Ukhuseleko Olulinganayo LukaClaus: Ilitye Eliyikhotha - ngqangi Lamalungelo Abemi BaseMerika

I-Unimetic Protection Claus, efakwe kwiSinyuselo seshumi elinesine soMgaqo-siseko wase-United States, iyalela ukuba akukho rhulumente oya "kukhusela okulinganayo komntu okwigunya lakhe lomthetho." Isekwe ngo-1868, esi sivakalisi sinye sithe saba sesinye sezixhobo ezinamandla zokuphuhlisa amalungelo abantu, ukuvavanya ucalucalucalulo, nokulungisa ibutho labantu baseMerika. Lo mgaqo-siseko usebenza kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente //urhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nommandla wasekuhlaleni, ngokuqonda imfundiso yokuqulungela. Ukuqonda umbhalo, imbali, kunye nesicelo sangoku siyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukwazi amalungelo awo kunye nemigaqo esemthethweni efuna ukukhusela ukuphathwa ngokungafani.

Eli binzana aliqinisekisi ukusetyenziswa ngendlela efanayo komntu ngamnye, kodwa liyakwalela izenzo zikarhulumente ezibahlulayo abantu ngeendlela ezingekho ngqiqweni, ezingenangqiqo, okanye ezisekelwe kwikhethe. Iinkundla zisebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokuhlola kuxhomekeke kulwahlulo ngezantsi oluya ku-"lishwa lohlobo kunye nemvelaphi yesizwe, uhlolo oluphakathi lobufanayo nobufana, kwaye luhlola ngokusengqiqweni isiseko sokwahlulwa kolunye ulwahlulo. Le nkqubo imisela ukuba umthetho okanye inkqubo ichasene noKhuselo olulinganayo luka Clausleas. Impembelelo yalo magama ichaphazela phantse phantse kwimimandla yonke yobomi babantu, kuquka imfundo, ukuqeshwa, ukuvota, kunye nobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho.

Imvelaphi Engokwembali: Ukusuka Ekuvuselweni Kuya Kumalungelo Anamhlanje

I-Unimetic Protection Claus yazalwa ingena kuthuthu lwemfazwe yamakhaya. IReconstructon Era (1865-187) yanika ucelomngeni olukhulu: indlela yokudibanisa abantu abane abakhe bangamakhoboka kwilaphu lobumi baseMerika nokuqinisekisa amalungelo abo asisiseko. UMthetho weSindululo weshumi elinesithathu (1865) wabuphelisa ubukhoboka, kodwa amaphondo aseMazantsi ngokukhawuleza akhupha umthetho "Omnyama" owayithintela ngamandla inkululeko yama-Amerika. Ekuphenduleni, iBhunga ladlulisa uMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-186 kwaye kamva lacebisa ukuba kubekho uLawulo lwe-145656, olwagunyaziswayo ngo1868.

Abalungisi bemithetho yokulungisa, kuquka uMmeli uJohn Bingham noSenator Jacob Howard, babefuna ukuba iLinganiso elilinganayo lokuKhuselwa kukaClaus libe yisiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko nxamnye nocalucalulo lwesizwe. uBingham wayichaza njengeqinisekisa ukuba "imithetho iya kulingana ekukhuseleni abantu bonke. Noko ke, imbali yangaphambili yaphawulwa ngokucaciswa okuxineneyo kwezomthetho. [FLT: 0]] Ityala lendlu-ndlu-yongangonyaka (1873), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yanika ukufundwa okuxinene kwamalungelo abantu okanye u-Immos Claus kwaye yalinganisela ukufikelela kwemali ekhuselweyo ye-14, ukukhulula okutsha, ukungakhululi koluntu lonke abemi. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amashumi amashumi angamashumi angamashumi eenzanayo, ukukhusela imithetho e-clausdioclene njengemithene.

Kwakungengophakathi kwenkulungwane yama-20 apho igalelo laba yinjini yombutho wamalungelo abantu. INkundla yatshintsha indlela yayo, iqonda ukuba eli binzana lifuna okungaphezulu kunokulingana okusesikweni, / kwaye lifuna ukuba imithetho ingaqhubeki inyukele phambili ekuthobeni ngokwembali.

Imizekelo Ebonisa Umhlaba Eyaphembelela UClaus

Izigqibo eziliqela zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ziye zachaza intsingiselo nomlinganiselo weQela Elilinganayo likaClaus. Ityala ngalinye elisekelwe kwiinkcazelo zangaphambili, ukwandisa ukhuseleko nokulungisa iimpazamo zexesha elidluleyo.

  • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – Inkundla yaxhasa umthetho kaLouisiana ofuna ucalulo lobuhlanga kuololiwe, ukudala "imfundiso engafaniyo kodwa elinganayo". IJaji Billings Brown yabhala ukuba uHlaziyo lweMinyaka inesine "alungenzelwanga ukuphelisa ukucalucalucalucalulo okusekelwe kumbala" esi sigqibo sagunyazisa uJim Crowdition malunga namashumi amathandathu eminyaka.
  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954)-- – Ngoluvo oludibeneyo, iNtloko yeJaji eMkhulu u-Earl Warren yavakalisa ukuba "izakhiwo zemfundo ezihlukeneyo azilingani ngokwemvelo". INkundla yarhoxa uPlessy, ibambe ukuba ucalucalulo kwizikolo zikawonke luhluthe abantwana abambalwa abanamathuba alinganayo okufunda. Brown uhlala engoyena Mphathi ubalaseleyo wokukhusela uClausle kunye newojikelezo kwimbali yaseMelika.
  • i-loft v. Virginia (1967)-INkundla yawisa imithetho karhulumente ekwalela umtshato wobuhlanga. IJaji enkulu uWarren wabhala ukuba "inkululeko yokutshata, okanye ukungatshati, umntu wolunye uhlanga uhlala nomntu kwaye akanako ukugqweswa nguRhulumente." Eli tyala lasebenzisa uhlalutyo olungqongqo kulwahlulo olusekelwe kuhlanga lwalo kwaye lagxininisa umgaqo wokuba uKhuselo olungundoqo lobuqu lukhusela olona lukhetho lobuqu.
  • Ehliweyo v. Reed (1971) - okokuqala, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasebenzisa uKhuselo olulinganayo uClause ukuphelisa umthetho ocalucalula ngesiseko sesondo. Ityala lalibandakanya umthetho onika amadoda ukhetho kumabhinqa ekuphatheni imimandla. Isigqibo seNkundla savula indlela yokuhlolwa ngokucokisekileyo kwemilinganiselo yesini.
  • United States v. Umoya (2013) – iNkundla yawisa iCandelo 3 loKhuselo loMgaqo woRhulumente (DOMA), elichaza umtshato njengophakathi kwendoda nebhinqa elinye ngokweenjongo zikarhulumente. Uluvo lweJaji Kennedy ngokwemo-mkhethe luxhomekeke kwimigaqo elinganayo yokukhusela, iqonda ukuba iDOMA ibeke i"defadia, imeko eyahlukeneyo, njalonjalo isisongelo" kwizibini ezifanayo.
  • . Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) – iNkundla yathi ilungelo elisisiseko lokutshata liqinisekiswe kwizibini ezingokwabelana ngemilinganiselo efanayo phantsi koMxokelelwano kaNokhuseleko olulinganayo. IJaji Kennedy yabhala ukuba "intsingiselo yenqanaba" kukukhusela abantu kwi"isidima sobuqu kunye ne-IFO-IS.

La matyala abonisa indaleko yecandelo ukusuka kwilungiselelo elimxinwa, elijoliswe kuhlanga kwikhaka elibanzi nxamnye nesenzo sobuhlanga sobuhlanga.

Ukuqonda Oko Kucetyiswayo: Indlela UClaus Akhusela Ngayo Amaqela Ahlukahlukeneyo

I-Acticom Protection Claus isebenza kuwo nawuphi na umthetho karhulumente, inkqubo, okanye isenzo esibeka abantu kumgangatho ophezulu onzima okanye owehlulayo kudidi olukrokrelekayo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yachonga iindidi eziliqela ezifanele ukukhuselwa ngokukhuselwa ngokukhuselweyo kwezomthetho.

Uhlanga Nobuhlanga

Uhlanga luhlala luyi-paradigmatic order. Nawuphi na umthetho owahlula ngokucacileyo abantu abasekelwe kuhlanga uphantsi kohlolo olungqongqo: urhulumente kufuneka ayibonise ukuba ilungele ukulungiselela inzala yombuso enyanzelisayo. Lo mgangatho usebenza ukuba umthetho uzimisele ukwenzakala okanye ukunceda iqela lohlanga. Umzekelo, iinkqubo zemfundo ezigunyazisayo zixhaswe phantsi kohlolo olungqongqo kuphela xa behlangabezana nolu vavanyo lufuna amandla. Izikhombisi ze- factor Fair Adgictes v. Harvard (2023)[FLD:1], iNku. iNkundla yakholelwa ukuba iinkqubo zohlanga ezizimdlalikileyo zivunyiweyo kwiHarvard kunye neYunivesithi yase North Carolina zaphazamisa ukhuseleko lwe-Calmassicle, ukuphelisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-octivescrection ekholie.

Uhlobo lwamagama...

Ucalulo olusekelwe kwisondo luxhomekeke kuhlolo oluphakathi: urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba ulwahlulo lusebenza kumdla obalulekileyo karhulumente kwaye lunxulumene kakhulu nokufikelela loo mdla. Lo mgangatho wavela kwiimeko ezifana Craig v. Boren (1976]. INkundla ibethelele imithetho efuna abafazi kodwa abangamadoda ukungqina utshintsho egameni, kwaye ikhuselekile ekukhetheni ubufana nobufana nomntu ngamnye kwiindawo ezinje, imfundo (ITHX), kunye nenkonzo yomkhosi.

Imbonakalo Yesini Neempawu Zombulo

Nangona iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingaluvakalisanga ngokusesikweni ulwalaniso lwezocawa, izigqibo zakutshanje zikhusela ngamandla iLGBTQ+ abantu abangaphantsi koKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus. Romer v. Evans (96), iNkundla yagalela phantsi iColorado ethintelayo isocawa ethintelayo kwimigaqo yokukhusela abantu abangamafanasini kunye noobhinokazi, isebenzisa isiseko esicacileyo kodwa ivunywe ngumthetho ophenjelelwe yi-aimus. [[FLT:]]

Ukonakala

I-Unimeal Protection Claus ngokwayo ayigqubutheleli ngokucacileyo ukuhlelwa kwendlela oluzenza ngayo uhlanga okanye ubufanasini. Ucalucalulo oluninzi lwezikhubazeko luziswa phantsi koMthetho weMelika onoBulwelwelwe okanye iCandelo 504 loMthetho wokuRehabilitation. Noko ke, xa umthetho ujolise abantu abakhubazekileyo ngendlela engenangqiqo okanye engekho ngqiqweni, lungachasana nomthetho ovumela ukukhuselwa kwekhaya elikhethekileyo elinobugqeba, umzekelo, [[FLLD:0] uCity of Cleburne v. Cleburme Livity Center (1985), iNku.

Imvelaphi yesizwe ne-Anvocation

Abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezingaphandle bathathwa njengodidi olurhanelwayo, kwaye imithetho ecalucalulo esekelwe kwilizwe lasemzini idla ngokujongwa ngokungqongqo, nangona ingekho imithetho enxulumene norhulumente kunye nemisebenzi yezobupolitika.

Ucelomngeni Neengxaki Eziqhubekayo

Ngaphandle kwamandla ayo, i-Applime Protection Claus ayiziqenduseli. Intsingiselo yayo ixhomekeke ekutolikeni kwetyala, okutshintshana nokuqanjwa kweenkundla kunye nemozulu yezobupolitika. Imimandla emininzi isakhuphisana ngokushushu.

Isenzo Esiqinisekisayo

Ingxoxo ethetha ngokwamkela izenzo ibonisa uxinzeleleko phakathi kokulingana njengenkqubo kunye nokulingana njengesiphumo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba iinkqubo ezingabonakaliyo zokwahlukana ngokwembali ziyimfuneko ukucombulula ucalucalulo lwembali nokukhuthaza ukwahlukahlukana. Abachasi baphikisa ngelithi iinkqubo ezinjalo zaphula uKhuselo olulinganayo lukaClaus ngokuphatha abantu ngokwahlukileyo ngokwesizwe. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sama-2023 [2023] sisigqibo sokufumana umgangatho wentlalo okanye wobuzwe. Abanye abachazi bomthetho wokunciphisa ukuqokelela iprojekthi yemiba encinane, ngelixa besithi iinkqubo azikhange zikwazi ukuqwalasela ngokungqongqo.

Amalungelo

Imithetho yeVoter ID, i-gerrymander, kunye nemiqathango yokuvota ivavanyiwe phantsi kwe-Ulinganiselo ka-Claus. Imithetho elwahlula ngabom amaLunga amancinane esizwe ekuvoteni okanye uxanduva olungafanelekanga ilungelo elisisiseko lokuvota. Shelby County v. Homer (2013) [iNkundla], iNkundla yagawula imithetho ekhutshwa ngabomza ityalani ngokucalula uMthetho wamaLungelo we-Olingstyreat ka-65, obefuna imikhosi ethile yembali yocalulo lokhetho lokhetho lokhetho. Ngoko, uninzi lwamazwe luye lwamisela imithetho yokuvota kunye neminye imithetho echaphazela ngokungenayo. Iinkundla zenkundla zeKonsoli ziye zahlula ukuba zihlawulwe ngokufumana ukhuseleko olungenatyala ngomthetho olufanelekileyo.

Uchazo lohlanga kunye namalungelo onikezelo

Umthetho olawula abantu abatsha nge-aspectgender uphazanyiswa ngokukhawuleza. Iingxelo ezininzi ziye zamisela imithetho ethintela amantombazana angenayo kwimidlalo yesikolo, ethintela ukufikelela ekuqinisekisweni kwabantwana ngokwesini, okanye efuna ukuba abafundi besikolo sikawonke-wonke basebenzise amagumbi okuhlambela ahambelana nesini abawabelweyo xa bezalwa. Le mithetho icetyiswa phantsi koMgangatho-mthetho olinganayo woKhuselo luka-Celane, kunye namatyala athenjiweyo okuthi bawa ngokwekhethe kwisiseko sesondo, banikwe nemeko ephakathi kwesondo. [[FLTLT:0].[FLT] Isiqithiso somganganiso esiphakamileyo , iNkundlana ePhakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba ucalucalucalu-calu-calu-calu-luew, ukuchasa kwe-Sihlo, ukuqinga kwemi kweNkundla, yaye kuphinda kuqululo kuqulukulwa kweNkundla.

Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho Nocalucalulo Oluyintabalala

UKhuselo olulinganayo lweCelales alulukhuseli ucalucalulo lobutyebi ngendlela efanayo ikhusela ngayo ucalucalulo lobuhlanga okanye ucalucalulo lobufana. Imithetho ephatha abantu ngokwahlukileyo ngokweemeko zabo zezoqoqosho iphinda ijongwe phantsi kwesiseko esifanelekileyo, intsingiselo isoloko ixhasa. Noko ke, xa ucalucalulo lwemali oluphakathi kwamalungelo asisiseko (ngokokuba nelungelo lokuvota, ilungelo lokufikelela kwiinkundla zenkundla zomtshato) okanye ilungelo lokufumana intlawulo olulinganayo. Ngokunjalo, iNkuNkundla iye yafuna ukunikela ngesiluleko [[FLT: 0] kwimiqatha] v. iVirginia Board of Evoluety (196) , inkundla yawisa iirhafuthelo ngokweenxa-yo elinganayo ngenxa yokuvota. Ngokunjalo, inkundla yeNkucebisa ukuba ibonelela kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Oko Kuthethwa Ngulo Ukhusela UClaus Kuwe

Akuyomfuneko ukuba ube ligqwetha ukuze uqonde indlela i-Acticole Protection Claus ekhusela ngayo ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla. Xa iqumrhu likarhulumente (isikolo sikarhulumente), isebe lamapolisa, umbutho wesizwe, ibhunga lesixeko, `iyakuphatha ngokwahlukileyo komnye umntu osekelwe kwimpatho ekhuselekileyo njengohlanga, isini, okanye unqulo, eli binzana lingakunika unyango. Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba ukhankanyiwe ukhuseleko olulinganayo, nawa amanyathelo asebenzayo okuwaqwalasela.

Zazi Uhlelo Nengozi

Okokuqala, gqiba ukuba umthetho okanye inkqubo ebuzwayo izoba umgca phakathi kwamaqela. Loo mgca unokubalula (umz., "ngamabhinqa kuphela angasebenzisa") okanye agqibe (umz., inkqubo enempembelelo engatshintshiyo kuhlanga oluthile, nangona isiphumo sodwa sodwa sanele ukungqina ukwaphula umthetho ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ukuba unelungelo lokukhupha umthetho). Urhulumente kufuneka abe nesizathu esifanelekileyo sokubekwa kweqela elifuna uncedo okanye elithintelayo elingundoqo, elilelonagunya lesiseko.

Funa Amacebiso Asemthethweni

Ukuba urhanela ukuba ulixhoba lokuphathwa ngendlela engalinganiyo, jongana negqwetha lamalungelo abantu okanye umbutho onikela uncedo lwasemthethweni. Iimeko ezininzi ziqala ngeleta okanye ngesikhalazo kumbutho karhulumente ofanelekileyo. Kucalucalulo ngemisebenzi, i-Unime Accouty Opportive Commission (EOC) linyathelo lokuqala. I-Ofice yemfundo, i-Ofire yamalungelo abantu kwiSebe lezemfundo eUnited States iyazisingatha izikhalazo. Icandelo leBhunga le-Hosbosboard ne-URROUR (H) okanye iSebe leMimiselo yeJaji linokuba negalelo. Igqwetha isenokukucebisa ukuba uvume enoba oko kunokwenzeka kusini na kusini na ukuba uqhutyelwe kwimijelo lolawulo okanye kwinkundla yorhulumente ejongeneyo phantsi kwama-42.S.C.19984, ummiselo ovumela abantu ukuba bangene kwi-ognome.

Zibandakanye Kukukhohlisa

Ukuqonda ukuKhuselwa okulinganayo kungumsebenzi wokuqala wokukhusela. Iintlangano ezininzi zisebenza ukukhusela nokwandisa amalungelo alinganayo okukhusela. Inkululeko yamakhaya yaseMelika ibhekisele kumanyano lwe-[[FLT: 1] i-livein enkulu elinganayo yamatyala okhuseleko. [[FLT:] AMAGONKA] AMAGOME ASEMFUNIYO [ Inkcaza e-cala kubulungisa bobuhlanga. [[FLT:] I-Lambda Calg ephambili kumatyala eLGTQt+ ukulingana. [[FLT:] [intel]] Umthetho wesizwe [[FLT] [FLT]] [FLD] [F]] izikowezo zobuhlanga [[FL:7]] ilwano lobuhlanga lobufana nobulungisa bobufana.Sizwe]

Hlala Uwazi Amalungelo Akho

Umthetho womGaqo-siseko awumi ndawonye. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ziyaqhubeka zichaza kwakhona oko kuthethwa kukukhuselwa okulinganayo. Umzekelo, iNkundla iqwalasela amatyala malunga nohlanga kwizamkelelo zokholeji, imiqathango yokuvota, namalungelo abantu abatshayelela i-transgender. Ukulandela imithombo engokwasemthethweni, enje Oyez (okuthi kubonelela iimpendulo neengxoxo zelizwi) kunye neSiko-Pronsoll Information Information Informations [, zingakunceda uqonde indlela ezi zinto zikuchaphazela ngayo.

Isiphelo

UKhuselo olulinganayo lukaClaus asilohlobo lobugcisa olusemthethweni nje olugcinelwe iinkundla. Lidinga eliphilayo lomgaqo-siseko lokuba wonke umntu (‘ongenamdla wohlanga, isini, imbonakalo yesondo, ubufanasini, isiphene, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe) ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho. Imbali yakhe yenye yezona zinto zombini nokuhlenga-hlengi: ukungcatshwa [[[FLT: 0]] ukuyeyona nto ibangela ukuba uloyilo [ibhn[FLT], ukusuka ekuthiyeni ubufana nokungalingani kwamabhinqa, ukusukela ekukhutshweni kweLBT [abantu] ukuya ekuqiniseni umanyano lomtshato. I-GONUMGO ihlala ikho kwintsingiselo yokulingana kwayo.