Imbali Engokwembali: UEugenics, Ukuvalwa Komtshato, Nokulwa NeBodily Autonom

Umzabalazo wamalungelo omtshato wabantu abakhubazekileyo usekelwe kakhulu kwimbali yocalucalulo olukhoyo. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kunye nasekuqaleni kweye-20, imigaqo-nkqubo yafumana ukudityaniswa kwemiqathango eUnited States, iYurophu, kunye nezinye iindawo. Le migaqo ikhuthaza ingcamango yokuba ibutho labantu linokuphuculwa ngokukhusela abantu ekuthini "abangakhuli" ekuzaleni. Abantu abanomzimba, abanolwazi, nabakhubazekileyo engqondweni, babengamaxhoba aphambili. Imithetho yamiselwa ngokucacileyo ukuba abantu abaneziphenengxaki zokutshata, ngokufuthi bethiwa ngabaya kugqitha "ukubulala" iimpawu. Kuletwa kwale amatyala. Kuletwana amatyala amaninzi, ukukhubazeka okunyanzeka ngokunyanzekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwenkundla eempungemi, ukusetyenziswa kweNkunyakazelo enyangweni yemitshato yomtshato [Fod:] [VFFFFoul [1], apho imfuthomo yemi, i-Geneg.[Foutlse, apho ingulvelmes, apho i-Gene

Inkqubela-phambili engokwasemthethweni: Ukusuka kwintsebenziswano ukuya kwiADA nangaphaya

Inkulungwane yama-20 yafumana ukurhoxa kolawulo oluthe ngcembe lwemithetho ecacileyo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Umbutho wamalungelo abantu wabekwa isiseko, kodwa awuzange ufikele de kwaba ngo1970 nangowe-1980 ucelomngeni olucacileyo olungokwasemthethweni. Umqondiso waseMelika] onesiphendu soMthetho (ADA) ka199] wonyaka wowe-1990. Isiqu se-ADA [199] asilwamnyaka wocalulo oluthiyelweyo, ukhuphiswano oluvelayo luquka iiofisi zomtshato ezikhoyo. I-III ifuna indawo yoluntu (ezinje iingingqini zomtshato, iihotela, kunye neendawo zokutyelana.[5] ezikhoyo.[9] Ngexesha i-ADA ayizange iwubhukulele umlomo womtshato, yazisa umgaqo-mthetho wokuvavanyazamisa imibutho yomthetho womthetho womthetho. [kusebenza ngokungqinelana koluntu oluzimeleyo] [19994], izigqibokuxhasayo, izigqibo ezithelela abantu aba

Noko ke, inkqubela engokwasemthethweni ayikahambelani. Amaphondo amaninzi anemithetho kwiincwadi okanye kwinkundla evumela abagcini ukuba bamisele ilungelo lomntu lokutshata ukuba ijaji ibajonga njengabangakwaziyo ukuqonda uhlobo lomtshato. Ezi "zigqibo" zixhomekeke kwiimvavanyo zezonyango eziphelelwe lixesha okanye eziqhelekileyo. Kwiimeko ezithile, abantu abakhubazekileyo banyanzelekile ukufuna ukukhokelwa ngumphathi, ngokunempumelelo ilungelo labo lokutshata nomnye umntu ongomnye umntu. [[FLT: 0]] Le mbambano yebayyy'eeeeeeheaements [[FLT:] [2013]]) ibalase elinye icala elichaphazelekayo elisetyenziswayo (udemolfelfe). Xa kuthethwa ukuba utata osisiphendundulo olukhoyo uvavanyo lungathethelelwa njani, ukuzama ukuphakamisa amalungelo omzali emva komntwana ngenxa yomntwana.

Ityala elingundoqo elingokwasemthethweni nomthetho

  • Olmstead v. L.C. (1999): imisiwe ukuba ukuqulunqwa okungeyomfuneko kuyayiphazamisa iADA, ukunceda umanyano loluntu kunye nelungelo lokwakha ulwalamano ngaphandle kwamaziko.
  • ADA (1990): yanika isiseko esisemthethweni ukuvavanya iinkonzo zomtshato ezifikelelekayo kunye nokungagunyaziswa komthetho.
  • Winstor v. Arkansas (2014: Ityala lenkundla apho indoda enesiphene sengqondo yamangalelwa emva kokuba ikhatyiwe imvume yomtshato; ijaji yalawula ixhasa, kodwa eli tyala labhenca indlela iimvavanyo zobuchule ezinokusetyenziswa ngayo ngokungekho mthethweni.
  • IMithetho "Iyanyanisa" Imithetho: Abantu abaninzi abaneziphene baxhomekeke kwiMedicaid yekhaya kunye neenkonzo ezisekelwe kuluntu. Umtshato udala "ukunganyaniseki" umngcipheko apho ingeniso yeqabane linokubalwa, okunokuthi kumonze angakwazi ukumelana nesiphene kwiinkonzo ezifunekayo", a de coo sommous somtshato.

Isenzo sokuzikhusela kunye nokukhuthaza: Iintsebenziswano ezikhubazekileyo zomgangatho womtshato

Isenzo sokungafezeki samalungelo siye saphambili ekuceleni le miqobo. Iintlangano ezinjengeBhunga lesizwe elidalekayo (NCD), I-Active Advocation Network (ASAN)[FLT]] , [[FLT]] Ilungelo lokuzithethelela ngokwalo Imfundo neNkqumrhu lezenteko-mali [i-DFFF]] [FLT] ikhulule inkqubo yokuzikhulula nokuqhuba imfundo yasekuhlaleni ukuze iphinde itshate njengomtshato ongundoqo, hayi imeko engundoqo ekwaziyo ukukwazi ukumelana nobunzima. [[FLT] igxininisa kusetyenziswa ngabantu abadayo ukulwa kwemitshato eninzi."ukusetyenziswa ngokusetyenziswa kwemigudu engundoqo yokulwa ngomtshato "umthetho-odromasty" kuphela ngokusetyenziswa kwemigudu yokulwa kwemeko engundoqo yokulwa kwemitshato."

Ubuchule obuyingxaki

Omnye wemiqobo echuliweyo ngumbono wokuba abantu abaneziphene ezithile (ingakumbi abanolwazi olunzulu okanye abagula ngengqondo) abanakuvuma ngokunentsingiselo emtshatweni okanye baqonde iimbopheleleko zawo. Abasebenzi baphikisa ngelithi amandla afanele aqwalaselwe ngokobuqu, ngokusebenzisa indlela esebenzayo, hayi ibinzana elipheleleyo. Abantu abaninzi abaneziphene zengqondo, umzekelo, bayakwazi ukuchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba bathanda bani yaye banqwenela ukutshata ngokuxhaswa kakuhle. Imibutho yezomthetho ivelisa oovimba abafana "bokuba nesigqibo esixhaswayo" izivumelwano ezivumela umntu ukuba agcine amalungelo asemthethweni ngoxa efumana ukhetho oluntsonkothile lokuqonda.

2. Ukulwa Ityala Lomtshato Kwiingenelo Zoluntu

Kubantu abaninzi abakhubazekileyo, umtshato ubangela ukulahlekelwa ziinzuzo ezifana ne-Someral Security Infit (SSI), Medicaid, okanye iCandelo lesi-8 libonisa indawo yokuhlala ngenxa yokuba ingeniso yeqabane ithe yabala. Oku kudala ukhetho olubuhlungu: ukutshata nomntu omthandayo okanye ukugcina iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo ozifunayo ukuze uphile ngokuzimeleyo. Amaqela amalungelo aphucukileyo ajongene notshintsho olunjengokwandayo lwemali eluncedo, ukuvumela ukubalwahlulo olwahlukeneyo lwezibini ezitshatileyo, kwaye ukhulula umtshato njengesiganeko esingasifaneleyo. Amanye amazwe aye amkela iinkqubo "Medicaid uther-in" ezifuna iinkonzo ozinceda abantu basebenze baze bagcine iinzuzo ngoxa betshatile, kodwa inkqubo yesizwe isaqhubeka.

3. Ukukhusela Amalungelo Abazali Nawentsapho

Kwanaxa umntu okhubazekileyo etshata, basenokufumana ucalucalulo ukuba bakhetha ukuba nabantwana. Amabali abaququzeli bentlalo-ntle yabantwana abacinga ukuba umzali oneziphene akafanelekanga ngokubhekiselele kwiziphumo zabo kuphela. IBhunga lesizwe elikwi-2020 "Njengokuba abazali abaneziphene" bafumanise ukuba abazali abaneziphene banokususwa abantwana babo yiNkonzo yoKhuselo kwaye basenokufumana inkxaso ephumelelayo. Amaqela e-Advocazer asebenza ukuphinda asebenzele ukukhulisa ubuzali kunye nokukhubazeka njengabantwana abaneziphene zengxaki zokwakha kunye nokuzinzisa-gazi. [FLD]

Umahluko: Ukungavisisani, uhlanga, ubuhlanga nobundlobongela

Abantu abaneziphene nabakwelinye iqela eliphantsi bajongelwa phantsi.

  • LBTQ+ abantu abaneziphene: Basebenzisa zombini ukulwela umtshato omnye (owawungowamazwe asemthethweni e-US ngo- 2015) kunye nemiqobo enxulumene nesiphene. Abaninzi bajamelana nocalucalulo olubini, kwaye abanye abanikezeli abafuni kunceda izibini apho amaqabane akhubazekileyo kunye neLGBTQ+.
  • Amabhinqa anesiphene: ngokwembali, amabhinqa aneziphene abulawa ngokugqithisileyo ngaphandle kwemvume. Namhlanje, asenokunyanzelwa ukuba angatshati okanye abe nabantwana, ngokufuthi axelelwe ukuba ukukhulelwa kuya "kuyi-harm" imeko yawo. Imeko ye-Maynard (umfazi onomhlaza wesiphelo wobuchopho owafudukela e-Oregon ukuze ancede ukuzibulala) waphakamisa uluvo malunga nendlela u-IMPIFOM osisibotshelelwe ngayo emzimbeni womntu.] ukuquka isigqibo sokutshata okanye ukungatshati kumalungelo okhubazeko.
  • Abantu abanemibala eneziphene: Umbutho we-eugenic ngokucacileyo wahlasela abantu base-Afrika kunye naboMda Melika, abanyanzelisa ukuvalwa kondoqo kokuvala inzala kuqhubekeka kwii-1970. La mazwe asoloko engathembani kakhulu neenkqubo zezonyango kunye nezomthetho ezicalula ngokuchasene nokukhubazeka, okwenza amalungelo omtshato adityaniswe nokusesikweni kobuhlanga.

Iimbono Zezizwe Ngezizwe: Imithetho Yomtshato Nokungafezeki Kwemeko Yomhlaba Wonke

Ngoxa eli nqaku lithetha ngamalungelo omtshato nokukhubazeka kwabantu eUnited States, kusekho ingxaki ehlabathini lonke.

  • IChina ayivalwa umtshato kubantu abanezigulo ezithile zengqondo de kube ngu-2021, xa iKhowudi entsha yaBami yasusa uthintelo lwengubo yokwaleka, nangona ukusetyenziswa komsebenzi kuhlala kudityaniswa.
  • [ yeyokunyaka-mali] ivumela iinkundla zentsapho ukuba zikhanyele ukutshata nomntu onesiphene ukuba izinto ezigcinayo, zicaphula inkxalabo yobuchule.
  • amazwe amaninzi eAfrika nakuMbindi Mpuma asenemithetho ephembelela abantu abaneziphene zengqondo ekutshateni ngaphandle kwemvume yebhodi yezamayeza.

Izicwangciso zamalungelo ezizwe ngezizwe, njenge iNdibano yeZizwe ezimanyeneyo yamalungelo abantu abaneziphene (CRPD), liqonda ngokucacileyo ilungelo lokutshata nokufumana intsapho (i-Article 23). Noko ke, ukunyanzelisa akunamandla, kwaye amazwe amaninzi awayitshintshanga imithetho yawo yasekhaya ukuze athobele. Actificiers ehlabathini lonke asebenzisa i-CRPD njengesixhobo sokutsala, kodwa inkqubela iyacotha.

Iimbambano Zangoku Neenkqubano Zexesha Elizayo

Nangona kungamashumi eminyaka ekwenza amadinga, abantu abaneziphene bayaqhubeka bejongene nemiqobo ekhethekileyo emtshatweni.

Ukufikelela kubuChwephesha bokuQhelanisa obuNcedayo (ART)

Abantu abaninzi abakhubazekileyo kufuneka i-ART − njenge-IVF, i-sorrogza, okanye i-doms/i-egg inikele ngabantwana bemizimba. Kodwa ke, iikliniki zokuqhamisa maxa wambi azifuni ukunikela uncedo kubantu abaneziphene ngenxa yokukwazi kwabo ukuba ngumzali. Ezinye iinkqubo ze-inshorensi azikuxhasi ukudityaniswa kwezibini ezinesiphene, ezithi ziyenze ibe "umatshini wokuvelisa" i-Acriptics ikhuselwa ekufumaneni inkxaso enxulumene nokuziphilisa.

Ukufumaneka Kwelayisenisi Yomtshato

Ngeli xesha ukufumaneka kwamalungu enkundla kuphucukile, eminye imiqobo isekhona. Umzekelo, abantu abazizithulu bangafuna abatoliki bolwimi lwezandla kwimisitho yomtshato(*) kwaye abanye oomabhalane bayala ukunikela ngazo, besithi azifunwayo. Abantu abakhubazekileyo basenokufuna iingcaciso ezicacileyo zeembopheleleko zomtshato; abaxhasi bafunela imicimbi yezomthetho elungiselelwe abantu bonke.

Okusesikweni Okuvelisa Inzala

Ukubhukuqwa kwakutshanje Roe v. [202]) kufake impembelelo enkulu kubantu ngesiphene, abasele benobuhlwempu, abaxhomekeke kwiingenelo zikawonke wonke, kunye nemiqobo yokudibana noluntu ukuze bafumane inkathalo yokuqhomfa. Abanye, ukungakwazi ukukhupha isisu ukuba ukukhulelwa kubangela ukuba ukukhubazeka kunyanzelise izigqibo ezingomtshato abangenakukwenza ngenye indlela. Ukuchasa sesikweni kusebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuphuma komphumo wokuphuma kwemizimba, okuhambisana nokuphuma kweqhina lokutshata.

Unqabiseko Lwezoqoqosho Emva Komtshato

Kwanaxa abantu abaneziphene bephumelela ekutshateni, basoloko bejamelene nesohlwayo semali. Umtshato "ohlawula imali" kwi-SSI kunye ne-Medicaid ungashiya isibini esinengeniso encinane kwaye sinoncedo oluncinane kunabantu abangekatshatanga. Ezinye izibini zikhetha ukungatshati ngokusemthethweni ukuze zilondoloze iingenelo---------------ayikho ezinqabileyo ezinqabileyo. Abaphathi-mthetho baqwalasela ngokuqhubekayo izicelo zokuphelisa iingenelo kumgangatho womtshato, zivumela abantu abaneziphenengxaki zokutshata ngaphandle kokoyika ukulahlekelwa yinkxaso yobomi.

Isiphelo: Ukuqhubeka Silwela Ukulingana Ngokupheleleyo

Umtshato awungomthetho osemthethweni; uluphawu olusisiseko lwendlela yokubonisa uthando, isibopho, kunye nenkululeko. Umbutho wamalungelo okukhubazeka uye walwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abaneziphene abakhubazeki kwesi sakhiwo ngenxa yekhethe, imithetho ephelelwe lixesha, okanye inzuzo egqithisileyo. Ngoxa umthetho obalulekileyo ofana ne-ADA kunye nemithetho yezizwe ngezizwe efana neCRPD inika izixhobo ezibalulekileyo, inyaniso kukuba imiqobo emininzi ihlala. Ukuqhubeka kwezenzo zokusebenza ngokusemthethweni (*) kukhutshwa ngabantu abakhubazekile ngokwabo, kuyimfuneko ukuvavanyanisa amalungelo omntu, ukurhoxaba, ukukhusela izigwebo zomtshato, ukukhusela amalungelo omzali, nokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bayakwazi ukutshata, ukuyila, nokuyila ubomi babo. Ukudilikana kwamalungelo omtshato kunye nokukhubazeka amalungelo abo. Ukusetyenziswa kwenkululeko kusikhumbuza ukuba ukulingana ngokusemthethweni kufuneke, kodwa kufuneke ukutshintsha kwesimilo, nokuba kulungile, nokuba kulwalamano sentsapho, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.

[[UMTL_HAWU] Izibonelelo:[[UMKCU]