Idemokhrasi asingomdlalo ojongwayo .Iphulo eliphambili ekuthabatheni inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwicandelo ngalinye lebutho labantu. Kodwa, abantu abaselula bahlala belelinye lamaqela aphantsi kwemigaqo yezopolitiko esesikweni, nangona behlala kunye nezona zibonda ezisemngciphekweni ezikwizigqibo ezinde. Umahluko phakathi kolutsha olunomdla kwimiba yezentlalo kunye nokuzibandakanya kwalo ngonyulo, amaqela esizwe, kunye nolawulo lusoloko luchazwa njengengxaki yokumela. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa isizathu sokuba kutheni imicimbi yolutsha, imiqobo egcina isecaleni lenkqubo emide, kunye nekhonkcenkce, iindlela ezisekelwe kubungqina zokusuka kwimicimbi yonyulo ukuya ekubeni nenxaxheba yokwenene.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuzinikela Kolutsha Komeleze Ulawulo - melo

Ukubandakanya abantu abaselula kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi asiyonto nje efuziselayo. ukuba nenxaxheba kwabo kuzisa iingenelo ezibonakalayo ezisasazeka kuwo onke amanqanaba olawulo nobomi basekuhlaleni.

  • Impilo yexesha elide: Imikhwa yokuvota nokuthatha inxaxheba koluntu esungulweyo ebutsheni idla ngokuqhubeka ubomi bonke. Uhlolisiso lwama-2020 olwenziwe yiCIRCLE eTufts University lufumanise ukuba abantu abaselula abavota kunyulo lwabo lokuqala olufanelekileyo basenokuqhubeka bevota rhoqo. Ukutyala kwasekuqaleni kwakha umjikelo wokuzibandakanya kwidemokhrasi.
  • Uhlaziyo lwamaProthestanti luzisela utshintsho olutsha kwimicimbi enjengemozulu, amalungelo amanani, utshintsho lwemfundo, kunye nokufumaneka kwezindlu. Amava abo aphilayo adla ngokusuka kwisizukulwana esidala, enza igalelo labo libe liyimfuneko kwimigaqo ehlala isebenza kangangamashumi eminyaka ezayo.
  • Uphando lophando lwepektroli kunye nokuthemba: Xa abantu abaselula bebona ukuba amazwi abo avalwa, ukukholosa ngamaqumrhu edemokhrasi kunyuka. Ngokuchaseneyo, i-exeba ibangela ukungathembani. I-2022 kuphando lwePew lwabonisa ukuba abantu abadala abangaphantsi kwama-30 kwidemokhrasi abaninzi babonisa ukuthemba urhulumente okusezantsi kuneenkampani ezindala .]

Ukuqonda ezi ingenelo kumisela inyathelo lokubona imiqobo yokwenene ethintela ulutsha lungangeneleli kwimisebenzi yentlalo - ntle.

Izithintelo Ezithintela Ulutsha

Nangona umdla kwimicimbi yentlalo efana nokusesikweni kobuhlanga, imozulu, kunye nokulingana kwezoqoqosho kuphezulu phakathi kwabantu abaselula (ingakumbi kwiNtlanganiso Z neyeMinyaka Eliwaka), loo mandla anqabile ukuguqulela kwizenzo eziqhelekileyo zedemokhrasi. Izizathu zingokokwakha, inkcubeko, kunye nokusebenza.

Izakhiwo kunye nentlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kolutsha akunanto ifanayo kubo bonke. Ukuma kwentlalo yezoqoqosho kuphembelela ngamandla ukufikelela kwimfundo yoluntu, ezothutho ukuya kwiindawo zokuvota, nexesha lokuyeka emsebenzini okanye esikolweni ukuze babandakanyeke. Abaselula abafumana imali ephantsi nabo bakwimimandla engalungelelananga basoloko bejamelana nemiqobo emininzi

  • Ukuntsonkotha kobhaliso lweVotal: Amazwe amaninzi namazwe aneenkqubo zobhaliso ezinzima, kunye neexesha elimisiweyo ekunzima ukuba abantu abaselula balandele indlela. Ingxelo yonyaka ka2023 evela kwi Brennan Center yeJaji ifumanise ukuba ngokuvota okuzenzekelayo ithetha ukuba ulutsha lubona unyuko oluphezulu kakhulu.
  • Isivumelwano sokuthabatha inxaxheba: ukuya kwiiholo zedolophu, ukusebenza ngokuzithandela, okanye kwanokuvota ngexesha lomsebenzi kungathwala iindleko ezithe ngqo nezingangqalanga abantu abaselula abanoqingqo-mali olungqongqo abangakwaziyo ukuzixhamla.
  • Ukungalingani kolwazi: Asingabo bonke abantu abaselula abanokufumana ulwazi olulinganayo olunokuthenjwa, olungangeni kwicala lobudlelane malunga nabatsha, neenkqubo zokuvota. Ukusasazeka kwenkcazelo egqwethekileyo ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto kuchaphazela amanani abemi abaselula abaxhomekeke kakhulu kwimithetho-manani entlalo.

Iingcinga Nenkcubeko

Ngapha koko, kukho ingqiqo enzulu yokudimazeka esebenza njengesithintelo esinamandla. Abantu abaninzi abaselula bajonga ezopolitiko njengebala elingcolileyo, eliziphakamisayo apho ivoti enye okanye ilizwi labo lingabi namahluko. Le ngcamango iqiniswa yi:

  • Intetho yezopolitiko esemthethweni: Ukuchanabeka okuqhubekayo kwi-grid lock, ukuhlasela kolwahlulo, kunye nezithembiso zephulo ezaphukileyo zidala ingqiqo yokuba inkqubo ayivumi. Ngokwe-2021 yohlolisiso lwe-Institute for Politics eHarvard Kennedy School, kuphela i-31% yabaselula base-Melika bavakalelwa ukuba urhulumente usebenzela ukunceda bonke abantu.
  • Iphepha lemizekelo ecacileyo: Xa iinkokeli zezobupolitika zikhulile kakhulu kwaye zingabonisi iinguqu okanye amava obomi obutsha, abantu abaselula bayazama ukuzibona bekwezo misebenzi. Lo msantsa womelo uthetha imicimbi efuna umntu ozithandayo okwisikhundla solawulo ukhuthaza ukuphumelela kwezobupolitika.
  • Uloyiko lokungafezeki: Abavoti abaninzi abaselula banikela ingxelo yokuziva bengazimiselanga ukuvavanya imicimbi enzima, ifak' isandla ekuphepheni. Baxhalatyiswa kukuba ukungabi nabuchule kubenza bangabi nanxaxheba kakuhle, nto leyo eyaziwa njenge-i-hemoster syndrome kubomi boluntu.

Inkcitho yeSebe

Kwanaxa abantu abaselula beshukunyiswe, iinkqubo ngokwazo zisenokungamkeleki:

  • Amathuba adityanisiweyo egalelo elibalulekileyo: Iifocus zesithethe ezifana nokuvalwa koluntu zisoloko zicwangciselwe ngexesha lesikolo okanye lomsebenzi, kwaye indlela inokuba yokoyikisa. Ulutsha lufuna iindawo apho iimbono zalo zingavakali nje kuphela kodwa zisetyenziswe.
  • Iimfuno zokwahlula iminyaka yobudala: Ngelixesha amazwe amaninzi evumela ukuvota ekwi 18, amanye aye acinga okanye amisela ukuthoba iminyaka eli-16 ukusuka e-Austria, apho oombaleki abaneminyaka eli-16 bangavota kunyulo lwesizwe, ibonisa ukuba abavoti abaselula baphuma ngesantya esilinganayo namaqela amadala xa inkqubo yenzelwe ukuba ibe ngumhlobo wolutsha.
  • Ulwimi olungenakuguquka kunye neenkqubo: iiwebhsayithi zikaRhulumente, imilinganiselo yebhola, kunye namaxwebhu enkqubo zisoloko zibhalwa ngesixhobo esinzima. Lo mqobo wokufunda nokwazi ukufunda uchaphazela abathathi-nxaxheba abaselula, bexesha lokuqala.

Izicombululo Eziphumelelayo Zokusebenza Kwabantwana Abanenxaxheba

Ukulungisa ezi ngxaki kufuna iqhinga elidityanisiweyo elidibanisa imfundo, ubugcisa, utshintsho lwamaziko, kunye neendlela ezisekelwe kuluntu. Akukho sisombululo saneleyo; iziphumo ezingcono zifumaneka kwimigudu elungelelanisiweyo kwiingingqi ezininzi.

Imfundo Yesitya Edlula Ngaphaya Kweencwadi

Izikolo zingumthombo wokufikelela abantu abaselula ngaphambi kokuba ziqalise imikhwa engafanelekanga yokudimazeka.

  • Imfundo epheleleyo: Iinkqubo ezifanisa iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho, unyulo lwentelekelelo, okanye urhulumente wabafundi ezakha izandla-nokuqonda. Ufundo lwama-2019 lweZiko lolwazi & Uphando kwiCBICO Learning and Conticement (CIRCLE) zafumanisa ukuba abafundi abathathi-nxaxheba kunyulo olucwangciswe kakuhle lwe-inkonyo zaziyi-8 iincam ezinokwenzeka ukugqiba ukuvota njengabakhulile.
  • Ukuhlanganiswa kobuxhakaxhaka bokufunda nokubhala: Ukufundisa abantu abaselula indlela yokuvavanya imithombo, ukuqaphela amaphulo okusasaza iinformation, nokusebenzisa i-intanethi ngokunemveliso kubaluleke njengokufundisa isakhiwo sikarhulumente. Amazwe afana neFinland aye afaka ulwazi lwesixhobo sobugcisa kwizifundo zelizwe lonke nempumelelo ekunciphiseni ukuchanabeka kwenkcazelo esasazwayo.
  • Iqela leenqanawa kunye nemibutho yolutsha: Izikolo zingamema amaqela afana neYMCA Ubutsha & inkqubo kaRhulumente, 4-H, okanye amabhunga olutsha asekuhlaleni ukuzisa amava oluntu lokwenene kwiklasi.

Ukusebenzisa Ubugcisa Kwizithintelo Ezisezantsi

Ulutsha luphila ngekhompyutha — amaziko edemokhrasi kufuneka adibane nawo apho. Ubugcisa bungafundisa kwaye bukwazi ukwenza ukuba lusetyenziswe kakuhle.

  • [[NTL:0] Amaphulo oluhlu-ndaba olulawulayo: Iinstagram, TikTok, kunye noYouTube zinamandla okunyusa uphando malunga nexesha lokubhaliswa, iindawo zomvotelwa, kunye neenkqubo zovotelo. Unyulo lwase-2020 lwabona unyulo olukhulayo oluthinywe yintsholongwane equkiweyo yimpembelelo kunye nezikhumbuzo zontanga ezisuka kwimiqathango yoonobumba. Noko ke, amaphulo kufuneka asekelwe kwiziphumo ezicacileyo, ezingeyonxalenye yecatafile, ukunqanda ukupheka.
  • Ubhaliso lwevoti nolwazi olulula lwendawo: ubhaliso lwengingqi olulula lwe-intanethi olunezizathu ezizenzekelayo xa umntu oselula ejika 18 angandisa ngokuphawulekayo iiroli. Izixhobo ezinjenge Turbovote ne Ballelot Every zinciphisa ukhuhleko ngokunikeza ulwazi lobuqu, lobulali.
  • Ukwazisa kunye namaqonga okubophelela: Izicelo ezifana ne-ISlide kunye okanye Votemart yenza ukufunda ngeendawo zabahlolo kusebenzisane. Abanye oomasipala baye bazama ngemigangatho yoqingqo-mali yokwabelana nge-intanethi apho abemi, kuquka nolutsha, bangacebisa kwaye bavote kwimisebenzi echithwayo yoluntu. Oku kunika ingxelo ekhawulezileyo, ecacileyo yokuba imicimbi yokuvota enye.

Ukuyila izithuba zequmrhu zolutsha

Abantu abaselula bafuna imijelo enikezelweyo nehlonelwayo abanokuphembelela ngayo izigqibo ezichaphazela bona. Ezi zakhiwo kufuneka zingaphezulu kunomfuziselo.

  • Amabhunga amabhunga amatsha kunye neebhodi zokwazisa: Izixeko ezininzi ngoku zineebhunga zolutsha ezicebisa ibhunga lomphathi-dolophu okanye isixeko ngemicimbi efana nothutho lukawonke-wonke, iipaki, kunye nobudlelwane bamapolisa. Ukuze ezi zisebenze, amalungu kufuneka afumane uqeqesho, kufuneka aququzelele (ukususa imiqobo yezentlalo), kunye nokusabela okuqinisekisiweyo kwizicelo zawo. ISizwana seZixeko samazwe sinikela ingxelo yokuba ngaphezu kwama-200 e-U.S. izixeko zigcina izakhiwo zolutsha ezisemthethweni, nabo banemibutho ezinikeleyo kunye nenkxaso yemali zibona iziphumo eziphezulu.
  • Ukubhalisa ixesha lokuvota: Abaxhasi abakhulayo abavumela ishumi elinesithandathu neshumi elinesixhenxe leminyaka ukuba bavote kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni. Abameli baphikisa ngelithi eli qela lobudala lisoloko libhaliswe kwiiklasi zoluntu kwaye lihlala kuluntu oluzinzileyo, likwenza kube lula ukufikelela nokubhalisa. UTakoma Park, Maryland, waba ngowokuqala eU.S. isixeko ukuthoba i-16 ubudala ukwenzela unyulo lukamasipala ngo 2013; ngokulandelayo uhlaziyo lwabonisa ukujika phakathi kwe 16-16-2017-1910-19,1-1918-191-191-191-191 ngonyaka-olders.
  • Iqumrhu lobuntwana kumaqela ezobupolitika neekomiti: Iqumrhu eligcina ipesenti yezihlalo zokuphathiswa okanye indawo zangaphakathi zamalungu angaphantsi kwama-30 ziqinisekisa ukuba awona manani angatyeshelwa. Amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu aye amkela iinkqubo ezinjalo, ngeziphumo ezifanelekileyo kwimigaqo ethetha ngemicimbi yolutsha kwimicimbi enjengendawo yokuhlala nemozulu.

Isiseko soluntu kunye namanyathelo ajoliswe koontanga

Izisombululo eziphezulu zodwa azinakoyisa intsilelo yokuthembana. Imigudu eqhutywa ngabantu abaselula idla ngokuvakala kakhulu.

  • [[FLT: 0] Iidrafti zokuvota: Xa amatshatsha asebenza ngokutsha enkqonkqoza ezingcangweni okanye ebhaliweyo ngoontanga bawo ngonyulo, lo myalezo uvakala uyinyaniso. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ulwandiso lontanga-luya-luphuma luphumelela kakhulu kune jikelezo oluqhelekileyo lokufumana-iposi-ibhaso. Iintlangano ezifana ne Vote.org kunye ne-PextGen America ziye zalinganisa imigudu enjalo ngempumelelo engenakulinganiswa.
  • Imbambano ekhutshiweyo yobuntwana: Endaweni yokubhekisa kwidemokhrasi engacacanga, abantu abaselula abaninzi baxhotyiswa yimiba ethile efana nemo yezulu, isivalo sabafundi, okanye ukhuseleko lwemipu. Imibutho efana noMatshi yeMilimo Yethu kunye neSunrise Movement ibonise ukuba i-ivocatacy ingaguqulela kwintekozo zonyulo xa abantu abaselula bebona uqhagamshelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi kwemithetho kunye nobomi babo.
  • Iinkqubo zoncedo lwenzala yoluntu: Ukudibanisa abantu abaselula abanobugxwayiba bamava boluntu kunceda ukuphelisa inkqubo yezopolitiko kwaye kwakha umbhobho weenkokeli zexesha elizayo. Iinkqubo ezinjengeYouth Leadership Institute eKhalifoniya zibonise ukuba ukuxhasa uqeqesho kukhuthaza intembelo kwaye kulandele ngokugqitha.

Uhlolisiso Oluphathelele Iimeko Kumbandela Wobutsha Ophumelelayo

Ehlabathini lonke, imizekelo ecacileyo ibonisa ukuba lo msantsa ukho.

EScotland: Imibala ekwiminyaka eli - 16

I-Scotland yahlisa isizukulwana sokuvota ukuya kwi-16 kwi-asterendium yowama-2014. Ujikelezo lwe-voter phakathi kwe 16- kunye ne 17-eminyaka yooponji lwaqikelelwa ku 75%, ngaphezulu kakhulu kuneqela lobudala bonyaka we-18-24. Abaphandi bathi oku kukwizinto ezininzi: i-arhentelum yayinguprofile ephezulu, ivote enye eyathi yavakalelwa kukuba neziphumo eziphambili; izikolo zadityanisela iingxubukiso kunye nobhaliso kwiklasi; kwaye ixesha lokuvota laquka iimpela-veki ukuhlalisa abafundi. Impumelelo ekhuthazwa kakhulu kokhetho lwengingqinishi kunye neminye i-UK.

IFinland: IBhunga loLutsha

I-NUOROSOVALTO ye-Finland [[FUROSOVALTUUTO] (IBhunga leshumi elineshumi elinamashumi amabini) igunyaziswa ngumthetho kuwo onke amasipala. AmaBhunga aquka ulutsha olunyuliweyo oluneminyaka eli-13-17 ubudala, olunelungelo lokukhupha iingxelo eziphathelele ulutsha. Bafumana uhlahlo-mali kwaye banokucebisa iingcebiso ngqo kwibhodi kamasipala. Uhlolisiso lwa 2020 lwafumanisa ukuba la mabhungalamla alwandisa ingqiqo yabantu abaselula yokuphumelela kwezobupolitika kwaye akhokelela kwienguqu zenkqubo yemithetho yezorhwebo zikawonke wonke ezithengwa abafundi kunye neenkonzo zempilo yolutsha ezandisiweyo. Ngoku imodeli iyafundwa kwamanye amazwe ase-Nordic.

EUnited States: Ucelomngeni LOLUSEKWENI LENTSHONA KOLONI

Kwiiyunivesithi, iAll IN Campus Democracy Challenge inika isiseko solwakhiwo lokwazisa ukungavoti abafundi. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba izikolo kufumana inkxaso yokuzalisekisa ii-drive zokubhalisa, izikhumbuzo zosuku lonyulo, kunye nenkqubo yemfundo. Le nkqubo iziphumo: ebudeni bonyulo lwama-2020, izikolo ezafikelela "ekunyulweni okuchola okuphezulu" zabona amazinga okuvota angaphezulu kwama-60%, xa kuthelekiswa nomlinganiselo wesizwe omalunga nama-48%, ukuya konyaka we-1824 ubudala. Ucelomngeni lunika isikhokelo esinempumelelo esidityaniswa nokuphendula ngoovimba.

Inkqubela Elinganisiweyo: Oko Kubalwa Ukuba Kusenziwa

Ukuze uqhubeke uhambe kakuhle, kubalulekile ukukhangela enoba imigudu yokuganana iyasebenza ngokwenene kusini na. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kolutsha kufuneka kudlule ngapha nangamanani angaqhelekanga.

  • [[FLT: 0] Amazwe amaninzi awakhuphi ncam ngeminyaka: Awukhuphi ugcino-lwazi oluchaphazelekayo oluchaphazelekayo oluthi lwaphulwe ngokweminyaka, lwenze kube nzima ukuchonga iingxaki okanye ukubhiyozela inkqubela phambili. Ukunyanzelisa le data kwimisebenzi yokucholachola ye-operal linyathelo lokuqala ukuya kuxanduva.
  • Amaqondo okubhalisa: Ubhaliso luyimfuneko ekuvoteni. Ukuhlola umsantsa phakathi kolutsha olufanelekileyo nabo babhalisiweyo kutyhila apho ubhaqo lusilela khona. Iinkqubo zobhaliso oluzenzekelayo zovota zinciphisa ngokuphawulekayo lo msantsa; amatyala afana no-Oregon abona amanani obhaliso phakathi konyuko oluneminyaka eli-18 ubudala ukusukela kwi 65% ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-90% emva kokusebenza.
  • [[FLT: 0] ukuvota okunendawo: Ukuthatha inxaxheba kumaqela abantu, ukuya kwiintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke, nokubophelana kwi-apply comments kubaluleke ngokufanayo. Uhlolisiso olufana neYouth Covic Incivement Index eyaveliswa yi-Charles F. Kettering Foundation izama ukuthatha lo mfanekiso ubanzi.
  • [ Ukubotshwa okuqinisekisiweyo: Ingaba umntu oselula ovotayo eneminyaka eyi-18 uyaqhubeka evota ekwi 22 ne25? Uphando lokulandelela i-ankile lunqabile kodwa lubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuba ngaba ukuganana kwangethuba kudala imikhwa ehlala ihleli.

Isiphelo: Imbopheleleko Yokudlelana

Ukuganana kolutsha kwidemokhrasi akuyoprojekthi yoncedo okanye iprojekthi entle yokuphathana qha, yimfuno esebenzayo nakweyiphi na inkqubo yedemokhrasi esempilweni, eqinileyo. Imiqobo yeyokwenyani: i-erentia, ukungalingani kwentlalo, kunye nokungalingani kwenkcubeko, kunye nokungahambelani kwamasiko phakathi kwamalungu ezobupolitika kunye nabantu abaselula. Kodwa izicombululo aziyo into efihlakeleyo. Imfundo yoluntu, ubugcisa bobuhlobo bomsebenzisi, izithuba ezinikezelweyo zelizwi lolutsha, kunye nezenzo zoontanga zibonise zonke eziluncedo xa zisetyenziswa ngokunyaniseka nangobuncwane obaneleyo.

Imbopheleleko yalo msebenzi ikwiqela labadlali: abafundisi-mfundo abazimisele ukuvelisa iprojekthi, abenzi beenkqubo abazimisele ukuguqula iinkqubo, amaqela ezobupolitika akulungele ukwabelana ngegunya, kunye nabangenangeniso abazimisele ukutyala imigudu yokutyala ingca. Kodwa ngaphezu kwako konke, kusehlela abantu abadala ukuphulaphula /hngekuphakamisa iqabane, kodwa kuqabane. Xa abantu abaselula bebona ukuba ukuganana kwabo kuvelisa iziphumo ezicacileyo, baya kungena kwindima yabo njengabemi abangengokuba benyanzelekile, kodwa ngenxa yokuqiniseka.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwemisebenzi esekelwe kubungqina, qwalasela ukuqwalasela umsebenzi we CICILE kwiYunivesithi yaseTufts, iNgqungquthela yesizwe yeRhulumente yeLegislatures , kunye nePalamente ye-Eyuronian yomanyano yolutsha [. Utshintsho lokwenene luqala xa siphatha abaselula njengabangengovoti bexesha elizayo, kodwa njengabasebenzi bangoku kwidemokhrasi.