UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States ungaphezulu kunesiseko esikhoyo sembali; sisiseko esikhoyo sedemokhrasi yaseMerika, esibumba ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente nabemi bakhe. Ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, olu xwebhu luye lwalungiselela isiseko senkululeko, okusesikweni, nokulingana. Kodwa, ukuqhuba amalungelo akho asemthethweni kusenokuziva kunzima kakhulu ngaphandle kokuqonda ngokucacileyo oko kuvela kuko, apho avela khona, nendlela asebenza ngayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Olu khokelo lwandisiweyo luhlolisisa isiseko esingundoqo esikhusela inkululeko yabantu, ukuxilongamela iimvelaphi zabo, ukuchaza iimvelaphi zabo zembali, nokunikela icebiso elisebenzayo ekusebenziseni la malungelo ngokunempumelelo.

IGenesis Yamalungelo

UmGaqo-siseko wokuqala, owabhaliswa ngo1787 kwiNdibano yePhiladelphia, wadala urhulumente onamandla kodwa waswele inkxaso ecacileyo yenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Oku kusilela kwabangela impikiswano enkulu ngexesha lenkqubo yokwandiswa kwemiqathango. UAnti-Federalist waphikisa ngelithi ngaphandle kwerekhodia yamalungelo, urhulumente omtsha wayenokuba ngoozwilakhe. Inkxalabo yabo yayingenabugqeba; imimiselo emininzi yorhulumente yayisele iquka ukhuseleko olunjalo, kwaye ukungabikho kwelo qondo lorhulumente yayivele ivukile. UJames Madison, ekuqaleni ethandabuza, wakubona ukufuneka kwe-antententente ezi , njengendlela yokukhusela nokumanyanisa uhlanga.

UMadison wahlulwa wadlula ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini acetyiswayo kwindibano ekhutshwayo yesizwe, ewakhuphela koko kwakuza kuba yiBhili yamaLungelo. Yaqinisekiswa ngoDisemba 15, 1791, ezi zigqibo zokuqala ezilishumi eziye zalungisa ngokuthe ngqo amandla karhulumente ngokubeka umda wamalungelo karhulumente angenakuwachasa. Olu hlengahlengiso lwesiseko phakathi kooSoftware kunye nabaLawuli-Anti-Federalist lwadala umlinganiselo obalulekileyo: urhulumente onamandla othe wavavanywa ngokukhuselwa ngokucacileyo kwenkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Ukuqonda eli bali bali libalulekile ngenxa yokuba limisela uBill wamaLungelo angenakuphunyelwa ngurhulumente, kodwa ngokwamalungelo agciniweyo ngokuchasene norhulumente.

Uhlaziyo Lokuqala Olulishumi: Iintsika Zenkululeko

IBhili yamaLungelo igubungela uninzi lwezikhuseli, ukusuka kwinkululeko engundoqo yezopolitiko ukuya kwiinkqubo zomthetho ezilungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ubulungisa.

UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo: Isiseko Solawulo - melo

UHlomelo Lokuqala ludla ngokugqalwa njengolubalulekileyo kuba lukhusela iindlela akhuselwa ngazo onke amalungelo. Luthintela iNkomfa ekwenzeni imithetho ephathelele ukusekwa konqulo, ukuthintela ukuqhelisela inkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokushicilela, okanye ukulinganisela ilungelo lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo nokubongoza urhulumente. Oku kulungisa kubandakanya inkululeko ehlanu eyahlukileyo, nganye nembali yayo eninzi yokutolika.

Inkululeko yokuthetha ayigubungeleli nje kuphela amagama athethwayo kodwa ikwayintetho yokomfuziselo, enjengeflag eshiywe TEXAs v. Johnson, 1989) neminikelo yezopolitiko (phantsi komthetho wezentengiso zemali), kodwa, asizizo zonke iintetho ezikhuselweyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo ibonise iindidi ezimxinwa eziyekileyo eziphuma ngaphandle kokhuseleko lokuqala: ukukhuthaza ukwenza izenzo ezimandundulweyo zomthetho ([FLT] Brandenburg v. Ohio[FLT], 1969, izisongelo zokwenyaniso, ukunyelisa, kunye nokuthoba okunga. Umgca okhuselweyo phakathi nentetho engakhuselekanga uyaqhubeka ukuvela, ingakumbi nokunyuka kwemicimbi yentlalo-ndaba neyo.

I-Complification and Free Exes Clauss iqinisekisa kunye inkululeko yonqulo. Urhulumente akanakumisela unqulo lwesizwe (uqheliselo oluqhubekayo olunjengomthandazo onyanzelekileyo kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, Engel v. Vitale, 1962), kwaye akanakukukukukubeka umthwalo ngokungeyomfuneko ukuqheliswa kweenkolelo zonqulo. Igalelo loshicilelo lokushicilela lukhusela amajelo-mente njengesixhobo sikawonke, nangona linganiki inkokeli yendaba amalungelo akhethekileyo asemthethweni ngaphandle kwalawo aqhelekileyo abemi. Amalungelo okuhlanganisa nokubongoza akhuthaza imibutho yasekuhlaleni kuyo yonke imbali yaseMelika, ukusuka ekuphelisweni nakubhiyo nakumabhinqa ukuya kumalungelo abantu abahlala phantsi kwanawangoku.

Uhlaziyo Lwesibini: Ilungelo Lokuthwala Izixhobo

ISichibiyelo sesibini sithi: "I-Militia elawulwa kakuhle, eyimfuneko kukhuseleko loRhulumente olukhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Iizixhobo, alizukuphazanyiswa. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, oku kulungiswa kwachazwa ngokuyintloko njengokukhusela amajoni karhulumente, enesicelo esisikelwe umda kumntu ngamnye wobunini bompu. Umzekelo womqondiso we-Griter yase-Columbia. [[FLT:] [2008]] [2008] [2008] [iindlela] yokuguqula oku, ilawula ukuba i-mendexter ikhusela ilungelo lomntu lomntu lomntu lokuba nemipu ngenxa yenjongo esemthethweni esemthethweni, njengowethulelo khaya. Oku kwadluliselwa kumazwi awenziswe kuwe kuwe kuthethwa [FFLD [F:2]

Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko iqonda ukuba uHlaziyo lwesibini alunasiphelo. Heller, iNkundla yachaza ngokucacileyo ukuba "akukho nto ekufuneka ithatyathwe eluvo lwethu ukuphosa amathandabuzo ekungavunyelwani okuhlala ixesha elide kwemipu ngamafelo kunye nabagula ngengqondo, okanye imithetho ethintelayo ukuthwala imipu kwiindawo ezichuliweyo ezinjengezikolo nezakhiwo zikarhulumente." iMithetho yeSizwe saseNew York Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bru[FLT] 202], imisele imimiselo emitsha efuna imipu efunekayo ukuhambisana nezithethe zembali zomthetho yemipu, i-gqesholo-mthetho yale yale.

IsiHlomelo Sesithathu: Imbali Esekelwe Kukuthotywa Kwale Mihla

IsiHlanziso sesithathu sikwalela ukubekwa kwekota kwamajoni kumakhaya abantu ngaphandle kwemvume yomnini-khaya ngexesha loxolo kwaye kufuneka inkqubo engokwasemthethweni ngexesha lemfazwe. Ngelixesha kunqabileyo ukulungiswa, oku kubonakalisa ukungathembani okunzulu koMseki wemikhosi emileyo kunye nokuzinikela kwawo kubungcwele bekhaya. Kucatshulwe kumatyala anxulumene ne-i-imfihlo, kuquka Griswold v.Connecticut[[[FL:1] [1965], njengobungqina bokuba umGwal-siseko wenza "indawo yobuqu" eqeqelekileyo" kufuphi nekhaya.

UMthetho Wesine Ohlaziyiweyo: Ukukhusela Ukuphanda Okungekho Singqiqweni

UMthetho weSine Wokwenziwa kweMpanziso-ziphendu ochasene nokuphengulula okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula ngurhulumente. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukunyanzelisa umthetho kufuneka ufumane isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka, ingakumbi ukuchaza indawo ekufuneka iphenjelelwe kunye nezinto eziza kuthinjwa. Umthetho wokuzikhulula, omiselwe kwi- Mapp v. Ohio [1961]), uthintela ubungqina obufunyanwa ngokugqogqwa ngokungekho mthethweni enkundleni, ukudala isithintelo esinamandla sokuchasene nehambo engekho mthethweni yamapolisa.

Noko ke, kukho umahluko omninzi kwimfuneko yogunyaziso: uphando lwesiganeko sokubanjwa okusemthethweni, umahluko wenqwelo-mafutha (xa imoto ihamba kwaye kukho isizathu esinokuba yiyo esikholelwa ukuba inebungqina), imboniselo ecacileyo, iimeko ezicacileyo, kunye nemvume. Ubugcisa bezi mini buvelisa imingeni emitsha. Ingaba urhulumente ufuna isiqinisekiso sokufumana icell data? Ewe, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yemoto ilawula [[FLD:]] Riley v. California [2014] (iiiiindawo efuna isiqinisekiso sokukhangela okuqulathwethwe yifowuni. Ingaba urhulumente ufuna isiqinisekiso sokufumana indawo yakho ye-data ehambayo? Centreadenter v.[5] [5]], umendo oluqhelekileyo lweNkufikelela kwiNkuphothotho-oto yogcino-omatika-mthetho, udiza ingulo oluqhelekileyo, olufuna uluvo olufunayo olufunayo oluqhelekileyo olufunayokuqwayo lwemeko lwemeko, oluthelelayokuqulu

UHlaliso lweNtloko: Inkqubo efanelekileyo nokuzithethelela

IsiHlanzi seNhlanu sinikela ukhuseleko olucinezelekileyo kubantu abatyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho: ilungelo lokumangalelwa kwityala elikhulu labachopheli-tyala abangoorhulumente; ukukhusela kwingozi ephindwe kabini (ukuzanywa kabini ngenxa yetyala elinye); ilungelo elichasene nokuzithethelela ("Ingcebiso lesihlanu"); ukuqinisekiswa kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho; nokungavunyelwa kokuthatha indawo yangasese ukuze kusetyenziswe abantu ngaphandle kokuhlawula (ummandla ophantsi).

Isombululo sasekunene ngokuchasene nokuziphikisa ngokwakho sisesona siqhelekileyo, ngenxa ye imanda isilumkiso. imanda v. Arizona [66], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yalawula ukuba ikrokrelelwe ukuba ifanele ihlale ithule kwaye inelungelo layo kwigqwetha phambi kokuncinanisa. I-'Umbutho ka-Claus'e'e''''''''''' ikhusela zonke izintluvologosa (awu, inkundla, intetho engacacimiyo) kunye namalungelo athile angadweli ngokucacileyo. Ukuthatha imida ye-omgalelo karhulumente phezu kwempahla yangasese, nangona [FLD] i-KLD [5] i-195] i-NewGroust [injini ye-Expressices] iquka ukuveliswa kwemeko oluthe lwabiwo-mthetho kwizinto ezininzi, uninzi, uthengiso, uthetha luthe .

UMthetho Wesithandathu Ohlaziyiweyo: Amalungelo Okumangalelwa Afanelekileyo Nakhawulezayo

ISithandathu IsiHlanziso siqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa banelungelo elithe tye lokufumana uludwe lwamalungelo alungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuchotshelwa ngokusesikweni: ukuchotshelwa kwetyala ngokukhawuleza nangoluntu ngabachopheli-tyala abangakhethiyo, ilungelo lokwazi izityholo obekwa zona, ilungelo lokuthetha namangqina, ilungelo lokunyanzela amangqina alungileyo ukuba anikele ubungqina, nelungelo lokunika icebiso elingokwasemthethweni. Eli lungelo lokucebisa lanwetshwa ngokuphawulekayo Gideon] v. Wainright[ [1963], elithi lifuna ukuba kunikelwe amagqwetha ityala akwityala elikwityala eligwetyiweyo. Oku kuye kwanwetshwa ngokubhekele phambili kumatyala apho ukuvalelwa kwetyala okungenasiphelo nokuqinisekisa iingxelo ezintsha.

Ukulungiswa Kwehlabathi: Iimvavanyo Zobugwebi

UHlomelo lweSebethi lugcina ilungelo lokuchophela ityala labachopheli-tyala kumatyala asekuhlaleni apho inani lempikiswano lingaphezulu kweedola ezingama-25. Ngokungafaniyo neSihlaziyo seSithandathu solwaphulo-mthetho esigwebayo, iSesixhenxe asisetyenziswanga kumazwe ngelungelo le 14th Amend Amendment. Oku kuthetha ukuba akuyomfuneko ngokwemigaqo-siseko ukulungiselela iinkundla zabachopheli-tyala, nangona inkoliso yabemi isenza. Isehlolo likwalela abagwebi bephondo ukuba babhukuqe iingxelo zento ngaphandle kokuba zimiselwe ngokwemithetho eqhelekileyo.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwemiqathango Esibhozo: Inkohlakalo Nesohlwayo Esingaqhelekanga

IsiHlaliso seNkqutyana yeNkqutyana e-Esibhozo yalela ukugqithisa, ukuhlawuliswa okugqithisileyo, nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga. ISigwebo Esinenkohlakalo Nesothuso Esingaqhelekanga uClaus siye saba sisiseko sokwahlulelwa okubalulekileyo ngokuphathelele isohlwayo sentambo yentambo yentambo, iimeko zentolongo, kunye nezenzo zokugweba. [ Furman v. Georgia[[[[FLT:]][1]][196]], iNkusukela oko kwalela ukubulawa kwabantu abakhubazekile ([FT] [FLT]]] [12]]).

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Wesi - 1000: Amalungelo Angenazintlukwano

ISichithi soHlaziyo seNinth Isindululo sithi ukubekwa kwamalungelo athile kumGaqo-siseko akuzukuthathwa njengokukhanyela okanye ukuhlulwa kwabanye abantu. Oku kulungisa iidilesi ze-Anti-Federalist inkxalabo zokudwelisa amalungelo athile aya kuthetha ukuba onke amanye amalungelo aye anikezelwe. UHlaliso lweNyethu luye lwangundoqo ekuqapheleni amalungelo angasetyenziswanga, ingakumbi ilungelo lokuzifunela amanyala. Grislold v. Connecticut [65], eyathimba ukuvala umthetho ovalela, iNkufumaniswe ukuba iziqinisekiso ezahlukeneyo kuLungelo lwamalungelo eeRhulumendo olukhusela ukuzifihla, ngokuxhasa ingqiqo yokungalawuleki kwe-Premintellia.

Uhlaziyo Lweshumi: Umanyano Lwamagunya Karhulumente

Umthetho oLawulweyo weSinyuso seSihlalo seshumi (okanye abantu) onke amagunya awawaphathiswanga urhulumente worhulumente ngomGaqo-siseko, okanye awalelwe kumazwe. Oku kuqukwa komgaqo wolawulo, kuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente wesizwe ngowomnye wamagunya alinganiselweyo, adwelisiweyo. Iye yacelwa kwiingxoxo zemithetho karhulumente emalunga nemicimbi esusela kumgaqo wemekobume. Ngoxa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ngamaxesha athile iye yasebenzisa uLawulo lweshumi ukubetha imithetho karhulumente karhulumente ( urhulumente olawulayo, obekiweyo. , [2], 1992, [[FLT]], ishicile i-cocle. United States[FLT] v [FFFFFF]]], i-1997], ikwanegunya eliphantsi kolawulo loluntu phantsi kwe-Clauniopulany.

Ngaphaya Kwamalungelo: IziHlayiso Zamva Ezandisa Inkululeko

Ukuhlaziywa Kolwakhiwo

Emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya, iziHlanziso zeshumi elinesithathu, zeshumi elinesine kunye nezeshumi elinesihlanu ngokusisiseko zawuguqula kwakhona umGaqo-siseko. UMthetho-siseko weshumi elinesithathu (1865) waphelisa ubukhoboka nobukhoboka obuzenzekelayo. UMthetho wokuHlaziya weshumi elinesine (1868) wanika bonke abantu abazelwe okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States, iMithetho ethintelweyo yokungawaphathi amalungelo okanye ukugonywa kwabemi, iqinisekisa inkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokukhuselwa ngokulinganayo kwemithetho, kwaye wanika iBhunga amandla okunyanzelisa la malungiselelo. Uhlazinzo lweshumi elinesihlanu (1870) lwalwalela ukucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni.

Ngokunokwenzeka uHlaziyo lwe 14th Demendment lulutshintsho olubalulekileyo lweBhili yamaLungelo. Ngemfundiso yokungeniswa, iNkundla ePhakamileyo isebenzise i-Cal Processol ukusebenzisa inkoliso yeBhili yamaLungelo kumazwe, ukwenza ukhuseleko lwemithetho-siseko olunyanzeliswayo kurhulumente nakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. UKhuselo lweSipheko luka Claus ibe sisiseko seesigqibo samalungelo asekuhlaleni, kuquka Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo , eyaphelisa ukunyuselwa kobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke wonke, kunye ne[FLT]. [brog]

Ixesha Eliqhubekayo Nasemva Kwalo

ISindululo seSigaba seSinethi (1913) sagunyazisa irhafu yengeniso karhulumente, inika ingeniso kurhulumente wesizwe owandisiweyo. UHlaliso lweziHlaliso lweSevententh (1913) lwamisa unyulo oluthe ngqo lwe-U.S. lwabachongi abaqhelekileyo, ukusu-guquka kwamandla owiso-mthetho kuluntu. ISindululo seSizwe Seshumi elinesithoba (1920) sandisa irhafuthelela amabhinqa, saphinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda unyulo--phinda-phinda-phinda-ka-phinda-ka-phinda-phinda-ka-18, siqonda ukuba abo badala ukuvota, benonelowuqaphela umgaqo wokuba abakhulile ngokwaneleyo ukulwa emfazweni bafanele bakhule ngokwaneleyo. Ezi zivotelelwa zikhomba-mthetho zibonisa amandla oMgaqo-siseko wokuguqula imbali nezo ezichanile.

Amalungelo angundoqo omGaqo-siseko kwiXesha langoku

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Kumaxesha Amanani

UHlaliso Lokuqala lukhusela intetho kulawulo lukarhulumente, kodwa alufuni qonga labucala ukuze kuvunyelwe zonke iintetho. Iinkampani zezentlalo-ntle yoluntu njengoFacebook, Twitter (ngoku ngu-X), kwaye iYouTube zizinto ezizimeleyo ezinemigaqo-nkqubo yobuchule yolwakhiwo. Oku kwenza ummandla ontsonkothileyo: ngelixa urhulumente engenakunyanzela amaqonga ukuba afumane intetho ethile (okanye ayisuse, kwiimeko ezininzi), indima ephambili ezi migangatho zidlala kwintetho kawonke-wonke iphakamisa imibuzo yokuba zingaphathwa kusini na njengee-ofisi zikawonke-wonke. Icandelo lama- 230 oNkrwelatho-Dizelo, ukhuseleko, kunye noluvo lwe-algoricltys ziyaqhubeka zisenza intetho ethile yexesha elizayo kwi-intanethi.

Ilungelo Lokuhlala Uwedwa Kuluntu Olunentabalala

Ilungelo lokuzimela wedwa, nangona lingachazwanga ngokucacileyo, liye lathatyathwa ukusuka kweyokuqala, eyesithathu, eyesine, eyesihlanu, Eyesine, neyeshumi elinesine Izigqibo zoMphetho. INkundla Ephakamileyo yamkela ubumfihlo emtshatweni ([[[FL:0]]] Ukuphuma kwe v. Virginia[, 1967, ukuthintela ([[FLT]]]] [[FLT]]]] [2]] Grobolds.Connecticut[F:[FT], [FT], [6] i-gconf], [2], [2] i-FT], kunye nezenzo ze-PT] [FT], [FT], utshintsho oluthenjiweyo, [[5], oluthenjiweyo] [unyaka-200], umahluko woluvo oluthelelweyolongo lwe-G.[3]

Iinkqubo zolawulo zikarhulumente, ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi ngemibutho, ukukhula kobugcisa bokulandelela imimandla ephezulu kufuneka abemi balumkele ukukhusela ulwazi lwabo lobuqu. Imfuneko yeSine soMphetho-Mda esekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo iyasebenza kwabaninzi, kodwa asibo bonke, uphando lukarhulumente lwenkcazelo yamanani. Ukuqonda imida yemfihlo kwizithuba zikawonke-wonke, kwi-intanethi, nakwizixhobo zibalulekile ekuhambiseleni phambili ubomi banamhlanje.

Inkqubo efanelekileyo nokhuseleko olulinganayo namhlanje

UKhuselo olulinganayo lwe-14th Amendment ifuna ukuba urhulumente aphathe abantu ngokufanayo ababekwe ngokufanayo. INkundla Ephakamileyo isebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yohlolo kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo: ukuhlolwa ngokungqongqo kohlanga nemvelaphi yesizwe, ukuhlolwa okuphakathi komzali wesini nongatshatanga, kunye nokuhlolisiswa okusekelwe kwezinye izizinziso. Amatyala akutshanje ajonge ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo ([[[FLT:]]]]Bhoshock v. Clayton County[[FLT:]], 2020], nto leyo eyayikholelwa ukuba iSihlomelo VII sithintela ukucalulwa kocalucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesini okanye ubufana) kunye nezenzo zokuvuma kwimfundo ephezulu ([FLD:] [12]].Studentionsss Colleges [12]

Ityala Elibalaseleyo LeNkundla Echaza Amalungelo Ethu

Izigqibo ezininzi zeNkundla Ephakamileyo zinikela umongo obalulekileyo wokuqonda indlela iziqinisekiso zomgaqo-siseko ezisebenza ngayo. Marbury v. Madison [1803] wamisa umgaqo wokuhlola okugwebileyo, enika iNkundla igunya lokuchaza umGaqo-siseko. [[FLT:]] Brown v.[FLT].[FLT][FLT] v [FLT]][5] [54] [iinkqubo ekhuselekileyo lemfundo] (i-[54]]) yarhoxa i-'ayisela i-'ayise i-'imfundiso elinganayo, ichaza i-logonodi yesizwe kwizikolo ezingameleliyonke. [ii-197][4] phambi kokukhutshwa kwe-Applice-oggnome.[4]

Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo: Ukuwaqinisekisa Ngokunempumelelo Amalungelo Akho

Ukwazi amalungelo akho omgaqo-siseko kusisiqingatha sedabi; ukuwasebenzisa ngokunempumelelo kufuna ukuqonda indlela yokuwaqinisa kwiimeko zeli hlabathi.

  • Ngexesha lokumisa kwezithuthi: Zihlale uzolile kwaye zizolile. Gcina izandla zakho zibonakala. Kufuneka unikezele ilayisensi yakho, ubhaliso, kunye nesiqinisekiso se-inshorensi xa ucelwa. Unelungelo lokukwala ukukhangela imoto ukuba igosa alifumani sizathu esilindelekileyo okanye isiqinisekiso. Kumaphondo amaninzi, akufuneki ukuba uphendule imibuzo ngaphandle kokuzichaza. Ungatsho ngokucacileyo: "Andikuvumi ukuphendla."
  • Xa ubuzwa ngamapolisa: Unelungelo lokuthula. Akuyomfuneko ukuba uphendule imibuzo, nokuba awubanjwa, ukuba uvalelwe okanye ubanjwa, buza ngokucacileyo: "Ndikhululekile ukuba ndihambe?" Ukuba akunjalo, chaza: "Ndiqhelisela ilungelo lam lokuhlala ndithulile kwaye ndifuna ukuthetha negqwetha". Musa ukuxoka kumthetho, njengokuba oko kusenokuba lulwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Ngethuba loqhankqalazo: Uhlaziyo Lwakho Lokuqala lunelungelo lokuhlanganisa ngoxolo lukhuselekile, kodwa urhulumente angabeka ixesha elifanelekileyo, indawo, kunye nendlela yokubeka imiqathango. Ukuba umyalelo wokuchitha, thobela ngaphandle kokuba ukholelwa ukuba uyawaphula amalungelo akho. Umsebenzi wamapolisa wokushicilela ukhuselekile, kodwa unokuyalelwa ukuba ungenele ukuba uphazamisana nemisebenzi yokunyanzelisa umthetho.
  • Kwibhokisi yebhola ekhatywayo: Ilungelo lokuvota likhuselwe yi15, 19th, Amashumi amabini anesine (irhafu yokubhata-bhata), kunye neziHlanzisi ezingamashumi amabini anesithandathu, kunye neMithetho yamaLungelo. Ukuba udibana nemiqobo, efana neyovoti ye-ID okanye eyoyikisayo, ungabiza i-oparterslater okanye uqhagamshelana nebhodi yakho yonyulo.
  • Kwizicwangciso zesikolo:[ Abafundi banamalungelo okuQala uMmiselo woLawulo, kodwa izikolo zingalawula intetho engamanyala, ikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ngokungekho mthethweni, okanye ngokunzulu ziphazamisa imeko-bume yemfundo ( Isikemper v. Des Moines Independent Community School , 1969, [FLT:]]]MSOREVE v. Frederick, 2007]. Amagosa esikolo asoloko efuna ukrokreso olusengqiqweni ekufuneni abafundi, hayi umgangatho ofanele ufunekelwe ngamapolisa.

Oovimba Bemfundo Abafanele Bahlolwe Ngokunzulu

Ukuqonda amalungelo omgaqo - siseko kuyinto omele uyenze ubomi bakho bonke.

  • Iziko lomGaqo-siseko wesizwe: esi siko likwi Philadelphia, esi siko sinikela imiboniso edityanisiweyo, isixhobo somGaqo-siseko obanzi weInteractive Interactive widget kunye nabaphengululi abachaza icandelo ngalinye, kunye neenkqubo zemfundo kuzo zonke iiminyaka. Iwebsite yabo inikeza izicwangciso zesifundo seklasi kunye neevidiyo.
  • [[NTLT:0] Oyez: Iprojekthi yomthetho ekhululekileyo kwi Cornell's Information Institute and Justia, Oyez inikezela iintetho ezirekhodiweyo zempikiswano zeNkundla ePhakamileyo emlomo, iinkcukacha zetyala elishwankathelweyo, kunye neengcaciso zesiNgesi esicacileyo. Licebo elibalulekileyo lokuqonda ukuqiqa emva kwemithetho yencwadi.
  • IConstigational Rights Foundation: Le ntlangano igxininisa kwimfundo yoluntu, inikela iiplani zesifundo samahlawuli, iinkqubo zamatyala, neempapasho ezicetyelwe ukunceda abafundi baqonde imibandela yomgaqo-siseko. Izinto zabo zigxininisa ingcinga enzulu kunye nobumi obukhutheleyo.
  • [[NTL:0]'IMIBIC:[[FT:3] esekelwe yiJaji yeNkundla ePhakamileyo uSandra Day O'Connor, i-ICPICOP inika inxaxheba kwimidlalo yengingqi kunye nezifundo eziqukayo malunga nendlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo, umGaqo-siseko, namalungelo abemi. Abaxhakathisi babo basetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiiklasi zesikolo eziphakathi nezasentlalo.
  • I-website ye-ACLLU inika izikhokelo ezisebenzisekayo ekulwazini amalungelo akho kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka ekuqhankqalazeni ukuya ekudibaniseni kwesikhululo seenqwelo-moya kumntu ozimeleyo. Ngelixesha i-advocations ithenjiwe, ezi zinto zisekelwe kumthetho wezoqobo we-grafe nemithetho yenkundla.
  • [[UMTL:0][Uluhlu lwe-Melika loMbutho we-Bar yeDisplay yezemfundo yoLuntu: I-ABA inika ubuncwane bokuqonda amalungelo asemthethweni kunye neembopheleleko, kuquka "IDiayogue kuMgaqo-siseko" uthotho lwemiqathango kunye nezikhokelo kwiinkundla zezwelonke.

Isiphelo

UmGaqo-siseko asiloxwebhu olumileyo olulawulwa ngamagqwetha nabagwebi; sisivumelwano esiphilayo phakathi kwabantu norhulumente wabo esifuna ukuba nenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo ukuze uhlale uphumelela. Ukuqonda iziqinisekiso zakho zomGaqo-siseko asiyonto nje inkcitho yemfundo kodwa yimfuneko esebenzisekayo yokukhusela inkululeko yakho nokugcina igunya lakho linetyala. IBhili yamaLungelo kunye nokulungisa okulandelayo kunikela inkqubo yokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, ukuqinisekisa unyango olufanelekileyo phantsi komthetho, kunye nokugcina iinkqubo zedemokhrasi.

Ngokuzifundisa ngala malungelo, ukubandakanyeka nakumaqumrhu esizwe, nokuba nenxaxheba kwincoko eqhubekayo ngentsingiselo yoxwebhu lwethu olusunguliweyo, uba ngumgcini wemigaqo echaza idemokhrasi yaseMerika. Ukuqiqa kungumlinganiselo wenkululeko, kwaye ulwazi lusisiseko saloo mandla. Isizukulwana ngasinye sidla ilifa lomGaqo-siseko ngokutsha, sisebenza ngokuchaza imigaqo yaso kumbandela wokucombulula iingxaki kunye neminqweno. Ukuqonda kwakho nokusebenzisa la malungelo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba idinga lomGaqo-siseko lihlala liyinyaniso kwaye linentsingiselo kubo bonke.