IChebe Lemiqathango Yolawulo lwaseMelika: Ukuqonda Amasebe Amathathu

Kubafundi nabafundisi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda indlela urhulumente wase-United States asebenza ngayo kubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kobumi. Le nkqubo isekelwe kukwahlulwa kwamagunya, umgaqo owenzelwe ukuthintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ekufumaneni igunya elingathintelwayo. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U. unika amandla phakathi kwamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: uwiso-mthetho (uMongameli), umphathi olawulayo (uMongameli), kunye nenkundla (iinkundla). Le nkqubo ayiyonkqubo engokwenkqeqelel

Imvelaphi Yamandla Embali

Abayili bomGaqo-siseko, ababephenjelelwe zinkcubeko ezikhanyiselweyo njengeMontesquieu, babewaphaphele kakhulu amandla ajolisekileyo. Ukuba babelwe uguquko ngokuchasene nolawulo lookumkani, bayila urhulumente apho amandla aya kwahlulwa aze ahlulwe. Ibinzana elithi “imfuno kufuneka lenziwe ukulwa nephulo lokulwa nephulo” ukusuka kwi-Federalist No. 51 ichaza injongo yayo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela isebe ngalinye elisebenza ngayo ngokwahlukileyo kwaye, okubaluleke ngakumbi, indlela elisebenzisana ngayo inkqubo yobuchule yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelanisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo-demokhrasi luphilile, luphila, luphefumla.

Isebe Lomthetho: Ilizwi Labantu Ekubekeni Imithetho

Isebe lowiso-mthetho, elimiselwe ku I menu yoMgaqo-siseko , linembopheleleko yokuqala yokwenza imithetho. Liququzelelwa yiBhunga le-United States, iqumrhu le-bimeral eliyilwe yiNdlu yeNtlanga neNdlu yabameli. Olu hlelo lwe-biobamaral lukulalanisa phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane, liqinisekisa ukuba kumelelwe abemi nolawulo lukarhulumente.

Ukwakhiwa nokwakhiwa

  • I-Intenet: Iqokelelwe ngama-isenator ali-100, amabini avela kwingingqi nganye, asebenza ngokweemfuno zeminyaka emithandathu. IBhunga limela iminqweno yombuso, nemeko nganye enesantya esilinganayo nangawaphi na abemi. I-3- yeNdlu yeQela iphezulu ukuze iphinde inyuswe rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini, inika ukuqhubekeka.
  • Indlu yabameli: Yenziwe ngabameli abangama-45, kunye nezihlalo ezibekwe kumazwe asekelwe kubemi, ekhonza iminyaka emibini. Indlu igqalwa njengefutshane kubantu, njengabameli abajongene nonyulo oluthe rhoqo.

Indlela Ibhili Eba Ngumthetho Ngayo

Zombini izindlu mazidlule intlobo ezifanayo zomthetho phambi kokuba uthunyelwe kuMongameli. Ithi ikhutshwe nakweliphi na igumbi, ityala lidlule kukuvalwa kweekomiti, kuqwalaselwe iimpahla, ingxoxo yomgangatho, kunye nevoti. Ukuba igqithisiwe, iyashukuma kwenye igumbi ukwenzela inkqubo efanayo. Umahluko uyaxolelaniswa kwikomiti yengqungquthela. Le nkqubo inzima iqinisekisa ukuqwalasela nokuxhasa okubanzi. USomlomo weNdlukhwe neNdluneli yeQela idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni imigaqo yomthetho.

Amandla nemisebenzi yeBhunga

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, iBhunga linegunya elikhethekileyo nelinokwabelana:

  • [[UMTL:0] ukuqukwa nokudluliswa komthetho wesizwe: Oku kubandakanya yonke into ukusuka kwiikhowudi zerhafu ukuya kwintelekelelo.
  • Ukuqinisekisa uqingqo-mali lwezwe: Amandla esipakethe” luvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwisebe eliphetheyo.
  • Imfazwe yokucacisa: Ngelixesha uMongameli enguMyaleli-iNkqubela, kuphela iBhunga elinokwazisa imfazwe ngokusesikweni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izivumelwano zokubhalisa: Indlu yemibutho kufuneka inike icebiso nemvume, ifuna uninzi olubini-isithathu.
  • Ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli: Indlu yengqungquthela iqinisekisa amalungu eKhabhinethi, abagwebi bequmrhu, kunye nabagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo.
  • Imithetho yokuququzelela: Indlu inamandla okuphela (izisa ityala), kwaye iBhunga leNtlanganiso libamba ukuvavanywa kwaye linokususa amagosa eofisini.

[FLT] Icebo langaphandle elingundoqo: Ukuqwalasela ngokucokisekileyo imisebenzi yangoku yemithetho, tyelela umphathi-zwe.gov webhthi, enika iindleko zombhalo opheleleyo, iingxelo zekomiti, neengxelo zokuvota.

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu: I-injini Yonyanzelo

Isebe elilawulayo, elichazwe ku Article II yomGaqo-siseko, linomthwalo wokunyanzelisa nokusebenzisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. Likhokelwa nguMongameli waseUnited States, exhaswa nguMongameli onguMongameli, iKhabhinethi, kunye nesebe elikhulu lesizwe eliquka amasebe anjengoMgangatho, uRhulumente, noJaji.

Iindima Eziphambili Zokhokelo

  • umongameli: Umyaleli-iNkulu wamandla ezixhobo, umphathi-mikhosi, umphathi-mikhosi, intloko karhulumente, kunye nobuso bukarhulumente worhulumente. UMongameli umisela udweliso lwezomthetho lwesizwe kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba imithetho “ifeziwe ngokuthembeka."
  • [[FLT: 0] Umongameli weVENS: ukhonza njengoMongameli weNtlanga yeeNtlanganiso, kunye nevoti yokrwelelo, kwaye umi elungele ukuthatha i-console ukuba iyafuneka. Indima inyuse ngokuphawulekayo kumaxesha angoku ukuquka inkqubo yokuqukwa kwemisebenzi.
  • ICabinet: Ebhalwe ngeentloko zamasebe aphetheyo ali-15 (umz., unobhala welizwe, unobhala wokhuselo). Amalungu eKhabhinethi amiselwa nguMongameli kwaye aqinisekiswe yiBhunga, kwaye acebisa uMongameli kwimimandla yawo.

Amandla wanika igunya

UMongameli unamandla amakhulu, kodwa la mandla aphantsi kokujongwa yiBhunga kunye nejaji:

  • Umthetho wokukhupha umthetho: uMongameli angabuyisela isiko kwiKhomishini ngokuphikisa. Ingqungquthela ingawusebenzisa ngaphezulu u-veto kunye nama-3-3 uninzi lwamagumbi omabini.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izivumelwano ezigunyazisayo: Iisivumelwano zifuna ukuba uMongameli athethe, kodwa ziba yintambo kuphela emva kokuba iBhunga linike icebiso nemvume.
  • imiyalelo yegunya eliphezulu elikhuphayo: Le miyalelo ilawula imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Inamandla omthetho kodwa ingapheliswa ngumthetho wequmrhu okanye ibethelwe phantsi ziinkundla ukuba igqitha igunya lomgaqo-siseko.
  • Ukubeka isalathisi sorhulumente: izicwangciso zobomi zifuna ukuqinisekiswa kweNtlanganiso yeQela, ukuqinisekisa ukukhangelwa kwamandla olawulo ngaphezu kwejaji.
  • Izisolelo ezigqithisiweyo: UMongameli angaxolela amatyala kazwelonke (ngaphandle kokungagunyaziswa), amandla anokusetyenziswa ukulungisa okungekho sikweni okanye ukubonisa inceba.

ISebe loLawulo loLuntu

Iqumrhu lombuso, elidla ngokubizwa ngokuba “lisebe lesine,” liyinxalenye yesebe eliphetheyo kwaye liphumeza umsebenzi wemini yonke karhulumente. Izicelo ezifana ne-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) okanye iFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) zimisela imithetho enkcacitho. Eli phondo lineengxilongo zalo; iBhunga lilawula imali yalo kwaye linokudlulisela imithetho etshintsha igunya lalo.

Icebo langaphandle elingundoqo: I-website yendlu emhlophe [[FLT:] inikezela ngohlaziyo kwimisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo, iingxelo zomongameli, kunye nenkqubo yangoku ephambili.

Isebe Lezahlulelo: Umgwebi Womthetho

Isebe lejaji, elimiselwe ku Article III woMgaqo-siseko , lichaza imithetho kwaye iyayisebenzisa kwityala ngalinye. Liyilwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zephondo, kuquka iiNkundla zezibheno kunye neeNkundla zeSithili. Amandla ejaji yempinganiso, anamandla okuhlola umhlaziso-ngo-(/amandla okuvakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zempatho-okanye nezenzo zokulawula ezingavumelani nomthetho--------------ayi-okanye ityala le-1803 ye-12 ye-FLT . [2]

Ukwakhiwa Nenkululeko

  • Inkundla yeNtloko ePhakamileyo: Eqalwe ngabagwebi abasithoba (kuquka omnye uMgwebi oyintloko) osebenza kwimimiselo elungileyo yobomi bonke ngexesha lokuziphatha. Oku kuhlala kuhleli kuyazikhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwaye kuqinisekisa inkululeko yokulawula.
  • IiNkundla zezibheno: iinkundla zesiphaluka ezisi 13 eziva izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili. Aziqhubeli matyala kodwa zihlola iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni.
  • IiNkundla zezephondo: Iinkundla zamatyala zenkqubo yengingqi, apho kugcinwa khona amatyala ekuqaleni, kunikezelwa ubungqina, kwaye amatyala agqiba izibakala.

Amandla Okuphengulula Ngokweejaji

Uhlolo lwezeejaji lolona lunamandla lubalulekileyo ekuhloleni isebe eliphethe ityala. Xa ityala lisiwa phambi kweNkundla Ephakamileyo (okanye iinkundla ezisezantsi), abagwebi bangahlolisisa enoba umthetho wesizwe, umthetho karhulumente, okanye isenzo esilawulayo sichasene nomGaqo-siseko. Eli gunya lidlulela ekuhloleni ukucaciswa kwemimiselo. Imizekelo yemiboniso yelizwe iquka:

  • [FLT][FOLT]BN v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954): ibhengeza uhlanga oluphakathi kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke olungenaziququ, ibhukuqa [[[FLT:] PGY] v. Ferguson's “imfundiso elinganayo kodwa elinganayo".
  • [FLT] United States v. Nixon [19974]]. Ngequmrhu wayalela uMongameli Nixon ukuba anikezele iiteyipu ezirekhodiweyo, eqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu, kwanoMongameli, ungaphezulu komthetho.
  • [FLT] Shelby County v. Ikhowuti (2013): Inqakraza phantsi amalungiselelo angundoqo oMthetho wamalungelo oVoting, ngokubhekiselele kutshintsho lolawulo lwezwe lwemithetho yonyulo.

Imisebenzi Engundoqo yesebe Lejaji

  • Ukuyila umGaqo-siseko: Ukusombulula izinto ezingaqhelekanga malunga nentsingiselo kunye nokusetyenziswa koxwebhu olusekiweyo lohlanga.
  • Ukusombulula iimpikiswano phakathi kwamagama: INkundla ePhakamileyo inolawulo lokuqala kwiimeko apho amazwe amangalelana.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye: Ngokulawula kwiimeko ezibandakanya inkululeko yokuthetha, unqulo, inkqubo efunekayo, kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo.
  • Ukujongwa komthetho wemithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo: kuqinisekisa ukuba yonke inyathelo likarhulumente lihambelana nomGaqo-siseko nomthetho worhulumente.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuqinisekisa okusesikweni kwiimeko zorhulumente: Ukunika iimvavanyo ezifanelekileyo kunye neenkqubo zokubhenela kubantu abatyholwe ngolwaphulo-mthetho lukarhulumente okanye abandakanyeke kwiimpikiswano zamakhaya.
[[UMTL: 0] Icebo langaphandle elingundoqo: Ukufunda izimvo ezipheleleyo nokufunda ngezibuko leNkundla, tyelela iNkundla esemthethweni ephezulu ye-United States[.

Isingqiniselo: Zikhangele kwaye Zilungelelaniseni

Inkcubeko yomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ayikuko ukwahlula amandla kuphela, kodwa ixhomekeke kwelinye. Le nkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela yenzelwe ukukhuthaza ukulalanisa nokuthintela ubundlobongela. Akukho sebe linokusebenza lilodwa; ngalinye limele libandakanyeke nabanye ukuze liphumeze iinjongo zalo.

Imizekelo Esebenzisekayo Yokuxilonga Nokulungelelana

  • Inguqu yabaphathi-mikhosi: Congress ingawugqitha umongameli weveto. Ikwalawula ukuxhasa ngemali (amandla engxowa-mali) kwaye ingakwazi ukukhupha uMongameli. Umzekelo, emva kokuba uMongameli enikeze umyalelo wesigqeba, iBhunga lingawudlulisa umthetho wokuwuphelisa, nangona loo mthetho ngokwawo unokuthi upheliswe okanye ucelwe ityala.
  • Isivumelwano phezu koMthetho: UMongameli angarhoxa amatyala adluliselwe yiKhonkxa. UMongameli ukwanamandla okuphembelela uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nabenzi bomthetho ukumisela umthetho. Ukuvota koMongameli oLawuli oqhekezayo kwiBhunga yenye impembelelo ethe ngqo.
  • Izabelo ngezogwebo: UMongameli ubeka abagwebi besizwe kunye nabagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo, ebumba ijaji kangangezizukulwana. UMongameli ukwanamandla okunyanzelisa (okanye ukuyeka ukunyanzelisa) imithetho yenkundla, nangona oko kugaleleka okunqabileyo kwaye kusoloko kukhokelela kumanqamnga omgaqo-siseko.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iqumrhu elingaphezulu kolawulo oluphezulu nomthetho: Iinkundla zingavakalisa izenzo zeBhunga okanye izenzo zegunya elilawulayo. Olu luvavanyo olunamandla lwejaji. Umzekelo, ukuba iBhunga lidlulisela umthetho okhululayo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingawubetha.
  • [[NTL:0] Igunya phezu kweJaji: IBhunga lingatshintsha inani labagwebi (nangona oku kuchukumiseke kakhulu kwezobupolitika) kwaye linokucebisa iinguquko ezigqwethe intsingiselo yezomthetho-mthetho. IBhunga likwamisela ulawulo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo kwaye lingahluli kwaye lisuse abagwebi besizwe ngenxa yehambo ephosakeleyo.

Isifundo Sehlabathi Lokwenene

Qwalasela inkqubo yokuqinisekisa iNkundla ePhakamileyo. UMongameli ubeka umvotelwa (uvavanyo lokubulala kwijaji). Indlu yeNtlanga yeeNtsimbi ngoko ifumana ukuchotshelwa nokuvotelwa ukuze iqinisekise (uvavanyo lobucukubhedengu kwigunya). Xa iqinisekisiwe, oku kusebenza kokusesikweni ubomi kwaye kamva kungawulawula umthetho womthetho-siseko wezenzo zolawulo kunye nemithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba onke amasebe amathathu athathe inxaxheba ekuxonxeleni ukwakhiwa kwejajidiary negunya.

Indima yenqanawa ehamba kuyo kunye nokuvala igridi

Iingqiniba kunye nolungelelwano lungakhokelela kwiqhina lenqanawa xa amasebe elawulwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo ezobupolitika okanye xa kusekho ulwahlulo olunzulu lwendlela yengqondo. Ngoxa iqhina legrid linokuphazamisa inkqubela, ikwaluphawu lwenkqubo: inyanzela ukuvumelana okuphangaleleyo phambi kokuba kwenziwe utshintsho olukhulu. Ngamaxesha amasebe esizwe, noko ke, asoloko edibana, njengoko kubonwa ngokuvota okufutshane kwemali yexesha likaxakeka okanye izigunyaziso zemfazwe. Inkqubo iyazitshintsha, kodwa ifuna ukuba nenxaxheba nentlonelo yemithetho-siseko kuzo zonke imidlalo.

Ukufundisa Ukulawula Idemokhrasi: Isizathu Sokuba Olu Lwazi Lubalulekile

Ukuqonda ukwahlulwa kwamagunya nokuxilongwa akuyonto nje efundiswayo; kubalulekile ukuba abe ngummi obekekileyo. Abafundi abafunda indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo baxhobele:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukufumana ukuvota okunolwazi: Bangavavanya iqonga labafundi kwaye baqonde indlela amavoti abo azakuchaphazela ngayo umlinganiselo wamandla.
  • Bayazi ukuba liliphi isebe elinokudibana nemibandela ethile", umz., ukubhalela iBhunga ukuze lifumane umthetho, ukucela uMongameli ukwenza umsebenzi ophezulu, okanye ukuxhasa imingeni esemthethweni ngamaqela enzala.
  • I-Resistformation: Ngokuqonda iinkqubo zomgaqo-siseko, abemi bangakuhlola ngokuphandle oko kuthethwayo ngezenzo zokuphangwa okanye ezingamiselwanga.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukungalawuleki kwedemokhrasi: Inkqubo ixhomekeke kwizithethe nakwintlonelo. Ukuqonda oku kunceda ukukhusela idemokhrasi ekukhukuliseni.

Ukufudusa Imfundo

Abafundisi bangawuzisa lo mxholo ebomini ngemfaniso (umz., iKhonkqulo yeNkundla yeNkundla yeQhosa okanye inkundla yezehlo), uhlalutyo lwangoku (umz., ukulandela ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo), kunye nophando lwembali (umz., iMagegate Camp). Izibonelelo ezifana neSiko soMgaqo-siseko weSizwe zinikela izicwangciso zesifundo kunye nezixhobo zokudlulisela ulwazi. Ngokwenza ikhonkcenkcezo, abafundisi-bafundisi-be banokukhuthaza isizukulwana esinexabiso ledemokhrasi.

Isiphelo: Idemokhrasi njengentsebenziswano emandla

Amasebe amathathu karhulumente .(legislative, i-gnitive, ne-getment) akawasebenzisi amaqela asebenzayo kodwa angamaqabane kwinkqubo yolawulo. UmGaqo-siseko wanika ngabom isebe ngalinye amandla okusebenza namandla okuhlola amanye. Lo mdanso untsonkothileyo uqinisekisa ukuba akukho lungu linye elinokulawula, kwaye amalungelo abantu ahlala ekhuselekile. Ukuqonda esi siseko kunceda abafundi nabemi balapho ukuba baqonde ukuntsonkotha kwedemokhrasi yaseMelika kwaye kubakhuthaze ukuba bathathe indima esebenzayo ekuyixhaseni. Njengoko uhlanga lujamelene nocelomngeni olutsha lokungalungelelani okuyahlula amagunya kunye nokuhlola umlinganiselo wokusebenza kwenkululeko nokusesikweni. Ngokufunda indlela abasebenza ngayo kunye, sizixhobisa ukuba bangazenzeli abathathi benxaxheba kwizenzo zedemokhrasi.

[FLT] Icebo elingundoqo langaphandle: kumaqumrhu olwazi olubanzi olwazi lwemfundo kuquka izicwangciso zesifundo nemidlalo, uhlolo lweziko lomgaqo-siseko wohlanga[[[FLT:]]