Ukuqonda Ukwahlukana Kwamandla

Umgaqo wokwahlula amagunya usiseko wolawulo lwezoburhulumente, owenzelwe ukwabelana ngegunya phakathi kwamasebe ahlukeneyo orhulumente. Esi sakhiwo sithintela nasiphi na isidalwa esithile ukuba siqokelele amandla angathintelwayo, ngaloo ndlela silondoloza inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kwaye siqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente usebenza kwimida esemthethweni. Le mfundiso ibonakalisa imvelaphi yayo yobulumko kwezopolitiko kodwa yachazwa ngokucacileyo ngexesha loLawulo lwezopolitiko, ngokuphawulekayo ngomcimbi wamaFrentshi, inguMontesquieu. Ngokusisiseko, ukwahlulwa kwamandla kuyila inkqubo apho ulawulo oluphezulu, i-gronal, kunye namasebe agweba ngalinye lineembopheleleko zalo ezikhethekileyo kunye nekhono lokuhlola okanye ukuhlola izenzo zabanye abantu abaziwayo, kodwa ayiyo into engenakuqondwa; eli lungiselelo elisebenzayo eliyila inkqubo yoobumba i-Riphablikinegastialgions, kunye nolutementals, kunye nolu lwamasebe azimeleyo nabani nabani nabani nabani oza ezama uluntu.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente

Kuwona mgangatho walo usisiseko, ukwahlulwa kwamandla kwahlula urhulumente ube ngamaqumrhu amathathu ahlukeneyo: umlawuli ophetheyo, umwisi-mthetho, kunye nekomiti yokugweba. Isebe ngalinye liqhelisela umsebenzi ongundoqo osisiseko ekusebenzeni kwesizwe, kwaye abasebenzi besebe ngalinye bakhethwa ngeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo ukuqinisekisa imbono ezahlukeneyo nokunyaniseka.

  • Isebe eliphumezayo: Limangalelwe ngokunyanzelisa nokuphatha imithetho edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Kwinkqubo zomongameli njenge-United States, eli sebe likhokelwa ngumongameli onyulwe ngokwahlukileyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Isebe eliphetheyo likwangamela iqumrhu lolawulo lorhulumente, liqhuba inkqubo yasemzini, lisebenza njengenkokeli-mgaqo yamandla axhotyisiweyo. Umlinganiselo wamandla olawulo luye lwandisa kakhulu ngexesha, ngokukodwa kwiindawo zokhuseleko nomthetho wesizwe.
  • Isebe elinobutyala bobugcisa, ukuphikisana, nokumisela imithetho. Kwinkqubo ze-bimeyal . "njengeBhunga leNdlu yeNdlu kunye neNdlu yabameli `indlu yowiso-mthetho imela omabini amazwe kunye nabemi ngabanye. Isebe lemithetho lilawula amandla emali yemali, ligunyaza ukuchithwa kwemali nerhafu. Likwanegunya lokuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwezivumelwano zolawulo, izivumelwano ze-ravince, kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, i-agcono-mali okanye amagosa awejaji.
  • Isebe le-judicial:[[FT:1] lisebenza ngokutolika umthetho nangokuqinisekisa ukuba usetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo nangokungaguqukiyo. Ijaji ihlola ubulunga bomgaqo-siseko womthetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo kwinkqubo eyaziwa njengempindo yetyala. Eli sebe lilawulwa yinkundla ephakamileyo okanye yinkundla yezomgaqo-siseko, lisebenza ngokwalo ngokwamanye amabini. Abagwebi bamiselwa ngokusesikweni ngokweemeko ezinde okanye ubomi babo ukuze babakhusele kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika.

Iingqinipho - bume Nokulungelelana Okuqheliselwayo

Iindlela kunye nolungelelwaniso luyindlela isebe ngalinye elinokulinganisela ngayo amandla amanye. Olu nxibelelwano luthintela naliphi na isebe elinye ekulawuleni urhulumente. Umzekelo, ngoxa indlu yowiso-mthetho yenze imithetho, umphathi-mthetho angawubeka umthetho, kwaye isalathisi singakwazi ukukhupha imithetho echasene nomgaqo-siseko. Ngokuchaseneyo, indlu yowiso-mthetho iyakwazi ukukhupha i-veto ye-modeli ye-vhoti ye-offare. [[3][3] Xa i-aggnome i-graclate iqinisekisa amandla angenakutshintsha apheleleyo. [FF1], i-Gawulayo i-mthetho-siseko se-siseko se-ograclate i-ogn. [if1] [iK] kunye ne-groograc.[3]

Isiseko Sembali

Ingcamango yokuba igunya likarhulumente kufuneka lahlulwe kwaye lilinganiselweyo ayizange ivele kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo. Inkcubeko yamandulo yamaGrike namaRoma yaqonda iingozi zegunya elithe ngqo, kodwa yayiphakathi kolukhanyiselo apho ingcamango yokwahlula amagunya yaphuhliswa kwaye yadunyiswa. Abaquluneli bomgaqo-siseko wangoku babesebenzisa ngamandla ezi ngcamango ukuze bavelise iinkqubo ezizakuthintela ubuzwilane.

Abacinga Ngokukhanya

John Locke, kwimithetho yakhe [[FLT: 0] IMibango Emibini kaRhulumente [1689], eyahlulwe phakathi kwemithetho yesizwe, yegunya, kunye namandla afunxayo, iphikisa ukuba umthetho ufanele ube ngowongamileyo. Noko ke, eyona ndlela inempembelelo isuka kuBaron de Montesquieu kumsebenzi wakhe wewaka elingu-1748 [[FLT]] [ii-[FLT]] [indlela] [i-FLT]] [indlela] yomthetho, i-Montesquieult wis withs withs withs.[3] inguaders syn systrives synd syst, ingumbawumbini esezantsi yakwahlulwa ngumthetho waseMelikane.[5] [igrome][5]

Isivumelwano somGaqo-siseko sase-United States

Ngexesha leMhlangano yeMigaqo-siseko yowe-1787 ePhiladelphia, abameli baphikisana ngendlela engcono yokumisa urhulumente omtsha wesizwe. Bafuna ukuphepha ukuxinana ngamandla aphawule ulawulo lolawulo lobukhosi baseBritani kunye neMigaqo yeGunyaziso elibuthathaka. UmGaqo-siseko owenziweyo wamisela ulwahlulo olucwangcisiweyo lwamagunya asebenza ngokucwangcisiweyo kunye nemisebenzi ebekwe phezu kwawo. Umzekelo, umongameli uyakwazi ukutshintsha imithetho, kodwa iNgqungquthela inokuthi ikwazi ukuphelisa oko; iCante yeBhunga iqinisekise ukumiswa komongameli; kwaye isalathathi-jini iyakwazi ukuqwalasela imigaqo yomthetho nezenzo zegunya elikhulu. Izixhobo zamasebe zikwamisela amasebe kumthetho obhaliweyo, yenza nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na indlela enzima yokulungisa inkqubo yokulungisa. Le nkqubo inyanzeke kaninzi, ikhuthaza uphuhlisomgaqo-grabhisho-siseko ehlabathini ehlabathini lonke lonke.

IiNkqubo zaNgoku

Ngelixesha imodeli yesithathu sebranch isoloko inxulunyaniswa neUnited States, amanye amazwe amaninzi aye amkela utshintsho olunxulumene nezithethe zawo zezobupolitika kunye neemeko zembali. Ukuqonda le mahluko kukhanyisa indlela ulwahlulo lwamandla olusebenza ngayo kwipalamente, kancinci, kunye neenkqubo ezidityanisiweyo.

I-United States

Inkqubo yaseMerika ihlala ingumzekelo ocacileyo wokwahlula amagunya. Umongameli unyulwe ngokuzimeleyo, akanakukhonza ngaphezu kwamabinzana amabini (ukususela ekuHlaziyweni kweMimiselo yama-22), kwaye akahlali kwiKholamla. Isebe eliphetheyo linemithetho engqinelanayo kodwa linyanzelwa kukungalawuli kwemithetho-mthetho kunye nokuhlola okucacileyo. Indlu yowiso-mthetho isebenza ngokungqongqo: iNdlu iyayiqalisa imida yemali kwaye ingakwazi ukuhlawula, ngoxa iNdlukwano yendlu yendlu iqinisekisa ukumiswa nokuzama ukuqulunqwaa kwaye izama ukuqululisa. Isebe eliphethe i-judiary, nabagwebi abanobomi, benza uhlolo olunamandla. Noko ke, njengoko ukukhula kwemeko zangoku kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho yesebe.

Inkqubo yePalamente

Kwinkqubo zepalamente, njengaleyo iseUnited Kingdom, eKhanada, naseIndiya, umphathi-mikhosi (umphathiswa kunye nomphathi-khaya) ukhutshwe kwaye umele aphendule kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Oku kudityaniswa kwamagunya kuyaphikisana nolwahlulo olungqongqo, kodwa kusekho uvavanyo. Ijaji-mthetho ihlala izimele, kwaye iyakwazi ukususa umphathi-ntloko ngevoti engenantembelo. Imithetho, ithetha ukuba umlawuli, ngokusuka kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, angayiphelisa nayiphi na indlela yokutolika, nangona eli gunya likhutshwa ngokusemthethweni. Ngenxa yokuba umlawuli oyintloko uphuma kwiqela elikhulu lepalamente, i-graftiock lowignote axhaka kakhulu, kodwa ulawulo oluphezulu. Kumzekelo, ingqiqo yolawulo lwepalamente ithetha ukuba ulawulo lungakhuliswa ngokucacileyo nakunyelwa nakunye ukutolika komthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko somthetho.

Iindlela zokusebenza

Amazwe amaninzi amkela imifuziselo exubileyo edibanisa umongameli kunye neemeko zepalamente. IRiphabliki yesihlanu yaseFransi inomongameli onyulwe ngqo omisela umphathi-mikhosi ojongene neNdibano yesiZwe. Umongameli ulawula inkqubo nezokukhusela amazwe angaphandle, ngoxa umphathi-mikhosi elawula imicimbi yasekhaya. Eli lungiselelo lingakhokelela ku “kuhlalisana” xa umongameli kunye noninzi lwepalamente bekwimibutho eyahlukeneyo. Amanye amazwe, njengaseRashiya namazwe amaninzi aseLatin Merika, anolawulo olunamandla olunamandla ngemithetho emikhulu, maxa wambi ekhokelela ekukhohliseni ingxhwele. Umahluko ekusetyenzisweni kokwahlula amagunya asilo lonke uhlobo lwengeniso kodwa umgaqo olungele ukuvumelana nomgaqo omele ulungelelaniswa neemfuno zelizwe ngalinye.

Ukubaluleka Neengenelo

Ukwahlukana kwamandla akuyonto nje yokwakha eluncedo; kusisixhobo esisisiseko sokukhusela ekucinezeleni. Ngokususa igunya, kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye linokunyanzela abantu ukuba bafune ukuthandwa kwalo. Le nkqubo inika iingenelo ezininzi ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubunjani bolawulo nokhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Ukulondoloza Inkululeko

Xa igunya lijoliswe kwintlawulo, ubungozi bokuxhatshazwa koorhulumente bayanda ngokuphawulekayo. Amasebe owiso-mthetho, aqatshelwe ngabameli abaninzi, akwenza kube nzima ukuphelisa ukungavumelani, ukutshintsha iziphumo zonyulo, okanye ukuhlasela kwezopolitiko. Imizekelo yembali ivela kwimiqathango yejaji ikhusela ukupheliswa kwentetho ekhululekileyo, ukucinezelwa, kunye nonqulo ngokunikezela ngenkqubo yokungacaluli gwenxa. Isebe lowiso-mthetho, eliyilwe ngabameli abaninzi, lithintela utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kumthetho. Imizekelo embali ingakumbi: ukunyuka kweJamani yancedwa yi-intshinga yamatyala equmrhulu. Ngokuphikisana noko, ukwahlukana ngamandla kwanceda ukumanyana kwemozulu, ukusuka kumanzi akhuselwa ekungangeni kwemithetho ephambili. Ngokucela abadlali abaninzi ukuba bavumelane kwizigqiyo, inkqubo yenkqubo yokwenziwa ye-Ceambly akhuthaza nakuquance, ngenxa yokukhusela amalungelo abalulekileyo.

Ukuphendula

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kudala iingongoma ezininzi zobuveleli. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ingaphanda ukuziphatha okubi; ijaji ingayiphelisa imithetho engekho mgaqweni; isebe eliphetheyo lingayichaphazelela imithetho yowiso-mthetho. Isebe ngalinye lingabhenca kwaye lizilungise iimpazamo zezinye. Oku kuphendulana kunciphisa ukunganyaniseki nokungafezeki. Umzekelo, i-Ofisi yoLawulo lukaRhulumente (GA) isebenza phantsi kweBhunga lowiso-mthetho ukuba iphicothe iinkqubo zesizwe, ngelixa i-ofisi yeSiluleko sasemthethweni inika izimvo ezisemthethweni ezinyanzela isikhululo esilawulayo. Kumazwe amaninzi, iziko ezizimeleyo ezilwa nokungakhuthami ukuphendula ityala. Abameli base-Ostres bayakwazi ukuba abamele abameli babo abaphethe ngoonyuso kukhetho, abaqhutywa ngokufanelekileyo xa kuqinisekiswa kwemithetho yokuvota kunye nemigaqo yemithetho eluncedo.

Iingxaki Zangoku

Phezu kwako nje ukumelana kwayo, ukwahlukana kwamagunya kujongene nezisongelo eziphawulekayo kwinkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesihlanu. Ukukhula kwezobupolitika, ukukhula kwamandla olawulo oluphezulu, ulawulo lobugcisa, nokukhula kwamaziko obugcisa bobugcisa bonke kuvavanya imida yoyilo lwasekuqaleni. Ukuqonda olu celomngeni kubalulekile kwabo banqwenela ukulondoloza ulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ukufikelela okungaphezulu kunye nezindululo ezicwangcisiweyo

Ngamaxesha engxaki-----enobon, ubhubhani, okanye ukuwa kwezoqoqosho , kudla ngokuthatha amandla angaqhelekanga. Ngoxa amanyathelo anjalo eyimfuneko, akwabeka engozini yokwandisa igunya lomongameli ngokusisigxina. EUnited States, ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yolawulo, izindululo zongxamiseko, kunye nenyathelo lokuhlola amandla olawulo lwequmrhu kunye norhwebo lothengiso lonyuka. IBhunga elisoloko lithanda ukurhoxa uxinzelelo lwelizwe. Ngokunjalo, ezinye iidemocracracy ziye zabona iinkokeli ezijonge ukuthoba okanye ukuthomalalisa ulawulo lwezigwebo. [[FLT:]] Britannica uhlalutyo lwamandla olawulo oluphezulu [ luphawula ukuba uxinezelelo phakathi kolawulo olusebenzayo nolulinganiselweyo lukarhulumente lungasebenziyo. Ukulwa kwe-ogconshoption, kufuneka kugxininise, kufuneka kusoloko ukunya kufunwa ngabemi abahlala belizwe, yaye benyanze ulwa.

Ukwenziwa Kwenkcazelo Yezobupolitika Nokuxinana

Xa amaqela ezobupolitika ehlukene kakhulu, uvavanyo kunye nolungelelwano olucetyiswayo lokukhusela ulawulo olunzima lungabangela ubungxengxe-mpunge. Uhlenga-hlengiso lomthetho lungaba yinqabile; umphathi-mandla angadlula kwiKhomishini yegunya; ukumiswa kusenokulibaziseka ngokungenasiphelo. Noko ke, i-State yaseS. ingqongqo yeNdluneli isenokusoloko iyingxaki kwihlabathi eliguquka ngokukhawuleza. Kodwa ke, i-gxalaba alisoloko lisetyenziswa ukuthintela izigqibo ezingekho ngqiqweqwenileyo. Olu celomngeni luye luye lufumane ukulungelelanisa utshintsho. Olu celomngeni luye luye lungene ekufumaneni ulungelelwano phakathi kokuquququzelela nokugqibela. Olunye ulawulo-omelo luye lwaphendula ngokufumana iimodemo ze-palamente eziguqukayo okanye ngokuthulula kwendlela efana nenkqubo yabemi.

Ukucaciswa Kwezigwebo Nokuzithethelela

Indima yejaji ekutolikeni umgaqo-siseko ngokungenakuphepheka ibandakanya ubuchule obuthile. Abahlalutyi bathi maxa wambi abagwebi baphambuka ngokubeka umthetho endaweni yokuwuchaza. "amaxesha amaninzi bachaza ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yetyala." Xa iinkundla zichaphazelisa imithetho ngezizathu ezibanzi, basenokutyholwa ngokurhoxisa igunya lendlu yowiso-mthetho. Ngokuchaseneyo, abagwebi basenokungayeki kakhulu kubaphathi, bethomalathisa iingcinga zamasebe. Inkqubo yokumisa abagwebi iye yaya ihambela phambili, ngemfazwe yamatyala efuna ukuzimela ngokweemthetho. Iimeko eziphezulu zokuqhomfa, i-e, i-eyeyeye, kunye namalungelo emfazweni eUnited States zibonisa ukuba ezi meko azinakunqandayo, ukufaneleka kwenkqubo yezomthetho kuxhomekeke kwiinjongo ezingomthetho neentsingiselo yomthetho, njengeedemodeli yomthetho osemthethweni.

Indima Yeziphakamiso Ezizimeleyo

Inkqubela ephawulekayo yale mihla kukunyuka kwamaqumrhu azimeleyo alawulayo, aphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nokuba ayayahlula kusini na amagunya. Awenziwe ngokukhusela isigqibo sobuchule noorhulumente be-Exchange, kunye neKhomishini Yonxibelelwano Yomanyeneyo. La maqela enza iChosasi-legisi, akhuhla, kunye namagunya olawulo oluzimeleyo, aphakamisa imibuzo enokuba ayalwa nako nako kwahlukana nawawo nawawo amagunya. Ayilelwe ukukhusela isigqibo sobugcisa sokwenza ukuphazamisana kwezobupolitika, kodwa akwaneenjongo zokuhlala kumagosa angenagunya. Inkundla ephakamileyo yeU. Inkundla ephakamileyo ixandumasipala ijonge phantsi, maxa lijonge izibonelo ezibonisa phantsi izinto ezinokubuzwa ngokungenatyala. Kumazwe amanye amazwe, kuvela iingxaki ezifanayo phakathi koooorhulumente abazimele-orhulumente noorhulumente abanyuliweyo. U.

Isiphelo

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuhlala kusisivikelo esibalulekileyo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ngokwahlula igunya phakathi kwabalawuli, abalawuli, namasebe eekomiti, nangokunika amandla ngalinye ukukhangela amanye, le nkqubo ikhusela inkululeko yabantu, ikhusela ubuzwilakhe, kwaye iqinisekisa urhulumente osebenza kakuhle kwaye onegunya. Iingcambu zembali ezikwingcinga zokukhanyiselwa nokusebenza kwayo ngendlela esebenzayo kwimigaqo-siseko ehlukeneyo ibonakalisa ukukwazi ukutshintshatshintsha kwayo kunye nokunyamezela kwayo. Kodwa ngokunika izimngenisi-mandla okukhoyo (*) ukuxhobisa, ukuhlasela kwezobupolitika, ukulwa kwemithetho elawulayo, nokuphakamisa amaziko azimeleyo. [=i-i-Premistmans, abafundisi, kunye noomatilo-mthetho-siseko, kufuneka baqonde kuphela ingcamango kodwa nokuzinza kwayo okuqhubekayo ukuze kulondoloke ukulingana. Kodwa ngokuziseka kwemiqatha kwemiqathango yesebe ngalinye, siqinisekisa ukuba amandla aqhubeke ukufezeka iinjongo zawo: ukuqhuba urhulumente, kodwa ukuqhuba ulawulo oluphambili, kodwa ufundo oluphambili, ulawulo lwesizwe, ulawulo lwesizwe ngalunye.[F