umgaqo wokuvota" omiselwe ngoo1960, ufuna isithili ukuba sibe nabemi abaphantse bafana.

Ngo-2015, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States yakhupha isigqibo sayo kwiKhomishini ye-Arizona State Legislature v. I-Arizona Independent Redicontialing, ilawula i-5-4 yokuba amakhomishini okuhlaziya angayiphuli umGaqo-siseko wase-United States. Esi sigqibo sasusa indlela yokuba amazwe asebenzise iikhomishini ezizimeleyo ukwenzela ukudityaniswa kwengqungquthela.

ISivumelwano samaLungelo

ISivumelwano soMthetho wamaLungelo silinganisela amandla karhulumente okuhlaziya icandelo ngendlela ephazamisa amandla eqela lobuhlanga lokunyula ilungu lendlu elikhethwe yiyo. Ukuhlenga-hlenga angenziwa ngendlela enciphisa amandla amancinane okukhetha qha, umba wembambano osoloko ucazululwa ngexesha lenkqubo yokubomvu.

ICandelo 2 loMthetho wamaLungelo oKwahlula amatyala ovota ocalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, kwaye eli lungiselelo lisetyenzisiwe ukucel

Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko weRhulumente

Ngeenkundla zikarhulumente ubukhulu becala zingaphandle komfanekiso wemiba yokulwa okuchaseneyo, umgaqo-siseko karhulumente uye waba yindawo ephambili esemthethweni. Eminye imimiselo yorhulumente iqulathe amalungiselelo acacileyo achasene nomthetho anokuthi iinkundla zikarhulumente zinyanzelise.

Emva kokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseMntla Carolina yabethe imaphu yequmrhu lombuso ka 2021 njengegrigermander engagqibekiyo phantsi komgaqo-siseko wesizwe, inkundla yabeka imaphu endaweni yayo idweliswe ziingcali ezimiselwe yinkundla kodwa emva kotshintsho kwinkundleni ephakamileyo yenkundla, inkundla yasiguqula isigqibo sayo sakutshanje yaza yathi ayisayi kuba sakuba semthethweni.

Umphumo Wokwenza Idemokhrasi YaseMerika

Imiphumo yokuzimela ingaphaya kwemiphumo yonyulo lomntu ngamnye, nto leyo echaphazela ukusebenza kolawulo - melo lwabameli.

Umelo olutsaliweyo

Ngoqikelelo lweBrennan Center, iimaphu ezisetyenziswe kunyulo lwama-2024 ngokwe-avareji inemida yesithili seDemocratic okanye seDemocratic-lean 16 encinci kuneemaphu ezihambisana nemilinganiselo enamandla echasene nomlawuli kwinkululeko yeVote Act.

Emva kobalo-manani lwama-2020, amaRiphabliki alawula inkqubo yokuphinda i-redice kumazwe amaninzi kune-Democrates, kwaye asebenzisa olu ncedo ngobuchule. Iimaphu eTexas nase Florida zitsalwa kakhulu, kodwa umntla Carolina unika omnye wemizekelo ebalaseleyo yamandla abangela ukuchaphazeleka komlinganiselo wamandla, kungekuphela kumazwe kodwa kumazwe.

Emva konyulo lwama-2024, umNtla Carolina wabona imimandla emithathu yeDemocratic ijikeleza kwiiRiphabliki, ngokwaneleyo ukunika ulawulo lwendlu yase-U.S. kwiGOP ngomda omncinane. Umzamo wokulungisa weli lizwe elinye wawunemiphumela yolawulo lwesizwe lweBhunga.

Ukhuphiswano Oluncitshisiweyo

Ukususela ngo-1997, ama-42% okuncipha kwesithili sokhuphiswano abangelwa kukukhuphiswano olusuka kubahlali. Xa izithili zitsalelwa ekukhuselekeni kweqela elinye, unyulo oluqhelekileyo luba luncinane, kwaye ukhuphiswano lokwenene ludla ngokuguqukela kunyulo oluphambili apho abathathi-nxaxheba abagqithisileyo benokuba luncedo.

Liqela elincinane kuphela lemida edityanisiweyo egqalwa njengeqela, kwaye inkoliso ikwizithili ezitsalwa ziikhomishini ezizimeleyo okanye iinkundla. Oku kuthetha ukuba kumazwe apho izindlu zowiso-mthetho zilawula ukuqukuqela, zimbalwa kakhulu izihlalo ezikhuphisana ngokwenene.

Impembelelo Kuluntu Oluncinane

Ukujolisa igunya lezobupolitika loluntu oluncinane kudla ngokuba ngundoqo wokuhlasela abahlaseli, ingakumbi kuMzantsi, apho abamhlophe abaNcedo bayinxalenye encinane yonyulo yaye basoloko behlala kwimimandla kunye nakuluntu olumhlophe.

Oku kudala iimeko apho ukuqhatha kweentshaba nokuqhatha kobuhlanga kudibana khona, njengoko imigudu yokuthomalalisa amandla okuvota kweDemocratic isenokuwanciphisa ngexesha elinye amandla okuvota amancinane.

Inkcitho Yesimbo

Izigidi zabavoti abafanelekileyo zihlala kwisithili esikhuselekileyo seqela lezobupolitika ezizichasayo. Xa abavoti besazi isithili sabo siphenjelelwa kakhulu liqela elibathandayo, basenokuvakalelwa kukuba ukhetho lwabo alubalulekile, lunganciphisa ukhuthuzo nomanyano lwezentlalo.

Iimfazwe zakutshanje ze-Gerrymanwing: 2024-2026

Ixesha elisukela ku 2024 ukuya ku 2026 libone umsebenzi wokuphinda uphinde uphinde uhambe, uninzi lwamazwe luphinda lutsale iimaphu phakathi kumzamo olungelelanisiweyo wokufumana uncedo lwabaququzeleli.

ITexas: ISalvo Evulekileyo

Uhlaziyo lwaqala xa iTexas i-gerrymander yemaphu yayo engqungquthela ukuze incede amaRiphabliki phantsi kwemiyalelo kaDonald Trump. Republican Gov. uGreg Abbott watyobela imaphu ye Home ehlaziyiweyo kumthetho ngoAgasti 2025 enokuthi incede amaRiphabliki aphumelele izihlalo ezongezelelweyo ezintlanu.

NgoAgasti, iTexas yafaka inkqubo yokuphinda ingqungquthela ephakathi kwintlanganiso eyodwa, kwaye isicwangciso sibhekisa ingqalelo kubavoti bedemokhrasi kwaye sandisa iGOP kwimimandla ekhula ngokukhawuleza jikelele eHouston, Dallas/Fort Worth kunye neAustin.

Ukusabela Ngokulawulwa Ngulawulo - melo: EKhalifoniya Nangaphaya Kwayo

Ukuphendula, amazwe ahamba ngedemokhrasi aqalisa inkqubo yokuqhuba iimaphu zawo zombutho wongquzulwano ukuphikisa iziphumo zeRiphabliki, iKhalifoniya ingumqali, idlulisa inguquko ukuphinda imaphu yengqungquthela karhulumente ukunceda uDemocrat.

IVoters eKhalifoniya ngoNovemba yavunywa izithili zeNdlu ezihlaziyiweyo ezakhiwa yiDemocratic Legistration enokuthi incede uDemocrates awise izihlalo ezongezelelekileyo ezintlanu. Umlinganiselo, owenziwe ngo-2025 eKhalifoniya Iprogamento 50, wavunywa ngabavoti kunyulo lukaNovemba 2025.

Umkhosi ohlaselayo womntla Carolina

INdibano Jikelele yamkela izithili ezintsha ezitsha eziqengqelekayo ezikwiphondo lase-Riphabliki ekupheleni ko-Oktobha, kwaye xa zithelekiswa nemaphu yama-2024, imigca emitsha yandisa inani lezihlalo ezinokwenzeka kwiRiphabliki ngokukhupha iDemocratic consoli kwi-Triangle kunye noCharlotte kunye nokulungisa kwakhona izihlalo eziliqela zasempuma, utshintsho olunokutshintshela kwizibini ezibini kwizihlalo ezintathu kwi-GOP.

Missouri neOhio

EMissouri, iRhuluneli Mike Kehoe yavakalisa intlanganiso ekhethekileyo yokuzoba kwakhona izithili zelizwe, i House yavota ukuhambisela phambili imaphu entsha eyayiza kunika iRiphabliki esinye isihlalo, kwaye imaphu entsha yatyikitywa njengomthetho ngoSeptemba 28, 2025.

Emva kweenyanga zohlolo lwekhomishini, iOhio yavuma isicwangciso sengqungquthela esitsha ngoSeptemba esidibanisa izihlalo eziliqela zeRiphabliki ejikeleze iCincinnati, iDayton kunye nombindi weOhio kwaye ifaka ukhuphiswano lwezihlalo esinye okanye ezimbini kwimimandla yokhuphiswano.

Ucelomngeni Olusemthethweni

NgoAprili 2026, kukho imingeni ekhoyo kumthetho wesizwe okanye wesizwe kumaphondo ali - 14, kunye nemfazwe elindeleyo kwiintambo zowiso-mthetho eAlabama, eKhalifoniya, eFlorida, eGeorgia, eLouisiana, eNew York, eNew York, eTexas, eUtah, eVirginia, naseWisconsin.

Amadabi asemthethweni angaphaya kwezi maphu zombindi wexesha eliphakathi azakuqhubekeka kangangeenyanga okanye iminyaka, iphinde ilungiswe indawo ekhethiweyo izihlandlo ezininzi phambi komjikelo olandelayo othe rhoqo wokuhlaziya ngo2031.

Zombini Iindawo Zokutyela

Ngelixesha amaRiphabliki ebenobundlobongela kakhulu kumjikelo wohlaziyo wakutshanje ngenxa yokulawula iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezithe zanda, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba omabini amaqela abandakanyeka ekulawuleni xa enethuba.

IiRiphabliki azizange zibe zodwa kwiGgerrymandering; umzekelo, iDemocrates eIllinois, ngenkalipho imaphu yengqungquthela yeRiphabliki ukucutha iisihlalo ezi-3 kuphela kwezili-17, inani elimbalwa leesihlalo zaseRiphabliki ukususela kwimfazwe yamakhaya, ngeli linye ixesha iBrennan Center iqikelela ukuba imaphu entle yaseIllinois inokuba nezihlalo ezimalunga nezi-6 zeGOP.

Indlu ekwahlulwe ngokusondeleyo yabameli idala intshukumisa yoorhulumente bolawulo lwedemokhrasi nolompumpuma ukuya kumazwe alawulayo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Xa ulawulo lweBhunga luxhonywe kumlinganiselo, isilingo sokwandisa uncedo lwabameli ngokutsha siya kungabi nakuthintelwa nangayiphi na inkqubo yokuzoba imaphu karhulumente.

Imigudu Yotshintsho Nezicombululo

Ekubeni beqonda imiphumo eyingozi yokuphembelela idemokhrasi, abaguquli baye basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokwenza iinkqubo ezihlaziya ngakumbi.

IiKhomishini zokuLungisa ezizimeleyo

Enye indlela yokulwa nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kukudalwa kweekhomishini ezimeleyo zokulungisa iziqithi, iziqu ezahlulwe kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ezijongene nokuzoba izithili.

IRC lutshintsho lwentlalo esetyenziswa ukuqinisekisa ukuba abavoti — hayi abezobupolitika — bagqiba ngendlela ezitsalwa ngayo izithili zonyulo, kunye nesakhiwo seIRC siyahluka ngokwemeko-bume, kodwa zenzelwe ukwenza inkqubo yokuhlaziya icace ngakumbi kwaye ingakhethi ngokumisela imilinganiselo yokuba ngubani ozakusebenza kwikhomishini nemilinganiselo emele ilandelwe.

IIRC ephumelelayo ifuna ukuba abakhomishinala banamathele kwimilinganiselo engqongqo, enjengokuthobela umgaqo-siseko karhulumente norhulumente, ukulingana kwabemi, ukukhusela ulwimi nohlanga oluncinane, ukungakhethi buso, ukudibana, nokumanyana, phakathi kwezinye.

IiIRC eziphumelelayo zikwafuna ukuba kuthethwe ngazo uwonke wonke, kwenze ugcino - lwazi lusetyenziswe ukuzoba iimaphu ezifumanekayo, ukwamkela amagqabaza kawonke wonke, nokuvumela abavoti ukuba bathumele iimaphu kwikhompyutha.

Impumelelo Nezithintelo Zakutshanje Zotshintsho

Ngowe - 2018, abavoti kumaphondo amane – eColorado, eMichigan, eMissouri, naseUtah – amkelekileyo amanyathelo okuvelisa iiIRC, kwanaseOhio adlula kumlinganiselo wokuguqula iinguqu.

Noko ke, imigudu yotshintsho iye yajamelana nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo. Ebudeni bonyulo lwangoNovemba 2024, abavoti baseOhio balugatya ulungiso olucetyiswayo lomgaqo-siseko (Issue 1) ebeluya kumisela ikomishini yokulungisa i-redifice efakwe kubemi ukuthatha indawo yenkqubo ekhoyo esoloko ivelisa iimaphu ezingavumelaniyo.

Ulungiso lohlaziyo lokwenza uhlaziyo oluzimeleyo lwenza iikhomishini zokulungisa imaphu elungileyo, ngelixesha utshintsho oluncinci lunzima. Ulungiso lotshintsho luxhomekeke kakhulu kwindlela ekhethekileyo yolwakhiwo kunye nemigaqo emele ilandelwe.

Umthetho womanyano

Ngowe - 2022, iNgqungquthela yasondela ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili ukuze iphelise isibetho sokugalelana kwequmrhu elinobuhlanga kanye, kodwa ngoku siye sadlula, nangona siza kuphinda sibuye.

KwiBhunga lakutshanje, kuye kwaveliswa amatyala aliqela afuna amazwe asebenzise iikhomishini ezimeleyo zokulungisa izakhiwo zendlu yase-U.S.; le House yadlulisela amatyala amabini anjalo kwiiKhompisi zangaphambili, iH.R. 1 (1117th Congress) neH.R. 1 (1116th Congress), nangona kungekho nomthetho owaba ngumthetho.

Nangona utshintsho lomgangatho karhulumente kunye neenkundla zikarhulumente zingayilungisa inxalenye yengxaki, azinakukwazi ukuba yimpendulo kuyo yonke indawo, kwaye ukulungisa ngokwenene ingxaki, iBhunga kufuneka lithathe inyathelo.

Ubungqina obucacileyo nobusemngciphekweni

Nakumaphondo ngaphandle kogunyaziso oluzimeleyo, iinguqu zingaphucula inkqubo yokulungisa uqikelelo ngokwanda kokubonakala ngaphaya kokuthabatha inxaxheba koluntu. Iimfuno zokuva uwonke-wonke, ukupapashwa kweemaphu ezicetyiweyo, kunye nemigaqo ecacileyo yokuzoba imaphu, zonke zinganceda ukunyanzela ukugqithisa okugqithisileyo kokusetyenziswa kwe-gerrymander.

Amaqumrhu anjenge [[NTL: 0] iProject yePrinceton Gerrymaning kunye Planscore iveze izixhobo ezintsokothileyo zokuhlalutya iimaphu ezicetyiweyo nokuchonga igerrymanring, inika uwonke-wonke kunye ne-media amandla okuvavanya izicelo zokudityaniswa kwe-redikhing nge-at enkulu.

Indima Yobugcisa Kumasimi Anamhlanje

Ubugcisa buye baguqula ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezincinane kutshanje, nto leyo eyenza ukuba imigudu yokulwa nokulwa notyando intsonkothile.

Ubucukubhede Bekhompyutha Obuqhubela phambili Bemapu

I-software elungisayo yale mihla ivumela iidrowa zemaphu zifumane iinkcukacha zamanani, ukuvota, kunye nenkcazelo yendawo kumgangatho wobalo lwebloko. Bangabona ngoko nangoko indlela uqwalaselo olwahlukileyo lomda oluya kuchaphazela ngayo iziphumo zocalulo, ukwenziwa kohlanga, nezinye izinto. Oku kuthe ngqo kunceda ukuba i-gergermander isebenze ngokunempumelelo kunaleyo yayinakho ngaphambili.

Uhlalutyo lwemithetho-siseko

Ikhadi leRediliging Report isebenzisa i-algorithm esika-edge ukunikezela ngohlalutyo olungazange lubonwe lwezicwangciso zobunjani bemaphu, ezibangela isigidi esilinganayo soqikelelo lwephondo ngalinye, zinika umgca osisiseko wento enokwenzeka yokuzoba kwilizwe elinikwe ulawulo lwalo lwezopolitiko kunye nemithetho ehlaziyayo.

Ezi ndlela zobukho bemithetho zinokubonakala xa imaphu ingaphezulu lee xa ithelekiswa nendalo iphela yeemaphu ezinokubakho ezinokuzoba phantsi kwemilinganiselo yobundilele, nto leyo enikela ubungqina obunamandla bokusetyenziswa kweggerrymandering ngamaqhinga.

Izixhobo Zokuzoba Uwonkewonke

Kwabubugcisa obunye obunceda abemi banikwe amandla okuzoba nokucebisa iimaphu zabo. Ngoku amazwe amaninzi amkela ukuthotyelwa uluntu ngezixhobo ezilungiselelwe ukuhlaziya, kwaye ubuchule bokuzoba imaphu buvumela abemi abaqhelekileyo ukuba babe nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kule nkqubo.

Abadlali Abangundoqo Kwinkqubo Yokuhlaziya

Ukuqonda ukuba ngubani olawula imimandla yesithili kufuna ukuba uhlole abadlali abahlukahlukeneyo ababandakanyekileyo kwizigqibo zokuhlaziya.

AbaLawuli beSizwe

Kwiimeko apho izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zilawula ukuhlaziywa, abalawuli ngabanye benza iindima ezibalulekileyo. Izikhundla zokhokelo .⁠ezifana nesithethi sendlu okanye umongameli we-senate() ngokufuthi zikhuphe impembelelo kwinkqubo yokutsala imaphu. Iikomiti ezihlaziyayo zinokuba nemvo zezezindululo, kodwa izigqibo zokugqibela zixhomekeke kwinkokeli yomthetho kunye nezixhobo zokusebenzisa imigaqo-mthetho.

iiRhuluneli

Kumaphondo amaninzi ngokuphinda kulungiswe imithetho, abalawuli bangawanika amaplani okuhlaziya, bawanike isixhathiso esibalulekileyo. Irhuluneli yeqela elichaseneyo nomthetho wowiso-mthetho inganyanzela ukuba kunyanzeliswe iimaphu ezingasetyenziswanga kakhulu kunendlu yowiso-mthetho.

Abahloli Bezobupolitika Noophando - lwazi

Ngapha koko, abacebisi bezopolitiko kunye nabahlalutyi bogcino-lwazi basoloko besenza umsebenzi wokuzoba iimaphu. Ezi zifundiswa zisebenzisa i-software entsonkothileyo kunye nogcino-lwazi olunenkcukacha kwimimandla efumana iinjongo zolwaluko loonozakuzakuzo ngeli lixa zigcina ukukhubazeka okusemthethweni.

Iinkundla

Iinkundla zikarhulumente noorhulumente zisebenza njengabaqwalaseli kwiimbambano zokulungisa iimeko, nangona indima yazo inyanzelwe zisigqibo sakutshanje seNkundla Ephakamileyo. Iinkundla zikarhulumente zihlala zibalasele kumaphondo akwimiqathango echasene nomgaqo-siseko.

Amalungu eKhomishini

Kumaphondo aneziko lokulungisa, ukwenziwa nokukhethwa kwamalungu ekhomishini kubaluleka. Iinketho zamalungu ekhomishini zingachaphazela indlela ekhuselwe ngayo kwimpembelelo yokwenene okanye eqondwayo yezobupolitika, kwaye kumazwe amaninzi, umntu okhonza kwikhomishini yokuhlaziya akanakuthatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi ethile ekhankanyiweyo yezobupolitika kwangoko ngaphambi, ngexesha okanye ngokukhawuleza emva kwenkonzo yekomishini.

Imibutho yobusela

Amaqela anjenge [[FLT: 0] Brennan Center yeJaji, Ikhampagign Li Center yakwasemthethweni, kunye Isizathu seCummon [ idlala indima ezibalulekileyo ekuhloleni ukuficeka, ukubeka imingeni esemthethweni, kunye nokukhuthaza utshintsho. Kwelinye icala, imibutho ye-RCUTS isebenza ukwandisa uncedo lweqela layo ekuhlaziyeni.

Indlela Yokulinganisa Yokuzoba Izithili

Imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo esemthethweni nengokwesithethe ilawula indlela ezimele zitsalwe ngayo izithili, nangona iinkalo zazo ezinxulumene nenkcazo nenkcazo yazo zingafani ngokwemeko yelizwe.

Abemi Abalinganayo

"Umntu omnye, umgaqo omnye wokuvota" ufuna izithili eziphantse zibe nabemi abalinganayo. Kwizithili ezidibeneyo, lo mgangatho ungqongqo kakhulu, neenkundla ezifuna ukuphambuka kwabemi okungaphantsi kwepesenti. Izithili zemithetho zikarhulumente zinokubhetyebhetye-bhetye kancinci.

I-Connect

Izithili mazijijeke ngokwemo yelizwe, intsingiselo yokuba ungahamba ukusuka nakweyiphi na indawo kwisithili ukuya nakweyiphi na enye indawo ngaphandle kokushiya isithili. Noko ke, le mfuneko inganeliswa ngokudibanisa njengendawo enye okanye ibhulorho.

Ukuhlanganiswa

Umazwe amaninzi afuna isithili ukuba sidibane, nangona kungekho nkcazelo ikhoyo jikelele yokudibanisa. Iimeko ezahlukeneyo zezibalo zikhona, kodwa iinkundla bezimathidala ukubetha iimaphu kuphela ngenxa yokungadibani.

Ukuhlonela Iimbono Zezobupolitika

Imigaqo esesikweni exhasa ubalo, izixeko, namanye amacandelo ezobupolitika xa kunokwenzeka. Noko ke, olu mgaqo lusoloko lungqubana nezinye iimfuno kwaye lunokunikelwa ukuze kufikelelwe kwiinjongo zokwahlula abathathi-nxaxheba.

Inkcitho

Umazwe amaninzi afuna ukuqwalaselwa "kuququzelelwa kwenzala""----------amaqela abantu abanezilangazelelo zoluntu, zezoqoqosho okanye zenkcubeko. Lo mgaqo ungakhusela imimandla kunye nemimandla enenkxalabo enye, kodwa uchaza abantu abanomdla ngokwemvelo.

Ukukhuphisana

Ezinye iingcamango zotshintsho ziquka imfuneko yesithili sokhuphiswano, nangona oko kusaqhubeka kuphikisana.

Ikamva Lokuhlaziywa

Le ndawo ijikelezayo iqhubeka iguquka, yaye idla ngokutshintsha imijikelo yexesha elizayo.

Iqhubekeka I-Redififiedification

Amanye amaphondo asenokuthatha inyathelo elingaqhelekanga lokutsala kwakhona iintambo zombutho phakathi kwimikhosi ephakathi ukukhusela intlanga-ntle okanye asebenzise ukutshintsha kwemeko yezopolitiko, kwaye iimfazwe zezobupolitika nezomthetho kwiimaphu zombutho — ingakumbi abo bazitsalayo — azikapheli.

Umzekelo obekwe liza elinoqikelelo elingamashumi amabini anesihlanu-2026 lingakhuthaza utshintsho lwemaphu oluthe rhoqo, lungakhokelela kumadabi angaguqukiyo okuhlaziya indawo ekwakheni umjikelo wesithethe.

Ulwandiso lweeKhomishini zokuZimela

Naphezu kokungalawuleki, umgudu wokuseka iikhomishini ezizimeleyo zobumi ezizimeleyo nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-gerrymanider kusekude. Ukwazi okuthe ngqo kwabantu ukusetyenziswa kwe-gerrymander kunyuke ngokuphawulekayo, kwaye ukurhwaphiliza kuphumile kwimbambano engabhaliswanga ngokusemthethweni ngomnye wezona zitshayelelo zikhulu.

UkuHlakulela iMigangatho eMthethweni

Nangona iinkundla zikarhulumente ziye zarhoxa ekupheliseni amapolisa, iinkundla zeli lizwe ziyaqhubeka ziphuhlisa zize zisebenzise imigangatho yomGaqo-siseko wesizwe. Umhlaba osemthethweni uhlala ululwelwe, ngokuqhubeka ubekwa iliso kwimithetho yobuhlanga, ukuLongiswa kwamaLungelo, kunye neemfuno zomGaqo-siseko wesizwe.

Ukhuphiswano lwezixhobo zobugcisa

Iidrowa kunye nabahlaziyi-zizo baza kuqhubeka besenza izixhobo ezintsonkothileyo ze-alytical. Ubuchule bokwenza nokuvavanya izigidi zeemaphu ezinokwenzeka ekugqibeleni bungenza kube nzima kakhulu ukukhusela, njengokuba uhlalutyo lwezibalo lunokubonisa ngokucacileyo xa imaphu ingaphezulu.

Oko Abemi Banokukwenza

Ngoxa ukuhlaziya kusenokubonakala njengenkqubo elawulwa ngabafaki bezobupolitika, abemi abaqhelekileyo banokwenza indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni iimaphu ezintle.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Ekuchondweni Kwabantu Abaninzi

Iinkqubo ezininzi zokulungisa ityala ziquka ukuva uwonke wonke apho abemi banokungqina khona ngemida yesithili abakuyo. Ukuya kwezi ndlebe nokunika igalelo kunokuyiphembelela inkqubo, ingakumbi kumaphondo akwiziko elithatha igalelo loluntu nzulu.

Ngenisa Iimephu

Amazwe amaninzi ayamkela ukuthobela uwonke wonke kwezicwangciso zokulungisa ezicetyisiweyo. Ngezixhobo zokuzoba ezisetyenziswa ngumsebenzisi zikhona ngoku, abemi bangazoba baze bangenise iimaphu zabo ezibonisa umbono wabo wokumela okulungileyo.

Imigudu Yotshintsho Ixhaswa

Abemi banokuxhasa imibutho esebenzela utshintsho, ukutyikitya izibongozo zelo thala lomsebenzi odala iikhomishini ezizimeleyo, nokuvota kwabo baxhasa iinkqubo zokuhlaziya ezifanelekileyo.

Hlala Unolwazi

Ukuqonda indlela ukuphinda kusebenze ngayo kwilizwe lakho kunye nokugada okucetywayo kwenza abemi bakwazi ukuchonga kwaye batsale ingqalelo kwi gerrymanidering. Iintlangano ezifana [[FLT: 0] Fairvote kunye ne[FLT][FLT] unikezela izibonelelo zokufunda nokuzibandakanya nemicimbi ebomvu.

Ukwenziwa kokhetho lwesizwe

Ekubeni izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zilawula uhlaziyo kumazwe amaninzi, unyulo lwemithetho yomthetho lwamazwe kwiminyaka ephela ngozero (kanye phambi kokuba kubonwe) lunesiphumo esikhethekileyo. Ukuveliswa kwezi ntsika kuchaphazela ngqo abaza kuzoba imigca yesithili kwishumi leminyaka elizayo.

Isiphelo: Idabi Eliqhubekayo Lokumela Ubuhle

Umbuzo wokuba ngubani olawula imigca yesithili ufikelela kwinqanaba ledemokhrasi yaseMerika. Xa abezobupolitika bekhetha abavoti babo ngokubolekisa kunokuba bavote bekhetha abameli babo ngonyulo olufanelekileyo, umgaqo osisiseko karhulumente ongummeli uyathotywa.

Inkqubo yangoku yahluka ngokuphawulekayo kumazwe ngamazwe, ezinye ziqeshe iikhomishini ezizimeleyo ezenzelwe ukuvelisa iimaphu ezifanelekileyo ngeli xesha ezinye zivumela iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezilawulayo ukuba zitsale izithili ezinezithintelo ezincinane. Izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo yakutshanje zishenxise inkundla zorhulumente kwimiqathango yomgangatho ophezulu wegosa, zigxininisa kakhulu kwiinguqu zomgangatho karhulumente kunye nokhuseleko lwemithetho-siseko.

Iliza elingazange libonwe phakathi kwiqondo lokhuseleko eliphakathi ku2025-2026 libonisa ukuba idabi phezu kwemigca yesithili liqinisa kunokuba linciphe. Omabini amaqela abonise ukuvuma ngonyamezelo ukuqhuba isikhephe xa efumana ithuba, ukudala ugqatso lwezixhobo olusongela ukwenza umelo lungahlukani nokhetho loqobo lomvoti.

Noko ke, kukho izizathu zokuba nethemba. Ukuqashelwa kwabantu ngokuphandle kokulawula kuye kwanda ngokuphawulekayo, imigudu yolungiso iyaqhubeka kumazwe amaninzi, kwaye izixhobo zobugcisa ngoku zivumela abemi kunye nemibutho egade iinja ukuba baphawule kwaye bacel ’ umngeni abasebenzi abagqithisileyo ngokunempumelelo kunangaphambili. Iikhomishini yokuzimela i-odentifini ingqiniwe ukuba iimaphu ezifanelekileyo zinokwenzeka xa inkqubo igqunywa kwi-Rounding.

Ekugqibeleni, ukufikelela imelo lobulungisa kufuna inyathelo lokuqala lokuqinisekisa ukuba iimaphu ezinyuliweyo zinceda bonke abemi kunabo bonke abasemagunyeni, kwaye zibophelele kumgaqo wokuba kwidemokhrasi, abavoti kufuneka bakhethe abameli babo /hhayi enye indlela ejikelezayo. Ukuqonda olawula imigca yesithili nendlela inkqubo yokulungisa isebenza ngayo linyathelo lokuqala ekuqinisekiseni ukuba iimaphu ezinyuliweyo zinceda bonke abemi kunokuba zincede abo basemagunyeni.

Abathathi-nxaxheba

  • Kumaphondo angama-26, izindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe ezilawulwa ngamaqela ezobupolitika ziyangena kwimida yesithili, ngokufuthi nto leyo ephumela ekubeni kubekho iimaphu ezikhetha iqela elilawulayo
  • 21 amazwe asebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwekomishini yokulungisa, enamazwe ali-13 asebenzisa ikhomishini kuphela ukuzoba imida ekhethayo
  • Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo 2019 iRucho sasusa iinkundla zephondo ekuququzelelweni kwamapolisa, ishiya lo mbandela kwiinkundla zephondo nakwiindlu zowiso-mthetho
  • Ubugcisa bokubhenela buquka "ukurhwebelana" abavoti benkcaso kwisithili esingephi kunye no "ukuzirhwexa" kuzo zonke isithili ezininzi ukuthomalalisa amandla abo okuvota
  • Imaphu esetyenzisiweyo kunyulo lwama-2024 inezithili ezimalunga ne-16 ezincinane zeDemocratic-leating kuneemaphu ezifanelekileyo ebezinokuveliswa, ngokutsho kweBrennan Center
  • Ithuba lama-2025-2026 labona uqikelelo olungazange lubonwe phakathi, kunye namazwe amathandathu amkela iimaphu ezintsha eziqulunqweyo phakathi kwemijikelo yokubalwa
  • Amaqela oRiphabliki kunye neDemocratic ayabandakanyeka ekulawuleni inkqubo yokuthambisa
  • Iinkonzo zokulungisa ezizimeleyo zingqiniwe zisebenza ekuveliseni iimaphu ezifanelekileyo xa zenziwe kakuhle ngemilinganiselo ecacileyo kunye neemfuno zokukhanya
  • Abahlali banokuba nenxaxheba ekulungiseni iinkundla zikarhulumente, ngokumisela imaphu, ngokuxhasa imigudu yokuguqula izinto nangokuvota kunyulo
  • Ikamva lokulungisa lisenokubandakanya amadabi aqhubekayo asemthethweni, ukwanda koothunywashe abazimeleyo, kunye nezixhobo zobugcisa ezithe zantsonkotha ngokuhambelana nokwenza iimaphu