Table of Contents

Ukuqonda Ubugunya: Ukunikela Iliso Kumandla Nempembelelo Yawo Ehlabathini Lonke

Ubuququzeleli bumela olunye lwentlobo ezihlala zihleli nezineziphumo zolawulo kwimbali yoluntu. Enyanzelweni, ulawulo olungqongqo yinkqubo yezobupolitika apho amandla exhonywe khona yinkokeli enye okanye iqela elincinane, elingabalekiyo, elisoloko ligcinwa ngenkani, ngezobuninzi obulinganiselweyo bezobupolitika, kunye nokucinezelwa okucwangcisiweyo kwemithetho yolawulo yezolawulo-siseko, apho amandla olawulo-lawulo-siseko asasazekileyo kwaye aphantsi kokuhlola nokulinganisela, ulawulo lwe-demodeli, ulungelelwaniso, uzinzo, nokulondolozwa kwezilangazelelo zezikhulu ezilawulayo zabantu ngabanye abalawulayo, nokuthathi-nxaxheba okuthandwayo. Ukuqonda iindlela eziziiiiingcambutho, iingcambutho zeli, kunye nokubonakaliswa kolawulo olungqongqo lwezidemo-demo-demo-mthetho, abenzi benkqubo yamazwe-mastiventiant, kunye nabafundi befuna ukukhangela ulungelelanisa ulungelelwano lwemeko lwehlabathi lwehlabathi lomhlaba lwehlabathi oluntabalala lwehlabathi.

Ngoxa iinkqubo zolawulo olungqongqo zingathatha iindlela ezininzi ngezantsi ukusuka kwigqiza ukuya kumazwe akwicandelo elinye lolawulo lobuzwilakhe olunobuntlola olunobuntu, zinolwabelana ngengqiqo efanayo: ukubekwa kwegunya nokuchaswa. Eli nqaku linikela uvavanyo olubanzi lolawulo lolawulo-othothoba, ukuhlolisisa iimpawu zalo, indaleko, iindlela zokulawula, iziphumo zobusoshiyali, kunye nemikhosi elwayo emelana nalo. Ngokuzobamba kwizifundo ezikhoyo ezisuka ehlabathini, sizimisele ukunikela imbono ecacileyo yokuba kutheni i-dentilikilikitho iinstrula yolawulo lobuzwilakhe, ukutshintsha kweemeko, kuquka inkqubela yezobugcisa kunye nokudityaniswa kwehlabathi.

Ukuchaza Imithetho YobuOsteritarianism: Iimpawu Zekho Neentlobo

Izazinzulu zezobupolitika zikudala ziphikisana ngenkcazelo ecacileyo yobuzwilakhe, kodwa inkoliso ivumelana ngemiqathango engundoqo eyahlulayo kwezinye iintlobo zolawulo. Ngokungafaniyo noorhulumente bolawulo lobuzwilakhe, abafuna ukulawula zonke iinkalo zobomi babantu kunye nabobucala, iinkqubo zolawulo olungqongqo zivumela umlinganiselo othile wenkululeko yentlalo nezoqoqosho logama nje ingasongeli ukuphatha kweqela elilawulayo igunya. Noko ke, imida phakathi kolawulo lolawulo lolawulo olungqongqo nolawulo lobuzwilakhe ingaba lukhuni, ngokukodwa kwimithetho yemibutho elinamandla okanye imibutho yoorhulumente bobuqu.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo zombhali

Oorhulumente abagunyazileyo babonakalisa iimpawu eziliqela eziphindaphindayo ezabahlulayo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi:

  • [[NTLA: 0] Ukuqulunqwa kwamandla: igunya lokwenza izigqibo libekwe phakathi kwinkokeli enye, iqela elilawulayo, okanye igqinta encinane. Izithintelo zomGaqo-siseko, ukuba zikho, ziqhelekile kwaye zinokudlula kwiso sithanda.
  • UbuProfethi bezobupolitika obudityanisiweyo: amaqela enkcaso, imibutho yentlalo ezimeleyo yasekuhlaleni, kunye nemibutho yorhwebo ekhululekileyo isenokuvalwa, ilawulwe ngokungqongqo, okanye ipheliswe ukuba ingasebenzi ngokusebenzisana okanye ukungcungcuthekiswa.
  • Uxinzelelo lodaniso: Abagxeki borhulumente bajamelana nentshutshiso esemthethweni, ukuhlalutyiswa, ukujongwa, ukuvalelwa entolongweni, ukugxothwa, okanye okubi nangaphezulu. Urhulumente usebenzisa izixhobo zakhe zokhuseleko ukukhulula okanye ukutyumza naluphi na uhlobo lwenkcaso elungelelanisiweyo.
  • Control Ngaphezu kolwazi: Iindawo zokukhupha eendaba zezoburhulumente okanye ziphenjelelwa kakhulu ngurhulumente, kwaye ugcino-lwazi oluzimeleyo luyancitshiswa. Ipropaganda kunye namaphulo okuguqula intsingiselo esetyenziswa ukubumba uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nokususa utshaba.
  • I- Sham Euntslot: Xa kusenziwa unyulo, zenzelwe ukuthethelela iqela elilawulayo kunokuba zinikezele ukhetho lokwenene. I-Ballot composing, ukoyikisa kovote, ukuhlulwa kwabacebisi, kunye neekhomishini zokhetho ezisusiweyo ziqhelekile.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ngesindululo: Iinkokeli zisoloko zidlula kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kunye neenkundla, zikhupha imimiselo okanye amandla kaxakeka ukumisela iinkqubo zenkqubo ngaphandle kokucebisana okanye ukuvelela.

Ukwahlukahlukana Kobugunya

Abona bonke oorhulumente abalawula ngenkohlakalo abafanayo.

  • I-Diatemostical Dictator : Amandla aphethwe ngumntu omnye olawula inkqubo yezobupolitika nge-isma, inkxaso, kunye noloyiko. Imizekelo iquka umNtla Korea phantsi kweKim Jong Un, Iraq phantsi koSadam Hussein, kunye ne-Syria phantsi kwentsapho ye-Asadad.
  • I-Regimes: Iqela lamagosa asemkhosini lithatha amandla, ngokufuthi ngonikezelo, kwaye lilawula ngqo okanye ngevoti egunyaziswayo yabemi. Imizekelo yembali iquka i-Argentina phantsi kwe Jorge Rafael Videl junta (1976-19983) kunye neMyanmar emva kobhukuqo-mpukomiso lwama-2021.
  • Amacandelo anye: Iqela elinye lezobupolitika lilawula igunya, licinezela bonke abasukuzwana kwaye lizinzise ngokunzulu kwilizwe nakwibutho labantu. ITshayina phantsi kweTshayina yeQela lobuKomanisi, iVietnam, iLaos, neCuba yimizekelo ebalaseleyo yanamhlanje.
  • [[NTL:0] I-Authoritarialism: Ookumkani abapheleleyo okanye abalawuli be-dynastic bagxininisa kwizandla zabo, ngokufuthi bexhaswa ngamaqela aphezulu onqulo okanye amasiko. Saudi Arabia kunye neUnited Arabhu e-Arabhu ebonakalisa olu hlobo.
  • [[NTLT: 0] I-Authoritarianism equlunqweyo: Izixhobo ezigcina intengiso yokhuphiswano lwedemokhrasi ngexesha ilungelelanisa ukutsala ibala lokudlala kukhetha abantu abaxhuzulayo. IRashiya phantsi kweVladimir Putin, iHungary phantsi kweViktor Orbán, kunye ne-Turkey phantsi kweRecep Tayyip Erdopiaan idwean yayahlulwe njengenkqubo zokhuphiswano.

Imeko Engokwembali: Ukuvela Neendaleko ZeAuthoritarianism

I-odoliality asingomsebenzi osungulweyo. Ukutyhubela imbali, uninzi lwabantu luye lwalawulwa ngabalawuli bolawulo, ukususela koofaro bamandulo kunye nabalawuli ukuya kukumkani bamaxesha aphakathi kunye neenkosi ezilawulayo. Noko ke, ingcamango yale mihla yobuzwilakhe inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokuvela kohlanga oluseluntla, kwezobupolitika, kunye nenkcubeko yengqondo yenkulungwane yama-20.

Ekuqaleni kwelama - 20 IAuthoritarianism: UbuFasi nobuStalin

Ixesha lemfazwe (1918-19939) labona ukuvela koorhulumente benkohlakalo embalini. Ukuwa kobukhosi, ukungazinzi kwezoqoqosho, nokoyika ubukomanisi kwakhuthaza ukunyuka kwemibutho yefascist eYurophu. Le mikhosi yatshabalalisa i-Itali ka-Mussolini (1922-1943) kunye noAdolf Hitler waseJamani yamaNazi (1933/1945) yadibanisa ubuzwe bobuzwelonke, ubusoshiyali, kunye nokucinezelwa kwayo yonke inkcaso ngogonyamelo nobuxoki belizwe.

Kwangaxeshanye, iSoviet Union phantsi koJoseph Stalin (1924-19953) yavelisa uhlobo lolawulo lobuzwilakhe lobuzwilakhe olwalufuna ukulawula zonke iinkalo zobomi ngeqela elinye, uqoqosho, kunye nezixhobo zamapolisa ezigqugqisileyo. Imodeli yaseSoviet yakhuthaza ulawulo olufanayo kwiMpuma Yurophu, eTshayina, eMntla Korea, nakwezinye iindawo emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ulawulo lukaStalin lwaphawulwa ngokukhutshwa kwentla, ukuqokelelwa kwelizwe, indlala, kunye nenkqubo yeGulag, nto leyo eyaphumela kwizigidi zabantu.

ISebe elilawulayo

Ukukhutshwa kwedemokhrasi emva ko 1945 kwadala amazwe amatsha amaninzi, amaninzi awo azama ukwakha amaziko edemokhrasi azinzileyo phakathi kolwahluko lobuhlanga, ukukhuliswa kwezoqoqosho, kunye neengcinezelo zemfazwe yomlomo. E-Afrika, e-Asia, naseMbindi Mpuma, iinkokeli ezinamandla zidla ngokuthimba igunya, zithembisa ucwangco nenkqubela kodwa zinika ingqwalaselo kunye nokunganyaniseki. Imizekelo iquka iMobutu Sese Seko eZaire (ngokuyiDemocratic Republic of Congo), iSuharto e-Indonesia, kunye neGamal Abdender Naser eYiputa. Le mikhosi isoloko ixhomekeke kwimibutho yobuqu, inkxaso yomkhosi, inkxaso yoluntu kunye nokucinelo lwentlalo.

IMfazwe Yomlomo Nokusasazeka Kobugunya Emhlabeni Wonke

Imfazwe yomlomo ephakathi kwe-United States neSoviet Union yaqhubekisela phambili ulawulo lobuzwilakhe kumazwe amaninzi. Zombini amagunya amakhulu axhasa ozwilakhe abavumelana neemfuno zawo ze-Phondo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziingxelo zamalungelo abantu. ELatin America, e-U.S. i-juntia e-Argentina, eChile, eBrazil, naseMbindini Merika alwa iimfazwe ezingcolileyo nxamnye nentsebenziswano zasekhohlo. Okwangoku, iSoviet Union yaxhasa urhulumente omnye onecandelwana le mpuma Yurophu, iCuba, iAngola, ne-Ethiopia. Isiphelo semfazwe yeMelika yeMerika, i-U. iU.S. imfazwe yemfazwe yemfazwe ye-Atyrity yakhokelela kwigaze-denticatration, kodwa ubuzwimfeyisi bobund, i-ompereji, ihambelana kwiimeko ezintsha.

Iindlela Zolawulo: Indlela Abalawuli Abahlala Benegunya Ngayo

Nangona ukunyanzelwa noloyiko kungundoqo, oorhulumente bale mihla basebenzisa iindlela ezichuliweyo zokulawula ezenza kube nzima ukuvukela nokubiza imali.

I-Coercion neSizwe soKhuseleko

Eyona ndlela ingqalileyo yokulawula kukusetyenziswa komkhosi. Ulawulo lobungqongqo lugcina izixhobo ezinamandla zokhuseleko `kuquka umkhosi, amapolisa, amaqumrhu obulumko, kunye namaqela omkhosi (ukuze ajonge, oyike, aphelise, aphelise abachasi. Amapolisa afihlakeleyo, njenge-Stasi eMpuma Jamani okanye iSebe loKhuseleko lweRhulumente eTshayina, liqhuba ukujonga ngokubanzi, lingena kumaqela avukelayo, kwaye libambe okanye libangxenge abagxeki-o-mthetho.

Ulawulo lobuxoki nolwazi

Ukulawula ingxelo kubalulekile ukuze kusinde i-athorital. Abalawuli bachitha kakhulu iziphumo ze-media zesizwe okanye zempembelelo karhulumente ezisasaza umyalezo karhulumente zize zihlasele iintshaba zakhe. Ingcamango yogcino-ndaba lwe-endependent icinezelwe ngokuvavanya i-operacter, ilayisensi, ukuhlutshwa komthetho, kunye nogonyamelo phakathi kweentatheli. Kumaxesha amanani, oorhulumente basebenzisa amaphulo achuliweyo okususa ulwazi, ukuqhatha kwezelelwa kwezehlolo, kunye nokusasaza iingcamango zozungu lokudidanisa abantu nokungaqiniseki inkcaso. Ingcamango ye-omatshini [[FLT.0] i-act:1] i-agnognoted comsctacy [[FLTY:1]] echaza ulawulo olunjengoRashiya neTshayina oludibanisa ukuchola inkohliso yolawulo lwamachiza-matiki ukuze ihlale.

Ulwandiso

Asilulo lonke ulawulo olunobungqwabalala. Ulawulo lobukhomputha oludla ngokucelw'ucelo-mngeni ngokusasaza iinzuzo zezinto eziphathekayo, iindawo eziphakamileyo, okanye ukufikelela kwiimarike ezingekho mthethweni. Iinkqubo zePatronage zibopha abaphathi abaphezulu kunye nee-contituence ezingundoqo kurhulumente, zidala umthi owahlulweyo ekusindeni kwawo. Ngokomzekelo, eRashiya, uMongameli Putin wakha inkqubo yekapitali yecapitaliste apho uninzi lwamazwe onyanisekileyo olulawula izinto zelizwe ngenxa yenkxaso yezopolitiko. ETshayina, iQelathi yezobuKomanisi ikhuthaza abantu abanamakhono ngenkqubo enika inzuzo yokunyaniseka kunye nobuchule.

Ukuxhotyiswa kwasemthethweni nomthetho nequmrhu

Ulawulo lwezilawuli ezininzi zigcina iindlela zangaphandle zolawulo-demokhrasi ._iimeko zolawulo lwedemokhrasi, iipalamente, iinkundla, kunye nonyulo-----ngokuba imisele ukubhukuqa. Imithetho ibhalwe ngokungacacanga okanye ngokukhethayo inyanzeliswe ukuba igqwethe ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ijudicaria ipakiswe ngamagunya anyanisekileyo axhasayo urhulumente. Iziphelo zomGaqo-siseko zidluliselwe ukunyusa imida yexesha okanye ukwandisa amandla olawulo lwezulu. Eli cebo, elisoloko libizwa ngokuba yi-, livumela ulawulo olusemthethweni olusemthethweni oluthiye lwe-rabhabhabha-stikiyo lwezi. I-Hungary phantsi koMthetho noMgaqo-omatilo-mthetho (Pisi) isebenzisa ezi ndlela ukusetyenziswa kwe-demokhrasi phakathi kwe-demokhtiki phakathi kwe-demokh.

Ukwahlula kunye noMthetho

Abalawuli abanegunya badla ngokusebenzisa ama-cleavage asekuhlaleni ``ethnic', engokonqulo, ingingqi, okanye ulwimi-lwimi---"ukukhusela ukuvela kwenkcaso emanyeneyo. Ngokukhetha iqela elinye phezu kwezinye, benza isiseko esinyanisekileyo ngexa besenza utshaba olusezantsi. E-Siriya, ulawulo lwama-Assad luxhomekeke kwiqela elincinci lama-Aslawi ukulawula i-Sun, ngelinye ixesha eBahrain, ulawulo lwe-Sunni lucinezela uninzi lwabaninzi. Ezi zicwangciso zisenza amacandelo aphantsi aphantsi kolawulo lwe-Syria kwaye zenza amaqela asebenze ngokungekho mthethweni kulo ngokomthetho.

Imiphumo Yobugunya: Uluntu, Imali Namalungelo Abantu

Impembelelo yolawulo olunegunya idlulela ngaphaya kwemimandla yezobupolitika, ibumba zonke iinkalo zobomi kubantu abachaphazelekayo.

Amalungelo Abantu Asetyenziswa Kakubi

Ulawulo lobugunya luphambili kwabalawuli abaphambili bokwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke. Inkululeko yokuvakalisa, indibano kunye nonxulumano iyacinywa rhoqo. Amabanjwa ezobupolitika abanjwe ngaphandle kovavanyo olusesikweni; ukuthuthunjiswa nokuphathwa kakubi kuxhaphakile kumazwe amaninzi. Amaqela amancinane, iintatheli, abakhuseli bamalungelo abantu, kunye neLGBTQ+ abantu abachaphazelekayo ngokukhethekileyo. Ngokwengxelo evela kwimibutho enjenge- Amnesty International [[ kunye [FLT:] namaLust Rights aright Watch , ezona zinto zixhapha kakhulu ziyenzeka kumazwe afana neTshayina (ngakumbi kwiXinang), e-Elitreang, e-Arice, e-Arice, nase-Syria.

Ukungalungelelani Kwezoqoqosho Nokungalingani

Ulwalamano phakathi kolawulo olungqongqo kunye nokusebenza kwezoqoqosho luntsokothile. Abanye oorhulumente, abanjengeTshayina neSingapore, baye bafumana ulwando olukhawulezileyo ngokudibanisa imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente nenkqubo yentengiso. Kodwa, ngokufuthi, ulawulo lwe-demorital lukhokelela ekungcoleni kwezoqoqosho, ukunganyaniseki, nokungalingani. Ngaphandle kokubonakala, ukuphendula, okanye umthetho, oovimba bemali baphambukiswa kwizikhulu ezilawulayo kunye neendawo zabo. Amalungelo ezinto akhuselekile, kwaye amaxabiso oshishino. Ukuwa kweVenezuela phantsi kolawulo lwechavista kubonisa indlela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezinamandla ezinokutshabalalisa ngayo uqoqosholo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuzandelisweni, ekuzaleni, ekuzaleni, ekuzaleni, ekuzaleni, ekuzaleni, nasekutshaneni kwembuyiselweni kwentabalala.

Ukukhutshwa Kotshintsho Noluntu

Ibutho elikhululekileyo lisebenza kakuhle kwingxoxo evulekileyo, ukulinga, nokhuphiswano lweengcamango. I-authoritarianism iphazamisa ezi ziqalelo, idala imeko-bume yokungqinelana noloyiko. Iziphumo zokungavumelani zikhutshwe ziincutshe ezigxekayo, uphando lwenzululwazi lujoliswe kwizinto eziphambili zikarhulumente, kwaye ubugcisa buvavanywa. Imibutho yamakhaya ($ifuna uphuhliso oluphezulu kunye nokunikezelwa kweenkonzo) ibekelwe umda ophezulu okanye inxulumene. Isiphumo sibutho elingazinzili kakuhle izinto, elinganyamezeli, kwaye alikwazi ukuqhelanisa izinto.

Ukungahambelani Nokungabi Nazintsebenziswano

Ukucinezelwa kudla ngokubangela ingqumbo, kwaye ulawulo lobuzwilakhe lujongene namaza oqhankqalazo kunye nezidubedube. IArabian Spring (0-2012) yabonisa ukuba kwanolawulo lobuzwilakhe olubonakala luzinzile lunokushukunyiswa kukuhlanganiswa kwabantu abaninzi. Noko ke, ulawulo lobuzwilakhe luye lwangqinwa njengonobuchule bokumelana nokuqhankqalaza ngokudibeneyo, ukukhulula, kunye nokwahlula-mthetho. ETshayina, urhulumente wacinezela iTaanamen Square ngokungenalusithu ngo 1989 kwaye ukususela oko wakha urhulumente onochukudelo olukhulu ukuze uthintele naluphi naluphi naluphi na uvukelo. ERashiya, uhlaselo lwama 20222 lwabangela ukuqhankqesheka, kodwa ngokukhawuleza lwatyuzwa ngokubanjwa nokuchothwa koonqalwa.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Ukuqulunqisa

Ukuhlolisisa urhulumente othile kutyhila iindlela nemiphumo eyahlukahlukeneyo yokulawula ngenkohlakalo.

ITshayina: ISimo seQumrhu neSimo soLawulo

I-CP yobuKomanisi yeQela laseTshayina (CCP) phantsi kwe-Xi Jining iqinise amandla ngokongabonwayo ukususela ngoko uMao Zedong. Onke amasebe karhulumente, umkhosi, uqoqosho, kunye noluntu luphantsi kolawulo lweqela. Urhulumente usebenzisa ikhompyutha enkulu yokuhlola, kuquka ubuchule bobuso, inkqubo yokuthenga ngetyala, kunye nokujongwa kwangoko kwezonxibelelwano, ukulandelela nokulawula abemi. E-Xinjiang, urhulumente uvalele ngaphezu kwesigidi se-Uyghurs kunye namanye amaSilamsi asezinkampini zolawulo lweziko, abambisa ekunyanzeleni, benyanzeleka ukuba basebenze ngenkampu, ukunyazisa, ukuqhamisa, kunye nokuvala inzala. Isixokelelwano senkqubo se-Tshayina ne-Actalbacism se-Rhostism se-RGenelGeneltyism [F1] esifuna ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa bentlalo-ntle.

ERashiya: Iqela Elingumbhali - gunya Nolawulo Lobuntu

UVladimir Putin's Russia ubonakalisa ukhuphiswano lobuzwilakhe. Ngexesha imimandla yedemokhrasi ikho, ibala lokudlala lixhaswe kakhulu ngenxa yokungalawuleki. Amanani angundoqo enkcaso aye abulawa, afakwa entolongweni, okanye anyanzelwa ukuba agxothwe; amajelo eendaba azimeleyo abekwe ngaphandle; kwaye unyulo lonakaliswa kukuqhatha kunye nokusebenzisa ulawulo lolawulo. Ulawulo lorhulumente luxhomekeke kubuzwelo lobuOthodoki, ubuOthododa, kunye nokulwa kweWestern intetho esemthethweni. Ukuhlasela kweRashiya ngo-2022 okuthelela phambili kokungavumelani, ngokukhuthulwa kwemithetho yokucinezela ulawulo kunye nokunga ulawulo olubiweyo lwawonga nakuphi nako lokusebenza komkhosi okhethekileyo."." Ulawulo lolawulo lolawulo luxhaswa ngulawulo lwamandla abathengi benkonzo abaphezulu bokhuseleko.

IVenezuela: Ukusuka Kwidemokhrasi Ukuya Kwindawo Ephakamileyo Yokuhlasela

I-travory yaseVenezuela inikela ulunyuso lwentsomi yokuguquka kwezoqoqosho. UHugo Chávez (1999-2013) wasebenzisa isibheno sakhe esiqhelekileyo kunye nolawulo kumaqumrhu karhulumente ukugxininisa amandla, ukurhoxa nokucinezela ulwamkelo, kunye nokucinezela inkcaso. Isiphelo sakhe, Nicolás Maduro, siqhubele phambili le nkqubo phakathi kwentlekele yezoqoqosho. Urhulumente uvalele iinkokeli zenkcaso, ulawulo olugunyaziweyo, kwaye uxhomekeke kwimikhosi yomkhosi kunye nemikhosi yamajoni ukuba ihlale ihleli emkhosini. Isiphumo yintlekele yobuntu, nezigidi ezibaleka ilizwe, ukufutisa, nobuhlwempu. I-Venezuela ibonisa indlela ubuzwilamshophu obunokutshabalalisa ngayo impumelelo nozinzile yohlanga.

ITurkey: Ukuqalisa Kolawulo - melo Phantsi kwe-Erdoshayaan

Recep Tayyip Erdoān, ekuqaleni onyulwe njengomvukeli, ngokuthe ngcembe uguqule i-Turkey ibe ngurhulumente wokhuphiswano. Emva kokuba ephumelele ekuzameni ukubhukuqwa ngo-2016, wasusa izixhobo zikarhulumente, wabamba amawaka abagwebi, iintatheli, nezikolo, namandla aphambili kumgangatho wolawulo. I-judicary, i-mediary, i-media, kunye nebutho labemi ngoku lilawulwa kakhulu ngurhulumente. U-Erdogayan usebenzisa isiseko sobuzwe kunye nentetho yonqulo ukukhuthaza isiseko sakhe, ngoxa ebamba abaxhasi beKordish, abashishi, nabathathi-nxaxheba behlabathi. ITurkey ihlala ililungu eligxekayo, kodwa ukuthotywa kwedemokhrasi iye yaphazamisa ulwalamano lwayo norhulumente wayo norhulumente waseNtshona.

Ukuchasa Nokuzinzisa: Indlela Ukulawula Okungalawuleki Okungaphumelelanga Ngayo

Phezu kwako nje ukuba namandla kwabo, ulawulo oluneengxilimbela aluze lukhuseleke ngokupheleleyo. Ukuchasa kuthabatha iindlela ezininzi, ukususela kwinkcaso yezobupolitika ecwangcisiweyo ukusa kwizenzo zemihla ngemihla zokungathobeli.

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neMidlalo

Imibutho yasekuhlaleni, amaqela amalungelo abantu, kunye neenkokeli zoluntu zidla ngokwenza isiseko sokuxhathisa. ERashiya, amaqela afana neSikhumbuzo (echaziwe yiSoviet-eraccistration) kunye neAnti-Corruption Foundation (esungulwe nguAlexie Navalny) aye acel ulawulo nangona etshutshiswa kakhulu. EBelarus, amaqela namaqela abasebenzi adlala indima ephambili ekuchaseni uAlexander Kakashenko.

Ukuxhathisa kwamanani kunye nemfazwe yolwazi

Ubugcisa likrele elikhuselwe kabini kwiimeko zolawulo olungqongqo. Ngeli xesha ulawulo lusebenzisa izixhobo zemivo ukwenzela ukhangelo kunye nenkcazelo, abaxhasi balubophelela ekulungiseni nasekubelaneni ngolwazi. Ii-apps ezifihlakeleyo ezifana ne-Telegram zisetyenzisiwe ukudibanisa izikhalazo eBelarus, eHong Kong, naseIran. Izakhathi zisebenzisa iifreyithi ukudlula kwi-intanethi yohlalutyo kunye nokufikelela ngokukhululekileyo kweendaba. Noko ke, amagosa abaphathi-othoritatho asoloko ehlaziya amandla awo e-intanethi, kwaye imfazwe yamanani iya iphuculwa ngokwanda.

Uxinzelelo Nezontsomi Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Oorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle, imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, kunye neNGOs zingafaka ingcinezelo kurhulumente olawula ngegunya lobuzwilakhe, ngokuzikhethela ngokwezoqoqosho, ngokufumana inkxaso yezixhobo, nangokuxhasa imikhosi yezoburhulumente obubodwa. I-European Union, i-United States, kunye neUnited Kingdom iye yamisela isigwebo kubantu ngabanye kunye namaqela anxulumene nokuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo abantu eRashiya, eTshayina, eVenezuela, nakwamanye amazwe. Inkundla ye-International Criminalment Court (IC) iye yaquqela lezolwaphulo-mthetho nezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezichasene noluntu. Noko ke, ukuphumelela kwengcinezelo yangaphandle kulinganiselwe, ingakumbi xa amazwe afana neTshayina neRashiya ekwaseRashiya enikela isigqubuthelo sonxibelelwano nenkxaso yezoqoqosho.

Ukuqhankqalaza Nokungathobeli Kwabemi

Imbali ibonisa ukuba ukuxhathisa okungenabundlobongela kunokwenzeka ngokuphawulekayo nxamnye nolawulo lobuzwilakhe, njengoko kuboniswa ngumbutho we-Indiya wokuzimela geqe, umbutho wamalungelo abantu eUnited States, ukubhukuqwa kukaFerdinand Marcos ePhilippines (1986), kunye neNguquko yeVelvet eCzechoslovakia (19989). IMisa, ukubetha, ukugxambukela, nokungathobeli kwabemi kunyusa iindleko zokucinezelwa kwengcinezelo, ukuphelisa ulawulo olusemthethweni, kwaye kudala izivulo zokuvulela utshintsho lwezobupolitika. Kodwa ke, imikhosi engekho mkhosi ifuna uqeqesho, imibutho emikhulu, nokuvuma ukubeka ubomi engozini.

Ikamva Lobugunya: Imikhwa Nocelomngeni

I-odoli ayimi nje. Iqhelanisa nobugcisa obutsha, ukutshintsha kwemeko yejiyografi, kunye neenguqu entlalweni. Iziganeko eziliqela ziya kubumba ikamva lolawulo olunegunya eliphezulu.

Ukubuyiselwa kobugcisa nolawulo lwamanani

Ulawulo lobugunya lutyalelw ’ imali eninzi kwimiqathango yokusebenza, ubuchule bobuso, isiseko sogcino-lwazi lwebhayoloji, kunye nobupolisa obuqikelelwa kwangaphambili. Inkqubo ye-Tshayina yokutyala ingumzekelo onamandla, kodwa iinkqubo ezifanayo ziyavela eRashiya, eSaudi Arabia, nakwamanye amazwe. Ezi tekikiniki zibangela ukuba umgangatho ongenakuthelekiswa nanto wokuhlola, wokukhetha intlalo, kunye nolawulo lwendlela yokuziphatha. Ukusasazeka kolawulo lwezikompatho-mpatho-mvume zamanani kubangela isisongelo esimangxhio kumalungelo abantu nenkululeko yedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke.

Ukhuphiswano Lwezobupolitika Nolawulo Lombhali

Ukuvela kweTshayina nokubuya kwemeko-bume yehlabathi lonke, kudala imekobume entle yolawulo olungqongqo. La mazwe akhuthaza ezinye iindlela zolawulo ezichasa izithethe zedemokhrasi ezikhululekileyo. Anikela uncedo lwezoqoqosho, utyalo-mali, kunye nenkxaso yezobuzwe koorhulumente bolawulo oluphezulu, enciphisa ukuchanabeka kwawo kuxinzelelo lwaseNtshona. Umzekelo, iBelt kunye noMgwaqo-phantsi we-Arastiki, iphucule impembelelo yeTshayina eAsia, Afrika, kunye neLatin America, ngokufuthi ngokulahlekelwa kolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Noxinezeleko Lokusingqongileyo

Ukuwohloka kwemekobume, ukunqongophala kweempahla, kunye nokufuduka okubangelwa yimozulu kusenokuba kubangela uxinezeleko olukhoyo kwintlalo kunye nokungazinzi kwezobupolitika. Ulawulo loburhulumente lungawasebenzisa kakubi la magunya ongxamiseko ukuthethelela amagunya ongxamiseko, ukucinezela ukuphikisa, nokulawula okusembindini. Ngokuchasene noko, ukusetyenziswa kwemekobume kusenokuba likhondo elitsha lokuxhathisa, njengoko kubonwa kwinkqubela-phambili yemozulu eTshayina naseRashiya, phezu kwayo nje ingcinezelo yombuso.

Ukungakhathalelwa Kwedemokhrasi Noluntu Lwasekuhlaleni

Phezu kwazo nje iinzima zangoku, idemokhrasi ihlala iyinto enqwenelekayo. Uhlolisiso loluntu lubonisa ukuba abantu abaninzi ehlabathini lonke bakhetha ulawulo lwedemokhrasi kuneendawo ezisetyenziswa ngedemokhrasi. Amazwe edemokhrasi, amabutho ehlabathi, nemibutho yoluntu iyaqhubeka ixhasa amalungelo abantu kunye nolawulo lomthetho. Umzabalazo phakathi kolawulo-demokhrasi nolawulo-demokhrasi ukude kakhulu, kwaye iziphumo ziya kuxhomekeka kwizinto ezikhethwa ngabemi, iinkokeli, kunye nebutho labantu bezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe.

Isiphelo

Ulawulo lobugunya luphawu oluzingisileyo noluguquguqukayo lwezobupolitika zomhlaba wonke. Iimpawu zalo zokuchaza ukudityaniswa kwamandla, ukucinezelwa kokungavumelani, kunye nokulawulwa kwenkcazelo.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya, jonga ubuncwane obuvela [[FLT: 0] kwindlu yenkululeko, i [ Joyanal yedemokhrasi, ne ISinyuso seCarnegie Senkcazelo yoxolo lwezizwe ngezizwe[.