IBhunga le-United States liyisebe lokuqala likarhulumente phantsi komGaqo-siseko, lisebenzisa amandla abumba imithetho yesizwe, uqingqo-mali lwalo, kunye nenkqubo yalo yamazwe angaphandle. Njengoko iBhunga lilungelelanisa igunya lamasebe aphetheyo nagwebayo ngeli limele iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zamaMelika azizigidi ezingama-330. Oku kuvavanya isiseko somgaqo-siseko weBhunga, ulungelelwaniso lwalo lwangaphakathi, nomgangatho opheleleyo wamagunya alo .

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samandla eBhunga

Inqaku leMigaqo-siseko I liyila indlu yowiso-mthetho ye-badaral, ilawula amandla phakathi kweNdlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu. Abaqululi benza le nkqubo yezindlu ezimbini zokulinganisa imfuno yabemi (Indlu) kunye nomelo olulinganayo lukarhulumente. Indlu yayinenjongo yokuba ibe “yindlu yabantu,” enamalungu anyuliweyo nyaka ngamnye, ngoxa iBhunga, enamagama aneminyaka emithandathu, aya kunikela ukuqhubekeka kunye nokuxilonga kwiminqweno eqhelekileyo. UMgaqo-siseko unika iBhunga elikhethekileyo“ amagunya afumileyo” kwiSigqeba I, iCandelo lesi-8, kuquka amandla okuhlawula irhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukuphatha imali, ukubhengeza imali, ukuphakamisa imikhosi. I-Canadio kunye ne-Clas (igrac) ezifunekayo ukwenza imithetho esetyenziswayo, imigaqo-mthetho yanamhlanje ayinokukwazi ukunikezela imiyalelo, inkcuka.

Isiseko seBhunga

Indlu Yabameli

Indlu inamalungu ovota amalunga nama-435 ahlukene phakathi kwamazwe asekelwe kubemi, ilungu ngalinye elimele umlinganiselo wama-760 000 angomalungu. Indlu inamagunya akhethekileyo angahlanganiyo neNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu: onke amatyala emali kufuneka avele apho, kwaye anamandla okulawula intlawulo. Iinkokeli zendlu ziquka uMthethi weNdlu (okhethwe liqela elikhulu), iNkokeli yoBukhosi, nezihlalo zeekomiti. IHousesting Committee idlala indima ebalulekileyo ngokumisela iimfuno zemali ezininzi, ivumela inkoliso yabantu ukuba ilawule ucwangciso lokusebenza kwemiqathango. Amalungu endlu afanele aphinde afumane unyuko lwendlu rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini, ewenza amkele kakhulu inkxalabo yasekuhlaleni.

IBhunga

IBhunga lamagunya akhethekileyo elinamalungu ali-100 .asuka kwilizwe ngalinye elinamabinzana anyaka emithandathu, amalunga ne-3---3 kunyulo nyaka ngamnye. UMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli weNdlu yeNdlu yeMasipala kodwa kuphela uvotelo lokwaphula iqhina. Amagunya akhethekileyo eSentenekazi aquka ukuqinisekisa ukubekwa komongameli (njengoonobhala-burhulumente, abagwebi borhulumente, kunye nee-antsebenzi) ngovoti-yo kunye nezivumelwano zokuqinisekisa ngezivumelwano ezingaphezulu kakhulu. Indlu yeNtlanganiso ikwaqhuba iimvavanyo ezithendelekileyo emva kokuba isikhululo sendlu sithengise, kwaye ibamba igunya ku-Priebuster, ifuna amavoti amashumi amathandathu ama-60 okucela i-carmeant nengxoxo yengxoxo. Le ngxoxo inika i-sententensity, ngokukodwa kwiqela elincinane.

Ukhokelo Neekomiti

Omabini amagumbi axhomekeke kwinkqubo yeekomiti ukuphatha umsebenzi owenziweyo. Ikomiti ezimileyo (umz., iJadicary, iMidlalo, Iindlela kunye neNkcubeko, IiNdlela zoMasipala) ziphatha iindawo ezithile zenkqubo kwaye ziqhuba owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo kumthetho. Ikomiti ezingaphakathi zivumela ukubekwa kobuchule obunzulu. Izihlalo zekomiti, ngokuqhelekileyo kwiqela elininzi, zimisela ucwangciso, ucwangciso, kunye nokuphatha ukunyusa. Iinkokeli zeqela kwigumbi ngalinye. //iMajoli neNkokeli Ezincinci, iWips //iChosaces / ubuchule bokusebenza noqeqesho lwamaqela. Le komiti kunye nokhokelo luyimfuneko kwinkqubo yamawaka yeendleko.

Amandla oMthetho

Amandla Asetyenzisweyo

Umgaqo-siseko udwelisa amagunya angundoqo eBhunga kwiGatya I, iCandelo lesi-8 elibalulekileyo lingumandla erhafu nawokuchitha intlawulo kwintlalo-ntle jikelele, [ amandla okulawula ushishino lwezombuso [[[FLT:] [[FLT]] (uMsebenzi worhwebo, osetyenziselwa yonke into ekhoyo ukuya kumgaqo wemekobume), [[FLT:] amandla okuboleka imali (okukhuthaza ukulawulwa kwamatyala angoorhulumente), [[FLT] amandla okuxhasa imali kunye nokulawula amandla ayo afanelekileyo okuxhasa le mali kunye mithetho yezonyango.[FLT], [FFFF] kunye ne-octivescerrences , kunye nezigunya ezi-ondleko) ezi ntlobo zegunya elifanelekileyo lokuxhasa ukuba zifumane i-RGosethi, "FFFFoctivesting] kunye nezi-octivess] ezi-orreans" ezi org

Inkqubo Yomthetho

Ukujika ingcamango ibe ngumthetho yinkqubo eyenziwa ngabom eyakhela uvumelano nokuthintela inyathelo elikhawulezayo. Nantsi indlela eqhelekileyo:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Uqulunqo: Ilungu legumbi ngalinye lichaza ityala (okanye isigqibo samalungu). Linikwe inani kwaye libhekise kwikomiti enye okanye ezininzi.
  • Isenzo seCommittee: Ikomiti ibamba amatyala, imema ubungqina obungochwepheshe, ize emva koko “iphawule phezulu” uxwebhu (luwuphelise). Ukuba ikomiti iyavuma, ityala lisiya kwigumbi elipheleleyo.
  • [[NTL:0] Ingxoxo ye-Floor kunye ne Vote: Endlubeni, iKomiti yeMimiselo icwangcisa imilinganiselo yokuphikisana. KwiBhunga leNtlanganiso, impikiswano inganyuswa yi-Relibster ngaphandle kokuba ama-60 eejaji avote ukuhla. Xa egqithisile, umlomo usiya kwelinye igumbi.
  • IKomiti yoNxulumaniso: Ukuba iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeQela idlulisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo, ikomiti yengqungquthela yamalungu aphezulu asuka kuzo zombini iigumbi iyaxolelanisa. inguqulelo yolalanisa ngoko ibuyela kwigumbi ngalinye ukwenzela uvumo olupheleleyo.
  • Inyathelo elithatha ixesha: UMongameli angasayina ityala kumthetho, iveto (lokuba iBhunga linokulawula nge sithathu sovoto kwigumbi ngalinye), okanye lingabi ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino emva kweentsuku ezilishumi ngelixa iBhunga likwintlanganiso (imposiso iveto ukuba ngaba ingqungquthela ikhompane).

Le nkqubo, nangona isoloko igxekwa ngokuba nesantya, yenzelwe ukukhusela kumthetho oqwalaselwe kakubi. Ukuqwalasela iindleko ngoku, tyelela .gov.

Ukuhlawula Irhafu Nokusebenzisa Amandla

Amandla eBhunga eNgqungquthela yokuhlawula irhafu nokusebenzisa imali yexabiso. Imisela amaqondo erhafu (ingeniso, inkampani, ifashoni, umhlaba) kwaye igqiba indlela imali karhulumente enikwa ngayo kwinkqubo yonyaka. Le Komiti yeNdlu kunye neNdlu yoHlalo-mali nganye ivelisa isigqibo soqingqo-mali (ezingagunyazi) ezisebenzisa imali. Ngoko, iiKomiti ze-Appropriation kwimida yomibini yomibini we-12 yenkcitho yemali exhasa isebe ngalinye lesebe kunye nesebe ngalinye. “Amandla eShomente yemali eNtshona Koloni" anika impembelelo enkulu kwimithetho ephambili, ukusuka ekukhuseleni imali ekufundiseni nasekunyamekeleni impilo.

Amandla Orhwebo Nawezoqoqosho

IChoomer Claus (Umthetho weChokosolo Claus I, ICandelo 8, Claus 3) ibisisiseko somgaqo-siseko semithetho emininzi yengqameko: UMthetho wamaLungelo oMgaqo-siseko wama-1964 (ukuthintela ucalulo kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke), uMthetho we-Decoocratic Air Act, i-Secturetive Exchanges Act ka- 1934, kunye noMthetho weSikolo se-Affordicure. INkundla ePhakamileyo ibeke imidaba (umz.[FL.0] United States v. Lopez, 1995, yawisa phantsi koMthetho weSikolo seSikhulu seSikolo seSikhulu), kodwa i-Adminitiod. ingulk. IBhunga lomthetho-okhefu, ilawula ukurventi yokwayilwa kwemali, nokungamela ulawulo oluthenjiweyo, nokurhoxiweyo, kunye nomthetho lwendalo (umgalelo-omthetho-omthetho-omthetho wendalo).

Amandla emfazwe nomgaqo-nkqubo wasemzini

UMgaqo-siseko unika iKhomishini amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe izihlandlo ezilishumi elinesithoba kwimbali, nokuxhasa umkhosi. Ngesigqibo semfazwe seCamfory ye- 1973, iKhomishini yazama ukulinganisela amandla kaMongameli okubeka imikhosi exhobileyo kwimfazwe ngaphandle kwemvume yokuququzelela urhulumente. Nangona idla ngokuvavanywa, umthetho ufuna uMongameli ukuba azise iBhunga kwisithuba seentsuku ezingama-48 kwaye abeke ummiselo wemikhosi yezomkhosi kwientsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle komgunyaziso. IBhunga likwaqinisekisa ii-arhente kwaye liquququzelela izivumelwano (ngeekota ezimbini-3), liyinika indima enamandla kwimithetho elungisa inkqubo yamazwe angaphandle ecaleni komphathi-omphathi-mashishini.

Iimbopheleleko Zolawulo

Amandla Okuphanda Neendlebe

Amandla eKhongozelo okuphanda aboniswa kumsebenzi wayo wowiso-mthetho. Ngokuva, iibhombu, kunye nokufakwa kwemali, iikomiti zingahlola ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho, izenzo ezilawulayo zamasebe, kunye nokunganyaniseki okunokwenzeka. Imizekelo ephawulekayo iquka ukuvalwa kwezaMatergate (1973), uphengululo lweIran-Contate (1987), kunye neKomiti yeSi-6 kaJanuwari (2022). INkundla ePhakamileyo ixhase amandla oMbutho njengoxa “ophakamo” lomthetho osemthethweni.

I-ofisi yoXokelela kaRhulumente (GAO) kunye noLawulo

IGAO, umbutho ozimeleyo wequmrhu, uphicotho lweenkqubo neengxelo zemali zesebe zikarhulumente ezisebenza kakuhle, ukuqhatha, ukulahlwa, nokuxhatshazwa. IKhomishini isebenzisa i-GAO ukuchaza umthetho ize igcine amasebe enoxanduva. Ngokufanayo, i-Congregational Uhlaziyo lwe-Ofisi yoHlahlo-mali (CBO) inikela uhlalutyo olungeyocalulo lwecandelo loqingqo-mali kunye neziphumo zezoqoqosho zemali, inika abenzi-mthetho (nabasebenzi boluntu) inqaku elithembekileyo ngexabiso lemigaqo ecetyisiweyo.

Inkcitho

Indlu inamandla okungaqeqeshiyo (Icandelo 2), ithetha ukuba ingazisa izityholo (izityholo zokungathotyelwa) kuMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, kunye namanye amagosa karhulumente ngenxa yokuvukela igunya, ukunyoba, okanye “iizenzo eziphezulu kunye neMisdears.” IBhunga liqhuba ityala, ngeSigqeba esiphethe umongameli. Abaninzi aba-35 bafuneka ukuba bagwetywe baze basuswe eofisini. Kuphela koomongameli abathathu abathenjiswa yiNdlukwano (Andrew, Bill Clintoson, Donald Trump kabini), kwaye akukho nanye ekwakhetiweyo. Kwinkqubo yokungatyiyo, bona i-FOLD [F:]

Ingqinisekiso Nezibonelelo

I-“mgunyazo nemvume” yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. (Artle II, Icandelo 2) ligubungela onke amadinga aphambili: oonobhala, abagwebi borhulumente (kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo), amagosa asemkhosini, kunye nee-ozakuzakuzaku-. IBhunga leNtlanga-mthetho ye- Judicary leKomiti yee-gcisa; ezinye iikomiti ziphatha ii-cominetes. Ii-minees ziqinisekiswa ngumninzi oqhelekileyo, nangona i-Diacinester yakhanka yakhanyela kwii-mine de kuguquke umthetho ka-2013 (oko kwatshintshwa ngokubheke phambili ngo-2017),.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Ngaphandle komthetho, ilungu ngalinye leBhunga limele abantu besithili okanye iphondo labo. Oku kumeleke ngeendlela ezininzi: umsebenzi (uncedo lwamaqumrhu alawula imimandla esekuhlaleni njenge-Social Security Administration okanye i-Veterans Affairs); iintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu, iincwadi, kunye nezixhobo zezezentlalo-ntle; kwaye ixhasa imisebenzi yasekuhlaleni ngokuyalela ukusetyenziswa (ngokuqhelekileyo okubizwa “iprojekthi ye-commony internation short" okanye, engaphambili, iZiqikelezo). Indlu neNtsimbi yeeNtsimbi zigcina ii-ofisi zenkonzo ze-ofisi ze-ofisi ze-ofisi ze-ofisi zoncedo ziqhuba i-souniotats, iingxelo zentlalo, iingxaki zezentlalo, kunye nengxaki zokufuduko.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwemimandla Nomelo Lwezobupolitika

Emva kobalo-mali lwaminyaka yonke, izithili zezindlu ziyaphinda zidityaniswe ukuze zibonise utshintsho lwabemi. Le nkqubo iphethwe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente kwaye kufuneka ithobele “inye i-perstering, i-gerrymaning” umgaqo ([] Wesberry v. Sanders[, 1964]) kunye neVoting Rights Act, enqabela ubuhlanga i-gerrymaning. Umthetho we-gerrymaning, nangona umbathanga, uvunyelwe kakhulu yiNkundlathi ephakamileyo (umz.[FLT:] RUS], u-196], ulawulo lwe-projective. [FLT], 2019, ulawulo lwe-edilitive).

Unxibelelwano Nabantu Abathethayo

Amalungu asebenzisa iposi ecacileyo (iposi yamahala eshishini elisemthethweni), amaphetshana ee-imeyili, kunye namajelo onxibelelwano ukuze anxibelelane nabavoti. Indlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yezomthetho nganye inemithetho ethintela ukusetyenziswa kobuncwane obusemthethweni kwiinjongo zephulo. Ukunxulumana nabemi ngokuphulaphula, neeholo ze-intanethi zedolophu kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yendima yommeli, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimpembelelo zenkqubo kawonke-wonke.

Amanye Amandla Neembopheleleko

Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali kunye

Ingqungquthela kufuneka idlulise amatyala ali-12 onyaka ekwandiseni imisebenzi karhulumente. Ukuba oku akumiswanga ngo-Oktobha 1 (ukuqala konyaka wemali), ukuvalwa komkhosi kunokwenzeka ngaphandle kokuba isigqibo esiqhubekayo (CR) sidluliselwe ukugcina inkxaso-mali okwexeshana. Indlu yamatyala (umlinganiselo ophezulu wokubolekisa) ikwamiswe yiBhunga, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiingxoxo zexesha elithile kunye nengxoxo ngaphezulu kwemithetho elawulayo. Umthetho woLawulo loLawulo lohlalo ka-2011 kunye nezivumelwano ezilandelayo zifake iintloko-ntloko kunye nenkqubo zokulawula iimali.

Iimbopheleleko Zemali

Indlu ikhetha uMongameli ukuba akukho mvotelwa ufumana uninzi lwevoti zeElectoral College (Artle II, Icandelo 1, Isimemezelo XII). Oku kwenzeke kabini: ngo-180 (Thomas Jefferson) kunye no1824 (John Quianism Adams). Indlu ikhetha uMongameli onguMongameli xa kusenzeka ityala le-Electoral College. Isethi yeKhomishini yeKhomishini yeKholeji ngoJanuwari 6 ithatha amavoti avoti akhethekileyo kwaye iqinisekisise umnqolobi. Ngaphezu koko, iSindululo se-25thmeth Compers sinika indima ekuqinisekiseni uMongameli onguMongameli xa kusenzeko osisi (omiselwe nguMongameli kwaye uqinisekiswe ngoninzi kuzo zozibi zozibi).

Ukuwulondoloza UmGaqo-siseko

IBhunga lingacebisa ukubuyiselwa komGaqo-siseko ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu kwindlu neNdlu yeeNdlu yeNdlu yeMimandla, ekufuneka ivunywe (38) yeendlu zowiso-mthetho (okanye iindibano zikarhulumente). Ingqungquthela icebise ukuba kulungiswe ii-amente ezingama-33; 27 ivunywe. Okona kutshanje ukubuyiselwa (ukukhutshwa komrhumo wama-mishoni) kwacetyiswa ngo-1889 kwaza kwaqukwa ngo-1889 kwaye kwaqulungwa ngo-192. Indlela yesibini (indibano ebizwa zii-3-3-mathematiko) ayizange isetyenziswe.

Uphando Neekomiti Ezikhethekileyo

Ukongeza kwiikomiti ezimileyo, iKhomishini ingenza iikomiti ezikhethiweyo (umz. iKomiti Yokukhetha kuhlaselo lwamaJanuwari 6th) ukuphanda ngemibandela ethile. Ezi komiti zinamandla angaphantsi kwe-poena kwaye zinokukhupha iingxelo ngokuncomela uwiso-mthetho okanye ii-arhente zokutshutshisa. IBhunga likwanamandla okuqeqesha amalungu alo ngenxa yokungalungelelani ngokwehambo esesikweni (kuquka ukugxothwa ngevoti ezimbini-3) nokunyanzela ubungqina nangamaxwebhu, aphantsi kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko njengelungelo eliphezulu.

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano Namanye Amasebe

Amandla eKhongozelo abalulekile, kodwa akhangelwa ngamasebe aphetheyo kunye nezomthetho. UMongameli angawulawula umthetho (Awungomnye uMbutho ungaqhuba ngevoti emibini-mithathu). INkundla ePhakamileyo ingavakalisa imithetho engamiselwanga ngokucaciswa kwenkundla (emiselwe ku Marbury v. Madison, 1803]). Ngokuphikisana noko, iKhonkqu ingayihlola i-judiary ngokutshintsha ubungakanani beNkundla ePhakamileyo (kungakhange kuzanywe ukususela ngo1869), iJaji equle, kwaye ilawula (ulawulo lwe-Artle IIII, icandelo 2.

Isiphelo

IBhunga lilelona linamandla kakhulu lorhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente wokwenza umthetho, ukuqingqwa komgaqo-siseko, ukuvelela, kunye nomelo. Isakhiwo salo se-bamaral siqinisekisa ukuba iminqweno yabemi esekelwe ngokuphumelelayo kunye nesiseko sikarhulumente iyaviwa. Ukusuka ekumiseleni imfazwe ukuqinisekisa abagwebi, ukusuka ekuphakamiseni irhafu ukuya ekuqaliseni uphando, amandla eBhunganeyo amkhulu kodwa ayathintelwa yimithetho yezomthetho-siseko kunye neenkcubeko zezobupolitika. Ukuqonda la mandla kunye neembopheleleko ze-ofisi ze-ofisi zabemi abanqwenela ukungenela ngokunempumelelo norhulumente wabo. Ukuvavanywa okunzulu kwembali yengqungqungquthela kunye nemicimbi yangoku, izinto ezifana newebhsayithi yabameli kunye newebhsayithi yezopolitiki ye-[FOLT:1]